California Court of Appeal Jul 23, 2015 No. D067205Unpublished
Filed 7/23/15 P. v. Rankin CA4/1 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE, D067205
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v. (Super. Ct. No. SCD108327)
JOHNNY RANKIN,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, David J.
Danielsen, Judge. Affirmed.
Patrick J. Hennessey, Jr., under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Eric A. Swenson, and Felicity
Senoski, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
BACKGROUND
In September of 1994, San Diego police initiated a traffic stop. Defendant, a Crip
gang member, was in the backseat. He left the car and attempted to leave but was
instructed by an officer to remain in the area. He complied, but engaged in a struggle
with the officer when he started to move away from the vehicle. Defendant was placed in
a patrol car and the driver and front seat passenger were detained. Defendant and the
front seat passenger were Crip gang members.
An officer looked into the vehicle and in plain view saw a sawed-off 22-gauge
shotgun on the rear passenger floorboard. It was loaded with a yellow 20-gauge shotgun
shell. From where he was in the patrol car, defendant yelled to the officers that "the
shotgun was mine. They had no idea it was there. I put it in the back. I don't want them
in trouble. Now I have nothing else to say except I want a lawyer." Thereafter the driver
and front seat passenger were placed in the patrol car with defendant. After being told
they were being recorded, defendant repeatedly stated he did not want to get the others in
trouble and that he told the police the shotgun belonged to him.
Defendant was arrested and when searched, officers found a yellow 20-gauge
shotgun shell in his pocket.
On April 28, 1995, a jury convicted defendant of possession of a firearm by a
felon, in violation of former Penal Code section 12021, subd (a) (renumbered § 29800,
subd. (a)(1))1, and possession of a deadly weapon, a sawed-off shotgun, in violation of
1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated. 2
former section 12020, subd. (a)(1) (renumbered § 33215). In addition the court found
three prior "strike" convictions and three prior prison allegations to be true.
On June 6, 1995, defendant was sentenced to 25 years to life under the pre-
Proposition 36 version of the "Three-Strikes" law. On appeal this court remanded the
case for the trial court to exercise the discretion vested in it by People v. Superior Court
(Romero) (1996) 13 Cal.4th 497. Following remand the trial court again imposed the 25-
year-to-life sentence under the Three Strikes Law.
On November 7, 2012, the Three Strikes Reform Act became effective. That Act
added section 1170.126, which provides for a resentencing option for "persons presently
serving an indeterminate term of imprisonment pursuant to" the Three Strikes Law.
(Reform Act § 6).
On January 14, 2014, defendant filed a petition in the trial court under section
1170.126 requesting a recall of his life sentence and further requesting resentencing to a
determinate term. He argued the life sentences for violation of sections 12021 subd. (a)
and 12020 subd. (a), were not serious or violent felonies, nor were they enumerated in
section 667, subd. (e)(2)(C)(i-iii).
On November 12, 2014, the trial court issued an order to show cause why it should
not deny the petition for resentencing on the ground defendant was ineligible for relief
under section 1170.126, subd. (e)(2); because of the nature of the commitment offense in
felon in possession of a firearm (§ 12021, subd. (a)). The trial court noted that because
ineligibility requires a finding the defendant was "armed with a firearm," the issue before
the court was whether possession of a firearm can constitute being armed. The court
3
further stated the record reflected defendant had possession of the gun, "under conditions
in which the gun was readily available for his use," specifically before his detention on
the traffic stop, defendant was seated in the rear passenger compartment of a vehicle
where a loaded sawed-off shotgun was subsequently discovered on the floorboard.
In response to the court's inquiry issue, defendant argued the prosecution must
prove to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt that he was ineligible for resentencing and that
the prosecution needed to show a "tethering" felony. The People responded that based on
this court's decision in People v. White (2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 512, defendant was
armed with the shotgun because he had ready access to it in the backseat where he was
sitting; moreover he had a matching shotgun shell in his pocket and admitted the shotgun
belonged to him. Defendant, in response, urged he was in no more than constructive
possession of the gun.
The trial court rejected defendant's arguments, finding the record supports a
finding defendant was armed with a firearm and thus was ineligible for the relief he was
requesting.
Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal.
DISCUSSION
Defendant presents a twofold argument. First, he urges the trial court was
required to make its findings under the clear and convincing evidence standard of proof
and failed to do so. He further urges the facts of this case do not support a finding he was
"armed" with a firearm, thus making him ineligible for relief under section 1170.126.
We reject both contentions.
4
Defendant urges a disqualifying factor must be proved by clear and convincing
evidence. For this proposition he relies primarily on Justice Raye's concurring opinion in
People v. Bradford (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 1322, 1350-1351. As defendant notes,
however, the weight of authority is to the contrary. In People v. Osuna (2014) 225 Cal.
App.4th 1020, 1040 (Osuna) the court holds that because a trial court's determination that
a defendant is ineligible for resentencing pursuant to section 1170.126 does not increase
the penalty to which the defendant is already subjected, but rather disqualifies a
defendant from an act of lenity on the part of the electorate to which a defendant is not
constitutionally entitled, a trial court need only find a disqualifying factor by a
preponderance of the evidence. We agree with the holding of Osuna.
Among the disqualifying factors enumerated in the Three Strikes Reform Act of
2012 is if, "[d]uring the commission of the current offense, the defendant used a firearm,
was armed with a firearm or deadly weapon or intended to cause great bodily injury to
another person." (§§ 667, subd. (e)(2)(C)(iii), 1170.12, subd.(c)(2)(C)(iii), emphasis
added; see §1170.126, subd.(e)(2).) The question remains whether a preponderance of
the evidence supports the conclusion defendant was armed with a firearm such that he
would be found ineligible. We conclude the evidence supports a conclusion he is
ineligible.
Citing People v. Bland (1995) 10 Cal.4th 991, 997, this court noted in People v.
White (2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 512, 525, that a person is "armed" when they have ready
access to the weapon that constitutes the arming. (See Health and Safety Code § 11370.1
and People v. Gonzales (1992) 8 Cal.App.4th 1658, 1662-1663.)
5
Here, although defendant was not specifically charged with being armed with a
firearm, he had immediate access to the loaded shotgun. It was on the floorboard in the
backseat where he alone was seated. He repeatedly admitted the shotgun was his.
People v. White, supra, p. 525. Thus we conclude defendant is ineligible for the relief
allowed in the Three Strikes Reform Act.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
BENKE, J.
WE CONCUR:
MCCONNELL, P. J.
MCDONALD, J.
6
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that a defendant is ineligible for resentencing under the Three Strikes Reform Act if they were armed with a firearm during the commission of the offense, and that such ineligibility may be established by a preponderance of the evidence.
Issues
Whether a trial court must apply a clear and convincing evidence standard or a preponderance of the evidence standard when determining eligibility for resentencing under the Three Strikes Reform Act.
Whether the defendant was 'armed' with a firearm during the commission of the offense, thereby disqualifying him from resentencing relief.
Disposition. Affirmed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“a trial court need only find a disqualifying factor by a preponderance of the evidence.”
“a person is "armed" when they have ready access to the weapon that constitutes the arming.”
“although defendant was not specifically charged with being armed with a firearm, he had immediate access to the loaded shotgun.”