instruct the jury on negligence, and (3) improperly awarded paralegal fees as costs.
Finding no merit in Green's contentions, we affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
"As required by the rules of appellate procedure, we state the facts in the light
most favorable to the judgment." (Orthopedic Systems, Inc. v. Schlein (2011) 202
Cal.App.4th 529, 532, fn. 1.)
In August 2008, Anthony Padilla, a licensed and armed security guard at Valle
Vista Assembly of God Church in Hemet, California, saw Rosenthal, clad only in boxer
shorts, running in place in sprinklers at the church and saying he was on fire and
attempting to cool off in the water. Thinking that someone might get hurt, Padilla called
911 to get medical help for the confused and distraught Rosenthal.
Deputy Cazarez arrived while Padilla was still talking to the 911 operator. Padilla
told Cazarez that Rosenthal was not in his right mind, and Cazarez saw Rosenthal
running around and making erratic movements. Concerned for his own safety and for the
safety of others nearby and believing that Rosenthal might be under the influence of
drugs, Cazarez approached Rosenthal and tried to calm him down; despite Cazarez's
2
effort, Rosenthal's erratic behavior continued, and Cazarez became concerned that he
might run out onto the adjoining state highway where traffic was proceeding at
approximately 45 to 50 miles per hour. After Rosenthal began yelling that a bomb would
go off and became more agitated when the sprinklers stopped spraying, Cazarez called
for backup.
When Deputies Janecka and Dietrich arrived, Rosenthal turned toward their
vehicle, yelled at them and continued his erratic movements. Displaying their batons, the
three officers approached Rosenthal, each from a different side. Because the officers
believed Rosenthal was under the influence of drugs, proper police practices required
them to detain him, and Cazarez felt it necessary to take Rosenthal into custody for a
mental status evaluation under Welfare and Institutions Code section 5150.
The deputies ordered Rosenthal to get on the ground, but he did not comply.
Instead, Rosenthal took a fighting stance and moved toward Janecka and Dietrich.
Cazarez yelled "Taser, Taser, Taser," but Rosenthal kept moving toward Janecka and
Dietrich.
Cazarez used the Taser on Rosenthal; Rosenthal went to the ground, but after
about five seconds he tried to get up. Cazarez used the Taser again, causing Rosenthal to
fall back to the ground. When Rosenthal tried to get up again, Cazarez used the Taser a
third time. Rosenthal continued to struggle, while Dietrich and Janecka tried to handcuff
him. For a couple of seconds, Janecka put some weight with either his knee or forearm
across Rosenthal's back, at which point Rosenthal became unconscious, although he was
still breathing.
3
One of the officers called for paramedics, who arrived within six minutes. Shortly
thereafter, Rosenthal stopped breathing, and he went into cardiac arrest. Although the
paramedics were able to restore Rosenthal's heartbeat and breathing, he suffered brain
death and died five days later when the ventilator keeping him alive was removed in
accordance with his family's wishes. An autopsy report by Joseph Cohen, M.D., listed
the cause of death as lack of sufficient oxygen to the brain following cardiac arrest
resulting from Rosenthal's hypertensive and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
At trial on Green's claims for violation of Rosenthal's civil rights under section
1983, violation of the Fourteenth Amendment based on the alleged deprivation of her
constitutionally protected due process rights to love, support, affection and
companionship of her son, and wrongful death, the jury found that Janecka and Dietrich
did not use excessive force and that although Cazarez did use excessive force, that force
was not a substantial factor in causing Rosenthal's death. The court entered judgment in
favor of the defendants and awarded them costs of $66,453.02—$40,610.68 of which was
attributable to their presentation of certain evidence at trial.
DISCUSSION
I. Admissibility of Evidence of Rosenthal's Use of Cocaine
Green contends that the trial court committed prejudicial error in denying her
motion in limine to exclude evidence that Rosenthal was under the influence of cocaine,
and again overruling her objection during trial to the evidence of Rosenthal's cocaine
intoxication at the time of the incident.
4
The trial court denied Green's in limine motion based on conflicting expert
testimony in depositions. Green's expert, Werner Spitz, M.D., testified that Rosenthal
was not under the influence of cocaine because only metabolites of cocaine, which cause
no physiological effects, were detected in Rosenthal's blood. Joseph I. Cohen, M.D., an
experienced coroner who performed the autopsy, disagreed. He testified in his pretrial
deposition that the half life of cocaine in the blood is one to one and one-half hours, that
cocaine metabolizes into byproducts within two to six hours of ingestion, with
breakdown continuing in the test tube, and that Rosenthal's blood was not taken until
after the incident and not analyzed until 10 days later. Considering these factors, and
based upon his extensive training, experience and knowledge of scientific studies on the
subject of cocaine metabolic breakdown, Dr. Cohen opined that Rosenthal had active
cocaine in his system at the time of his arrest. In light of Dr. Cohen's opinion testimony,
the court denied Green's motion in limine and ruled that evidence that Rosenthal was
under the influence of cocaine would be admissible subject to establishing a proper
foundation at trial.
At trial, Dr. Cohen testified that Rosenthal's death was proximately caused by
lack of oxygen to the brain following heart stoppage, which was caused by Rosenthal's
existing hypertensive and severe atherosclerotic heart disease. Dr. Cohen observed that
Rosenthal's left anterior descending coronary artery was 95 percent occluded, leaving
only a pinhole for passage of blood in a place where a blockage was life threatening (and
thus widely referred to as a "widow maker") and that this same artery had another 60
5
percent blockage further downstream. He further testified that a single blockage of 75
percent was enough to cause sudden cardiac death.
Dr. Cohen also testified that Rosenthal's heart was severely enlarged from chronic
hypertension, weighing 480 grams (as compared to a normal weight of 300 to 350
grams), which increased the likelihood of a cardiac arrhythmia, especially during exercise
or stress, and sufficient to cause sudden cardiac death even without blockages. In Dr.
Cohen's opinion, Rosenthal's underlying heart disease was the proximate cause of his
death, irrespective of Cazarez's use of a Taser. Dr. Cohen also testified that "acute
cocaine toxicity" was another significant factor in Rosenthal's death because cocaine
constricts the arteries, causes the heart to race and increases the risk of arrhythmia. 1
Green's expert pathologist, Dr. Spitz, testified that because no active cocaine was
found in Rosenthal's bodily fluids, Rosenthal was not under the influence of cocaine. He
conceded, however, that Rosenthal had used cocaine at some time before the incident
because the tests were positive for cocaine metabolites. In contrast, Dr. Cohen opined to
a reasonable degree of medical certainty that active cocaine was present in Rosenthal's
body at the time of the incident based on the presence of cocaine metabolites and
considering the delays from the time of the incident to the taking and processing of the
blood. Dr. Cohen took into account that the half life of cocaine is one to one and one-half
hours and the half life of metabolites is six to 10 hours. The tested amount of the
1 After Dr. Cohen began his testimony regarding the effects of cocaine on Rosenthal's heart, Green's counsel objected on grounds of lack of foundation and took Dr. Cohen on voir dire. The trial court overruled Green's objection.
6
metabolic byproduct of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, was not small and was consistent with
amounts found in impaired drivers and others having adverse reactions to cocaine.
We review the trial court's ruling on the admissibility of expert testimony for
abuse of discretion. (Sargon Enterprises, Inc. v. University of Southern California (2012)
55 Cal.4th 747, 773.) A ruling that constitutes an abuse of discretion has been described
as one that is " 'so irrational or arbitrary that no reasonable person could agree with it.' "
(Ibid.) "The trial court's preliminary determination whether the expert opinion is founded
on sound logic is not a decision on its persuasiveness. The court must not weigh an
opinion's probative value or substitute its own opinion for the expert's opinion. Rather,
the court must simply determine whether the matter relied upon can provide a reasonable
basis for the opinion or whether that opinion is based on a leap of logic or conjecture.
The court does not resolve scientific controversies." (Id. at p. 772.)
Here, the trial court properly recognized a disagreement between two qualified
medical experts as to whether the presence of a given level of metabolites of cocaine in
Rosenthal's blood established he was under the influence. The trial judge correctly
refused to resolve this scientific disagreement between the experts because the jury could
reasonably conclude, based on the testimony of Dr. Cohen, that Rosenthal was under the
influence of cocaine at the time of the incident. There was no abuse of discretion in this
regard.
In a corollary argument, Green contends that the trial court should have excluded
the evidence of cocaine intoxication under Evidence Code section 352 as unduly
prejudicial. A decision to admit or exclude evidence under Evidence Code section 352 is
7
a matter committed to the discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed except on
a showing the trial court exercised its discretion in an arbitrary, capricious, or patently
absurd manner that resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice. (People v. Rodrigues
(1994) 8 Cal.4th 1060, 1124-1125.) Evidence Code section 352 is not designed to avoid
damage from relevant, highly probative evidence; rather the prejudice that is to be
avoided applies to evidence that " ' "uniquely tends to evoke an emotional bias against [a
party] which has very little effect on the issues." ' " (Vorse v. Sarasy (1997) 53
Cal.App.4th 998, 1008.) Evidence is not prejudicial simply because it undermines the
opponent's position or shores up that of the proponent. (Ibid.)
Green cites Hernandez v. County of Los Angeles (2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 1599,
1613-1616 for the proposition that evidence of cocaine intoxication was prejudicial.
However, the issue in Hernandez was relevance, not prejudice. The issue of intoxication
was irrelevant because there was no expert testimony that intoxication caused injury,
leaving the jury to speculate whether marijuana intoxication caused Hernandez's bad
driving and questionable postaccident conduct which led to his death. However, here,
Dr. Cohen's expert testimony positively established the causal connection between active
cocaine toxicity and fatal heart arrhythmia. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in
admitting Dr. Cohen's testimony.
II. Failure of the Trial Court to Instruct on Negligence
In a civil case, the parties must present the trial court with paper copies of
complete and comprehensive instructions (Code Civ. Proc., § 607a), and on appeal a
party cannot predicate error on a refusal to give an instruction unless the proposed written
8
instruction is made a part of the record. (Gaspar v. Georgia Pacific Corp. (1967) 248
Cal.App.2d 248, 251.) If a party fails to do so, the court ordinarily has no duty to instruct
on its own motion. (Bullock v. Philip Morris USA, Inc. (2008) 159 Cal.App.4th 655,
675.) Similarly, a trial court has no duty to modify or edit an instruction offered by either
side in a civil case and if there is error in the charge proposed, the court may reject the
entire instruction. (Earnest W. Hahn, Inc. v. Sunshield Insulation Co. (1977) 68
Cal.App.3d 1018, 1024.) Because exact wording of a proposed instruction is critical to
proper appellate review and because the record must establish that the trial court had the
opportunity to accept or reject a particular instruction, the proferred instruction must be
made a part of the record.
Green contends that the trial court erred in refusing to give the general negligence
instructions contained in CACI No. 400 (Negligence-Essential Factual Elements) and
CACI No. 401 (Basic Standard of Care) to allow the jury to employ an ordinary
negligence standard in evaluating the officers' tactical conduct and decisions preceding
their use of deadly force. At trial, Green's counsel provided the court with instructions,
including the general negligence CACI instructions, and provided written and oral
argument that a general negligence standard should apply to police tactical considerations
made before application of force.
However at oral argument on appeal, Green's counsel acknowledged that the
CACI general negligence instructions did not apply to officers' prearrest tactical decisions
but instead argued that a specialized instruction such as the new BAJI No. 3.43 based on
9
Hayes v. County of San Diego (2013) 57 Cal.4th 622 (Hayes)2 should have been given.
However, the trial record does not contain any instruction resembling BAJI No. 3.43 and
only shows that Green's counsel orally requested and argued for the giving of the CACI
general negligence instructions.
As Green's counsel now concedes, the general negligence instructions requested at
trial did not provide the proper standard for evaluating officers' tactical decisions made
before use of force. Hayes held that although law enforcement officers' tactical decisions
before the use of force may be evaluated under a negligence standard, those tactical
decisions must be considered as part of the totality of the circumstances preceding the
application of force. (Hayes, supra, 57 Cal.4th at p. 639.) The Supreme Court in Hayes
also stated that " '[t]he "reasonableness" of a particular use of force must be judged from
the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than the 20/20 vision of
hindsight.' [Citation.] In addition, '[a]s long as an officer's conduct falls within the range
of conduct that is reasonable under the circumstances, there is no requirement that he or
she choose the "most reasonable" action or the conduct that is the least likely to cause
harm and at the same time the most likely to result in the successful apprehension of a
violent suspect, in order to avoid liability for negligence.' " (Hayes, at p. 632.) Thus, law
enforcement officers have a degree of discretion in deciding how to address a particular
situation. (Ibid.) Because the record does not establish that Green's counsel provided the
court with a correct written instruction on the standard of care applicable to officers'
2 Although Hayes was decided after the trial, the decision reflects existing law. (Hayes, supra, 57 Cal.4th at p. 637.)
10
prearrest use of force tactical determinations, we must reject his instructional error
argument.
Further, any error in failing to give a negligence instruction regarding tactical
decisions the officers made before using force was harmless. Instructional error in a civil
case is not ground for reversal unless it is probable the error prejudicially affected the
verdict. (Soule v. General Motors Corp. (1994) 8 Cal.4th 548, 580.) In determining
whether instructional error was prejudicial, a reviewing court must evaluate "(1) the state
of the evidence, (2) the effect of other instructions, (3) the effect of counsel's arguments,
and (4) any indications by the jury that it was misled." (Id. at pp. 580-581, fn. omitted.)
Considering these factors, we conclude the court's refusal to give a general
negligence instruction did not prejudice Green. She presented testimony of two expert
witnesses on police practices who criticized the officers' tactical decisions. In addition
Green's counsel argued to the jury that the officers acted unreasonably in their approach
to a mentally ill person and should have acted in accordance with their training by
offering to help. Counsel argued: "[E]very single thing [the officers] did from the
moment they arrived . . . [¶] escalated the situation. They created their own need for the
use of force, which you can't do. You can't create the situation . . . ."
In connection with Green's section 1983 claims, the jury was instructed that the
officers could not use unreasonable force in taking Rosenthal into custody. Based on the
evidence and after hearing argument of Green's counsel, the jury found that Cazarez used
unreasonable force, but that the force was not a substantial factor in causing Rosenthal's
death—that is, that the use of the Taser did not cause Rosenthal's death. Under these
11
circumstances, it is not reasonably probable that the court's failure to give a negligence
instruction regarding officers' tactical decisions would have changed the outcome of the
case.
III. Failure to Properly Instruct on the Fourteenth Amendment Claim
Green contends the instruction the trial court gave involving her Fourteenth
Amendment claim was erroneous because it required the jury to find the officers acted
with a purpose to cause harm unrelated to legitimate law enforcement objectives.
Specifically, Green contends that, because the evidence showed that the officers had time
to reflect before acting, the trial court should have instructed the jury that their deliberate
indifference to the impact of their actions on Rosenthal was sufficient to establish
liability. (See Gantt v. City of Los Angeles (9th Cir. 2013) 717 F.3d 702, 708 (Gantt).)
However, in light of the jury's finding that two of the three officers did not use excessive
force and that Cazarez's use of force did not cause Rosenthal's death, regardless of his
state of mind, there would have been no reason for the court to give such an instruction.
In any event, the court correctly instructed the jury on the mental state required in
a Fourteenth Amendment excessive use of force case under section 1983 because this
case did not involve reflective decision making by the officers, but instead their reaction
to fast-paced circumstances presenting competing public safety obligations. Given these
circumstances, Green was required to prove that the officers acted with a purpose to
cause harm to her son. (Porter v. Osborn (9th Cir. 2008) 546 F.3d 1131, 1138 (Porter).)
Porter is illustrative. There, a state trooper contacted the driver of a car that had
been stopped for a long time at a highway rest stop. Within five minutes of the initial
12
contact, a trooper ordered the driver out of the car, pepper sprayed him, and fatally shot
him when he tried to drive away. (Porter, supra, 546 F.3d at pp. 1132-1134.) The Ninth
Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the trial court, which instructed the jury to choose
between the intent to cause harm standard and the less demanding deliberate indifference
standard. The Porter court reasoned that since the entire situation lasted just five
minutes, fast action was required of the officer who had to repeatedly make split second
decisions, and that under such circumstances, the purpose-to-cause-harm standard
applied, even though the state trooper's actions may have helped create or even
exacerbated the situation. (Id. at pp. 1132, 1136-1138.)
The facts in this case are similar to those in Porter. Faced with Rosenthal's bizarre
behavior, refusal to heed instructions, and the potential threat to himself and others in the
first five minutes after his initial contact with Rosenthal, Cazarez had to make a series of
split second decisions as to whether and how to detain Rosenthal and what degree of
force was required. Like the state trooper in Porter, Cazarez was involved in fast-paced
circumstances that implicated public safety. (Porter, supra, 546 F.3d at p. 1139.) Thus,
Cazarez could not be held liable unless he acted with a purpose to cause harm.
Green's reliance on Gantt, supra, 717 F.3d 702 is misplaced. That case is
distinguishable because it did not involve an officer's split second decision making but
rather the execution of a concerted plan, over a long period of time, by detectives who
continued a murder investigation after they knew or should have learned that the
defendants were innocent. The Gantt court, in holding that the purpose to harm standard
did not apply, noted that, unlike the present case, none of the proffered evidentiary bases
13
for the claim involved a " 'snap judgment because of an escalating situation.' " (Id. at
p. 707.) Because the officers in the present case were required to make snap judgments
in an escalating situation, the trial court correctly instructed that in order to establish the
Fourteenth Amendment claim, Green was required to prove that the officers acted with a
purpose to cause harm.
IV. Award of Trial Costs
The defendants contend that Green's challenge to the cost award is not properly
raised on appeal because she failed to separately appeal from the order awarding costs.
We disagree. A cost award that is incidental to a judgment may be challenged on an
appeal from the judgment even though the amount of costs was filled in on the judgment
after the notice of appeal was filed. (Grant v. List & Lathrop (1992) 2 Cal.App.4th 993,
996-997.) Accordingly, we will consider Green's contention regarding costs.
Green contends that the court should not have awarded $40,610.68 in "paralegal"
costs because there was no basis for awarding attorney fees as costs. However, these
costs reflected amounts the defendants incurred for preparation and presentation of
electronic evidence, including videos of deposition testimony, exhibits and excerpts from
audio recordings, at trial.
These costs are neither specifically allowable under Code of Civil Procedure
section 1033.5, subdivision (a) nor prohibited by subdivision (b). They may be awarded
provided they are "reasonably necessary to the conduct of the litigation rather than
merely convenient or beneficial to its preparation." (Id., subd. (c)(2); Ladas California
State Auto. Assn. (1993) 19 Cal.App.4th 761, 774.) Whether such costs were reasonably
14
necessary is a question of fact for the trial court and its decision is reviewed for abuse of
discretion. (Ladas California State Auto. Assn., at p. 774.)
Use of such technology, including a technician to monitor the equipment and
quickly resolve any glitches, has become commonplace, if not expected by jurors.
(Bender v. County of Los Angeles (2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 968, 990.) The trial court did
not abuse its discretion in allowing these costs as reasonably helpful to aid the jury.
(Ibid.; see American Airlines, Inc. v. Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton (2002) 96
Cal.App.4th 1017, 1057.)
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed in its entirety. The defendants shall recover their costs
on appeal.
PRAGER, J.*
WE CONCUR:
NARES, Acting P. J.
HALLER, J.
* Judge of the San Diego Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
15
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court affirmed the judgment in favor of the defendants, holding that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in its evidentiary rulings, jury instructions, or award of litigation costs. The jury's finding that the officer's use of force was not a substantial factor in the decedent's death rendered the alleged instructional errors harmless.
Issues
Did the trial court abuse its discretion by admitting expert testimony regarding the decedent's cocaine intoxication?
Did the trial court err in refusing to instruct the jury on general negligence regarding the officers' pre-arrest tactical decisions?
Did the trial court err in its jury instruction regarding the mental state required for a Fourteenth Amendment claim?
Did the trial court abuse its discretion in awarding costs for electronic evidence presentation?
Disposition. Affirmed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“The trial judge correctly refused to resolve this scientific disagreement between the experts because the jury could reasonably conclude, based on the testimony of Dr. Cohen, that Rosenthal was under the influence of cocaine”
“Because the officers in the present case were required to make snap judgments in an escalating situation, the trial court correctly instructed that in order to establish the Fourteenth Amendment claim, Green was required to prove that the officers”
“The trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing these costs as reasonably helpful to aid the jury.”