pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 425.16 (the anti-SLAPP statute).1 Lennar
challenges the trial court’s ruling that the indemnity clause at issue is unenforceable
under California law, precluding Lennar from demonstrating a probability of success on
the merits. Lennar also disagrees with the trial court’s finding that Lennar’s claim
against Melissa Young arises from activity protected under the anti-SLAPP statute. We
affirm.2
1 Further undesignated statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure.
2 The parties have stipulated to a dismissal of this case. We elect to proceed with the opinion, as the appeal was fully briefed and the tentative opinion of this court was issued prior to the parties’ informing us of the settlement, and the appeal raises issues warranting an opinion. (Greb v. Diamond Internat. Corp. (2013) 56 Cal.4th 243, 247, fn. 3; California Rules of Court, rule 8.244(c)(2).)
2
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Lennar describes itself in its complaint as a corporation “engaged in the business
of building quality new homes in residential communities in various parts of California.”
Stephens purchased a home from Lennar on June 25, 2005. The Youngs, who are a
married couple, purchased a home from Lennar on July 22, 2006. The “Homebuyer
Disclosure Statement” for both transactions contains the following indemnity clause:
“Wherever in this Disclosure Buyer has been informed regarding disclosure items,
Buyer represents that Buyer will not make any claims against Builder for nondisclosure
of disclosure items or for alleged improper disclosure of such items. Buyer shall
indemnify, protect, defend and hold harmless Builder from any costs, expenses
(including, without limitation, attorneys’ fees and costs), liabilities, actions, demands and
damages arising out of claims made by Buyer for nondisclosure or incomplete disclosure
of the general disclosure items and items separately disclosed to Buyer in writing, or
damages or harm to Buyer arising from such items.”
Stephens was the named plaintiff in a class action lawsuit filed against Lennar on
September 3, 2009, in the United States District Court, Central District of California,
which was later consolidated with seven related cases. Timothy Young—but not Melissa
Young—was named along with Stephens as a plaintiff in the first amended complaint,
filed December 21, 2009. Their second amended complaint, filed December 2, 2011,
3
alleges fraudulent nondisclosure and misrepresentation under a variety of legal theories.3
On March 26, 2012, the district court dismissed the second amended complaint without
leave to amend. As of the time of briefing in the present appeal, the appeal of the district
court’s dismissal of the second amended complaint remained pending in the Ninth Circuit
Court of Appeals.
Lennar’s complaint in the present case was filed on May 1, 2012. Lennar asserts a
single cause of action against each of the defendants for express contractual indemnity,
seeking to recover attorney’s fees and costs expended defending the allegations brought
in federal court by Stephens and the Youngs, as well as the attorney’s fees and costs of
the present action, pursuant to the indemnity clause.
Defendants filed their anti-SLAPP motion on June 8, 2012. They concurrently
filed a demurrer to the complaint.4 The anti-SLAPP motion was heard by the trial court
on July 6, 2012. After taking the matter under submission, the trial court issued a written
order on August 6, 2012. The trial court ruled defendants had met their burden under the
first prong of the anti-SLAPP analysis to show Lennar’s cause of action was based on
protected activity, and that Lennar could not meet its burden under the second prong to
show a probability of success on the merits because the indemnity clause is
3 Only the second amended complaint appears in our record. 4 Defendants’ demurrer and supporting documents, as well as Lennar’s response thereto, do not appear in our record, except as entries on the docket of the trial court.
4
unenforceable. On that basis, the trial court granted defendant’s anti-SLAPP motion,
rendering the demurrer moot.
On August 21, 2012, Lennar filed a “Motion to Request Ruling on or Clarification
of Portions of Order Granting Defendants’ Special Anti-SLAPP Motion to Strike
Complaint” (capitalization omitted), focusing specifically on the trial court’s ruling with
respect to Melissa Young. Defendants opposed Lennar’s motion, submitting among
other things a declaration from Melissa Young regarding her role in the federal litigation,
averring she had actively assisted and supported her husband, and the decision to pursue
the federal litigation related to their joint purchase of a house “was a married couple’s
decision.” In an order issued October 2, 2012, the trial court specified it found Melissa
Young’s actions to be protected activity under the anti-SLAPP statute, and reaffirmed its
previous decision to grant defendant’s anti-SLAPP motion with respect to all
defendants.5
5 The trial court characterized its ruling as a denial of Lennar’s motion to reconsider. That characterization is not quite correct: the trial court did reconsider its earlier ruling, reaching the merits of Lennar’s arguments, but was not persuaded to change its mind. (See Corns v. Miller (1986) 181 Cal.App.3d 195, 202 [Fourth Dist., Div. Two] [if requirements of § 1008 are met, “but the court is not persuaded the earlier ruling was erroneous, the proper course is to grant reconsideration and to reaffirm the earlier ruling”].)
5
II. DISCUSSION
A. Overview of Anti-SLAPP Motions
Courts construe the anti-SLAPP statute broadly to protect the constitutional rights
of petition and free speech. (§ 425.16, subd. (a); Kibler v. Northern Inyo County Local
Hospital Dist. (2006) 39 Cal.4th 192, 199 (Kibler).) In ruling on an anti-SLAPP motion,
the trial court conducts a two-part analysis: the moving party bears the initial burden of
establishing a prima facie case that the plaintiff's cause of action arose from the
defendant’s actions in the furtherance of the rights of petition or free speech. (§ 425.16,
subd. (b)(1); Equilon Enterprises v. Consumer Cause, Inc. (2002) 29 Cal.4th 53, 67.)
“‘[I]t is the principal thrust or gravamen of the plaintiff’s cause of action that determines
whether the anti-SLAPP statute applies . . . .’” (Raining Data Corp. v. Barrenechea
(2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 1363, 1369, original italics.) “[T]he critical point is whether the
plaintiff’s cause of action itself was based on an act in furtherance of the defendant’s
right of petition or free speech.” (City of Cotati v. Cashman (2002) 29 Cal.4th 69, 78
(Cotati), original italics.) If the moving party meets its burden, the burden shifts to the
plaintiff to establish a probability that he or she will prevail on the merits. (§ 425.16,
“‘Review of an order granting or denying a motion to strike under section 425.16
is de novo. [Citation.] We consider “the pleadings, and supporting and opposing
affidavits . . . upon which the liability or defense is based.” [Citation.] However, we
neither “weigh credibility [nor] compare the weight of the evidence. Rather, [we] accept
6
as true the evidence favorable to the plaintiff [citation] and evaluate the defendant’s
evidence only to determine if it has defeated that submitted by the plaintiff as a matter of
law.”’” (Flatley, supra, 39 Cal.4th at pp. 325-326.)
B. Analysis
1. Lennar’s Cause of Action Arises From Protected Activity.
Lennar has not disputed on appeal that its cause of action as asserted against
Stephens and Timothy Young arises from actions in furtherance of their rights of petition,
namely, filing and litigating the federal class action. Lennar contends, however, that
Melissa Young failed to satisfy the first prong of the anti-SLAPP analysis because, unlike
her husband, she was not named as a plaintiff in the federal litigation. Additionally,
Lennar emphasizes that defendants submitted no evidence with respect to any
participation in the federal litigation as a nonparty except in response to Lennar’s motion
seeking “clarification” of the trial court’s initial ruling. We agree with the trial court that
Lennar’s cause of action as to Melissa Young arises out of activity protected under the
anti-SLAPP statute.
“‘Filing a lawsuit is an act in furtherance of the constitutional right of petition,
regardless of whether it has merit.’” (Trapp v. Naiman (2013) 218 Cal.App.4th 113, 120
[Fourth Dist., Div. Two].) The protections of the anti-SLAPP statute extend, moreover,
to “any act” in furtherance of a person’s right of petition. (§ 425.16, subd. (b)(1).) “‘Any
act’ includes communicative conduct such as the filing, funding, and prosecution of a
civil action.” (Rusheen v. Cohen (2006) 37 Cal.4th 1048, 1056 (Rusheen) [citing Ludwig
7
v. Superior Court (1995) 37 Cal.App.4th 8, 17-19 (Ludwig) [Fourth Dist., Div. Two].)
Ludwig further stands for the proposition that the anti-SLAPP statute may be invoked by
one who did not personally engage in the protected communicative conduct: “A person
can exercise his own rights by supporting the forceful activities of others; it would be
absurd to hold that the confident opponent who takes the public podium is protected,
while the shy opponent who prefers to lend moral support by standing silently in the
audience is not.” (Ludwig, supra, at p. 18.)
Applying these principles, we conclude that the federal litigation joined by
Timothy Young also constitutes an act in furtherance of Melissa Young’s right of
petition, even though she was not named as a plaintiff. Timothy Young effectively
brought suit on behalf of both himself and his wife, asserting rights belonging jointly to
both. (See Fam. Code, § 1100, subd. (a) [placing “management and control of the
community personal property” in “either spouse”; Vick v. DaCorsi (2003) 110
Cal.App.4th 206, 212, fn. 35) [with exceptions not relevant here, personal property
acquired during marriage is community property, and “[a] cause of action to recover
money damages, as well as the money recovered is . . . a form of personal property”].)
Melissa Young owns an equal, undivided half-interest in the causes of action asserted by
her husband arising from their joint purchase of a house, which itself is community
property. (See Vick, supra, at p. 212 & fn. 35.) She likely funded the litigation, in the
sense that any money her husband spent in relation to the litigation is probably
8
community property.6 Even setting aside Melissa Young’s declaration regarding her
active participation behind the scenes of the lawsuit, we would reach the same
conclusion: Melissa Young is the “shy opponent . . . standing silently in the audience,”
while her husband takes the public podium by being named as a plaintiff, but the
litigation is nevertheless an exercise of both of their rights. (See Ludwig, supra, 37
Cal.App.4th at p. 18.)
Moreover, we are not persuaded that Melissa Young’s declaration should be
disregarded. Lennar’s assertion that its “clarification motion merely sought amplification
of the court’s decision on Defendants’ anti-SLAPP motion, and was not an opportunity to
present new evidence in order to remedy a deficient factual record,” is both disingenuous
and incorrect. The motion, despite its label, was in substance a motion for
reconsideration. (See Powell v. County of Orange (2011) 197 Cal.App.4th 1573, 1577
[name of a motion is not controlling, and a motion asking the trial court to decide the
same matter previously ruled on is a motion for reconsideration].) Lennar had raised the
issue of whether Melissa Young’s role in the federal litigation constitutes activity falling
within the protections of the anti-SLAPP statute in its opposition to defendants’ anti-
SLAPP motion, and at oral argument on that motion. But it had done so only in passing,
and without any supporting authority. Lennar’s motion asked the trial court to reconsider
6 There is no indication in our record of the rather improbable set of facts that might support the contrary conclusion, that Timothy Young funded the litigation entirely out of separate property.
9
the issue based on purported new law. On appeal, Lennar has submitted no authority—
nor are we aware of any—suggesting that the opposition to a motion for reconsideration
may not include additional evidence tending to demonstrate new authority submitted by
the moving party does not require reversal of the court’s previous decision.7
Lennar contends section 425.16, subdivision (f), sets a hard deadline of 60 days
from the service of the complaint for a defendant to submit any evidence in support of the
anti-SLAPP motion, and Melissa Young’s declaration was therefore untimely. Not so.
Subdivision (f) of section 425.16 governs when an anti-SLAPP motion must be “filed”; it
is silent as to whether evidence submitted in opposition to a motion for reconsideration of
a ruling on a timely-filed anti-SLAPP motion may be considered. Moreover, even a late-
filed motion may be permitted “in the court’s discretion, at any later time upon terms it
deems proper.” (§ 425.16, subd. (f).)
The only authority cited by Lennar in support of its reading of section 425.16,
subdivision (f), is inapposite. In Kunysz v. Sandler (2007) 146 Cal.App.4th 1540, the
issue was whether it was an abuse of the trial court’s discretion to deny as untimely an
7 Indeed, it is a close question whether Lennar adequately showed, as it claimed, “new and different law” justifying reconsideration under section 1008—certainly a closer question than whether consideration of Melissa Young’s declaration was appropriate. The purported “new law” cited by Lennar as a basis for reconsideration is Daniell v. Riverside Partners I, L.P. (2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 1292 (Daniell) [Fourth Dist., Div. Two], issued a few days after oral argument on defendant’s anti-SLAPP motion, but prior to the trial court’s written order granting the motion. But Daniell itself is discussed for less than half of a page of Lennar’s motion, which is largely a vehicle for rehashing and expanding arguments previously made, and citing authority that either was, or could have been, presented to the trial court previously.
10
anti-SLAPP motion brought nine months after the plaintiff’s operative first amended
complaint was filed. (Kunysz, supra, at pp. 1542-1543.) Nothing in that opinion’s
discussion, let alone its holding, has anything to do with the proposition for which Lennar
has cited it. We are persuaded, to the contrary, it was well within the trial court’s
discretion to consider Melissa Young’s declaration, even though, as noted above, we do
not find that evidence essential to our analysis.
Lennar further argues that even if Melissa Young’s declaration is considered, she
failed to establish she engaged in protected activity for two reasons: (1) the activity
described in her declaration does not amount to instigating or inducing the lawsuit
brought by her husband, and (2) Lennar’s cause of action against her does not arise from
any protected activity she may have engaged in, but rather that of her husband. For the
reasons below, we reject both arguments.
With respect to the first issue: Lennar reads Ludwig to hold that instigating or
inducing a lawsuit to be filed by another falls within the protections of the anti-SLAPP
statute, while lesser levels of participation do not. Lennar argues in that regard that the
“routine marital behavior” described in Melissa Young’s declaration—assisting in
gathering documents, discussing the case, joining in the “married couple’s decision” to
become involved with the lawsuit, and explicitly consenting to his being named as a
plaintiff—does not rise to the level of instigation or inducement.
We do not read Ludwig, or the anti-SLAPP statute, so narrowly. (See Kibler,
supra, 39 Cal.4th at p. 199 [anti-SLAPP statute is construed broadly to protect rights of
11
petition and free speech].) In Ludwig, the court of appeal remarked that the “whole case”
against the defendant invoking the protections of the anti-SLAPP statute depended “on
the fact that he instigated” several lawsuits, and “encouraged” two other individuals to
speak out against a construction project. (Ludwig, supra, 37 Cal.App.4th at p. 18.) But
Ludwig does not hold that to be the only possible basis to conclude that one person is
engaged in petitioning activity on another’s behalf. As discussed above, we find the
circumstance that Timothy Young asserted causes of action owned equally by his wife,
arising out of a transaction to which she was a party, for purchase of a house that is itself
community property, to be sufficient basis to conclude the lawsuit to constitute an act in
furtherance of Melissa Young’s right of petition.
Neither does Daniell, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at p. 1292—the new authority on
which Lennar based its motion for reconsideration—require a different result. Daniell
holds that when a corporate entity has acquired the assets of another entity, and the
predecessor entity could have invoked the anti-SLAPP statute, the acquiring entity may
invoke the anti-SLAPP statute, too, in most circumstances. (Daniell, supra, at p. 1302.)
The court explicitly states that “we do not intend to prejudge the question of whether
similar principles should apply to natural persons. Certainly we do not intend to preclude
12
this possibility.” (Ibid., italics added.) Nothing in Daniell is inconsistent with our
analysis above.8
To the contrary, the Daniell court’s reasoning—that “[p]rotecting only the
business that engages in the speech, without protecting its successors in interest, falls
short of the purpose that the SLAPP Act is designed to serve”—only buttresses our
analysis above. (Daniell, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at p. 1302.) The Daniell court worried
that the “chilling effect” of a corporation’s knowledge that exercising first amendment
rights “could subject a later buyer of its assets to a lawsuit—and moreover, that the buyer
could not invoke the SLAPP Act to obtain a prompt dismissal of the lawsuit” might be
“substantial.” (Ibid.) We have no doubt that “substantial” is inadequately strong to
describe the chilling effect resulting from an individual’s knowledge that the exercise of
petitioning rights relating to the joint purchase of a family home with the individual’s
spouse could subject the spouse to a lawsuit, particularly if the spouse could not invoke
the protections afforded by the anti-SLAPP statute.
We also find Lennar’s second argument—that its cause of action against Melissa
Young does not arise from any petitioning activity she may have engaged in—to be
unpersuasive. Lennar characterizes its claim against Melissa Young as a “straightforward
8 Indeed, nothing in our analysis is inconsistent with the proposition that Lennar suggests (incorrectly) Daniell may be read to stand for, namely, “absent some sort of agency relationship . . . one individual cannot rely on the protected acts of another.” Timothy Young in effect acted as an agent for his wife, by asserting claims that belong in part to her and relate to her rights as a party to the underlying transaction.
13
third-party indemnity claim,” viewing Melissa Young’s agreement to the indemnity
clause to be a promise “to indemnify Lennar for costs incurred in defending a meritless
suit by a third party (here Mr. Young).” But no matter how the claim is characterized, it
is indisputable that Lennar’s claim is “based on” the federal court litigation brought by
Timothy Young. (Cotati, supra, 29 Cal.4th at p. 78.) For the reasons discussed above,
that litigation is also an exercise of Melissa Young’s right of petition.
Navellier v. Sletten (2002) 29 Cal.4th 82, is instructive. In that case, the plaintiffs
filed suit in state court, alleging the defendant was liable for fraud and breach of contract
for filing counterclaims in a federal action in breach of a contractual release. (Id. at pp.
86-87.) The dismissal of the state action on an anti-SLAPP motion was upheld by the
California Supreme Court, in part because “but for the federal lawsuit and [defendant’s]
alleged actions taken in connection with that litigation, plaintiffs’ present claims would
have no basis. This action therefore falls squarely within the ambit of the anti-SLAPP
statute’s ‘arising from’ prong.” (Navellier, supra, at p. 90.) Similarly, here, but for the
federal litigation brought in part on Melissa Young’s behalf, asserting claims that belong
in part to her, Lennar’s state law claim against her would have no basis.
In short, plaintiff’s arguments to the contrary notwithstanding, Melissa Young is a
“person whose exercise of . . . petition rights resulted in [her] being sued,” so she falls
within the protections of the anti-SLAPP statute. (Shekhter v. Financial Indemnity Co.
(2001) 89 Cal.App.4th 141, 153.) Thus, all three defendants adequately showed that
Lennar’s claim against them arises from protected activity. We turn, therefore, to the
14
second prong of the anti-SLAPP analysis, whether Lennar met its burden to establish a
probability that it will prevail on the merits of that claim.
2. The Indemnity Clause Is Unenforceable Under California Law, Precluding
Lennar from Establishing a Probability It Would Prevail on the Merits.
The trial court concluded that the indemnity clause on which Lennar’s claims are
based is unenforceable, precluding any showing of probability of success on the merits.
The trial court found the analysis of the Ninth Circuit in Layman v. Combs (9th Cir.
1992) 994 F.2d 1344 (Layman), to be “persuasive.” We disagree with defendants’
assertion that the indemnity clause at issue here is “nearly identical” to the one at issue in
Layman, and doubt that the analysis of the Layman majority is directly applicable to this
case. Nevertheless, we agree with the trial court’s conclusion that the indemnity clause at
issue is unenforceable.
In Layman, the Ninth Circuit considered an indemnity clause in a securities
subscription agreement associated with a private placement of a company’s stock.
(Layman, supra, 994 F.2d at p. 1349.) Plaintiffs were investors who later sued the
sellers, alleging a variety of fraudulent acts and omissions. (Ibid.) The subscription
agreement indemnity clause required investors to “indemnify and hold harmless” the
company, as well as individual sellers and their agents, against “any losses, claims,
damages, liabilities, expenses (including attorneys’ reasonable fees and disbursements),
judgments and amounts paid in settlement resulting from the untruth of any of the
warranties and representations contained herein, or the breach by the [investor] of any of
15
the covenants made by him herein.” (Id. at p. 1350.) The sellers contended that when the
plaintiffs sued them—alleging reliance on false representations made by sellers outside of
the parties’ written agreements, and claiming to have been misled regarding the risks of
the investment—plaintiffs breached representations and warranties in the subscription
agreement regarding lack of any reliance on such oral representations, thereby triggering
the indemnity clause. (Ibid.) The sellers sought recovery of their attorneys’ fees on that
basis. (Ibid.) The Ninth Circuit noted that the clause, as interpreted by the sellers, would
on its face apply not only to attorneys’ fees, but would also “require a successful investor
litigant to pay her own recovery”—a result that the majority of the Ninth Circuit panel
found “absurd,” over a strong dissent. (Id. at pp. 1352-1353, 1357-1358.) The Ninth
Circuit instead concluded that the clause should instead be interpreted narrowly, finding
that it “does not extend to fees or damages incurred in defending claims brought by the
subscribing indemnitor.” (Id. at p. 1353.)
In contrast, the indemnity clause at issue in our case explicitly applies only to
“claims made by Buyer”; that is, only to claims brought by the indemnitor. It is simply
not susceptible to an interpretation that it applies at all to claims asserted by individuals
not party to the agreement, let alone exclusively to such claims, as the Layman majority
concluded regarding the clause at issue in that case. The indemnity clause at issue here is
therefore distinguishable from the one in Layman, and the Ninth Circuit’s holding in that
case—that the clause should be interpreted narrowly so as not to apply to claims brought
16
by the indemnitor, but only third parties—is not applicable. (See Layman, supra, 994
F.2d at p. 1354.)
Thus, we disagree with defendants’ assertion that the clause at issue here is
“nearly identical” to that in Layman, and we reject the notions that the clause is
“unenforceable under Layman” (capitalization omitted) or that Layman is “controlling
authority here.” It does not follow, however, that the trial court’s ruling must be
reversed: “‘[A] ruling or decision, itself correct in law, will not be disturbed on appeal
merely because given for a wrong reason. If right upon any theory of the law applicable
to the case, it must be sustained regardless of the considerations which may have moved
the trial court to its conclusion.’” (D’Amico v. Board of Medical Examiners (1974) 11
Cal.3d 1, 19.) For the reasons discussed below, we agree with the trial court’s conclusion
that the clause is unenforceable under California law, not because of the reasoning in
Layman, but rather because the clause is unconscionable.
Before delving into our analysis of unconscionability, we first attend to Lennar’s
argument that defendants forfeited any argument regarding unconscionability because
they did not raise the issue until their reply brief below. The trial court declined to
consider the issue, reasoning that Lennar had not had an opportunity to respond. Now,
however, Lennar has had a full opportunity to respond, briefing the issue in both its
opening and reply briefs on appeal. Moreover, unconscionability is, in the absence of a
material factual dispute, a question of law that may be raised for the first time on appeal.
(Carmona v. Lincoln Millennium Car Wash, Inc. (2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 74, 89, fn.6.)
17
Lennar cites authority for the proposition that whether a particular contractual clause is
unconscionable “requires the development of a factual record to inform such analysis.”
(Olinick v. BMG Entertainment (2006) 138 Cal.App.4th 1286, 1293, fn. 7.) But a factual
record was developed below, and Lennar points to no material deficiency in the record
that precludes us from deciding the matter.9 We therefore consider whether the clause at
issue is unconscionable based on the present record.
a. Background regarding unconscionability analysis
“Unconscionability analysis begins with an inquiry into whether the contract is
one of adhesion. [Citation.] ‘The term [contract of adhesion] signifies a standardized
contract, which, imposed and drafted by the party of superior bargaining strength,
relegates to the subscribing party only the opportunity to adhere to the contract or reject
it.’ [Citation.] If the contract is adhesive, the court must then determine whether ‘other
factors are present which, under established legal rules—legislative or judicial—operate
to render it [unenforceable].’ [Citation.] ‘Generally speaking, there are two judicially
imposed limitations on the enforcement of adhesion contracts or provisions thereof. The
first is that such a contract or provision which does not fall within the reasonable
expectations of the weaker or ‘adhering’ party will not be enforced against him.
9 Lennar lists in its briefing various ways it would like to develop the factual record related to unconscionability. But we see no possibility that any of the additional evidence proposed by Lennar could conceivably change the results of our analysis. Thus, there are no disputed or undeveloped material facts missing from the record, and unconscionability is a question of law.
18
[Citations.] The second—a principle of equity applicable to all contracts generally—is
that a contract or provision, even if consistent with the reasonable expectations of the
parties, will be denied enforcement if, considered in its context, it is unduly oppressive or
“unconscionable.”’” (Armendariz v. Foundation Health Psychcare Services, Inc. (2000)
24 Cal.4th 83, 113 (Armendariz), abrogated in part on another ground in ATT Mobility
LLC. v. Concepcion (2011) __U.S.__, __ [131 S.Ct. 1740, 1746].) But these two
limitations are not, at base, separate concepts; rather, both are “aspects” of the
overarching rubric of unconscionability. (Armendariz, supra, at p. 113.)
“‘[U]nconscionability has both a “procedural” and a “substantive” element,’ the
former focusing on ‘“oppression”’ or ‘“surprise”’ due to unequal bargaining power, the
latter on ‘“overly harsh”’ or ‘“one-sided”’ results. [Citation.] ‘The prevailing view is
that [procedural and substantive unconscionability] must both be present in order for a
court to exercise its discretion to refuse to enforce a contract or clause under the doctrine
of unconscionability.’ [Citation.] But they need not be present in the same degree.
‘Essentially a sliding scale is invoked which disregards the regularity of the procedural
process of the contract formation, that creates terms, in proportion to the greater
harshness or unreasonableness of the substantive terms themselves.’ [Citations.] In other
words, the more substantively oppressive the contract term, the less evidence of
procedural unconscionability is required to come to the conclusion that the term is
unenforceable, and vice versa.” (Armendariz, supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 114.)
19
If a court finds as a matter of law that a contract or any clause of a contract is
unconscionable, the court may “refuse to enforce the contract, or it may enforce the
remainder of the contract without the unconscionable clause, or it may so limit the
application of any unconscionable clause as to avoid any unconscionable result.” (Civ.
Code, § 1670.5, subd. (a).)
b. Procedural unconscionability
Lennar has conceded that the contracts at issue are contracts of adhesion. It
argues, however, that defendants failed to prove any procedural unconscionability. We
find the present record sufficient to establish only a low level of procedural
unconscionability, but enough to satisfy the requisite minimum, and justify consideration
of the substantive portion of the sliding scale.
The “oppression” component of procedural unconscionability “arises from an
inequality of bargaining power of the parties to the contract and an absence of real
negotiation or a meaningful choice on the part of the weaker party.” (Kinney v. United
HealthCare Services, Inc. (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 1322, 1329 (Kinney).) “Surprise is
defined as ‘“the extent to which the supposedly agreed-upon terms of the bargain are
hidden in the prolix printed form drafted by the party seeking to enforce the disputed
terms.”’” (Gatton v. T-Mobile USA, Inc. (2007) 152 Cal.App.4th 571, 581 [quoting
Stirlen v. Supercuts, Inc. (1997) 51 Cal.App.4th 1519, 1532].)
With respect to oppression: A contract of adhesion, which Lennar has conceded
the contracts at issue to be, by definition involves inequality of bargaining power and an
20
absence of real negotiation, leaving the weaker party with only a take it or leave it choice.
(See Armendariz, supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 113.) Moreover, an inequality of bargaining
power may reasonably be inferred from the circumstance that defendants are purchasers
of individual homes, while Lennar is a corporation in the business of building new homes
in various parts of California. Nevertheless, “[t]here can be no oppression establishing
procedural unconscionability, even assuming unequal bargaining power and an adhesion
contract, when the customer has meaningful choices. . . .”10 (Wayne v. Staples, Inc.
(2006) 135 Cal.App.4th 466, 482 (Wayne).) In this context, “meaningful choices” refers
to “reasonably available alternative sources of supply from which to obtain the desired
goods and services free of the terms claimed to be unconscionable.” (Dean Witter
Reynolds, Inc. v. Superior Court (1989) 211 Cal.App.3d 758, 772 (Dean Witter).)
Lennar contends that defendants had reasonably available alternative sources from
whom to purchase a home with a contract free of any similar indemnity provision,
pointing to the circumstance that the other developers involved in the consolidated
10 Some courts, even among those cited by Lennar for other purposes, have simply equated procedural unconscionability with the conclusion that a contract is a contract of adhesion. (See California Grocers Assn. v. Bank of America (1994) 22 Cal.App.4th 205, 214 [“The notion of ‘procedural’ unconscionability merely addresses the question whether a contract is adhesive.”].) This approach, however, is at least in tension with the “sliding scale” analysis described in Armendariz, which requires a particularized analysis of oppression and surprise. (See Armendariz, supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 114.) “Unconscionability analysis begins with an inquiry into whether the contract is one of adhesion” (id. at p. 113), but it does not end there, even just with respect to procedural unconscionability. (See also Harper v. Ultimo (2003) 113 Cal.App.4th 1402, 1409-1410 (Harper) [discussing relationship between concepts of adhesion and procedural unconscionability].)
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federal litigation that included defendants’ case did not include similar indemnity
provisions in their contracts. Real property, however, is traditionally recognized as
unique, particularly in the context of single family dwellings. (See, e.g., Harbour Vista,
LLC v. HSBC Mortgage Services Inc. (2011) 201 Cal.App.4th 1496, 1505 [“real property
is unique . . . .”]; Civ. Code, § 3387 [presumption that monetary damages are inadequate
to remedy breach of agreement to transfer real estate; presumption is conclusive in case
of single-family dwelling which the party seeking specific performance intends to
occupy].) We do not find the authority cited by Lennar to be applicable here, because it
deals with goods and services that are truly interchangeable in a way that real property is
not. (Cf. Dean Witter, supra, 211 Cal.App.3d at pp. 761, 772 [self-directed individual
retirement accounts]; Wayne, supra, 135 Cal.App.4th at p. 482 [shipping services and
associated insurance coverage for office supplies]; Morris v. Redwood Empire Bancorp
stood in an economic position well below Pardee, the developer of hundreds of homes in
the master plan development.”].) There is no evidence in the record regarding any lack
of availability of similarly priced housing stock in the region. (See Woodside Homes of
Cal., Inc. v. Superior Court (2003) 107 Cal.App.4th 723, 729 [Fourth Dist., Div. Two]
(Woodside) [noting lack of similar evidence in support of finding a low degree of
procedural unconscionability].) There is no evidence of any disagreement by defendants
or attempt to reject the indemnity provision by defendants, or other customers of Lennar.
(See ibid.) In other words, the evidence in the record is not sufficient to conclude that
there was a particularly high degree of procedural “oppression.”
Similarly, although there is some evidence of surprise, that evidence is not strong,
and is balanced by countervailing evidence. It is unquestionable that the indemnity
clauses are a small piece of a “prolix printed form drafted by the party seeking to enforce
[the disputed terms].” (Kinney, supra, 70 Cal.App.4th at p. 1329.) However, they do
appear at the end of the “Homebuyer Disclosure Statement,” on the same page as
defendants’ signatures, rather than buried elsewhere in a lengthy document. And
defendants did not introduce any evidence establishing that they were in fact unaware of
the indemnity clause—even Melissa Young’s declaration only states that the provision
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was “presented to us on a take-it-or-leave-it basis,” not that the Youngs were unaware of
it.
In sum, defendants have shown only a low level of procedural unconscionability.
They demonstrated some degree of oppression, as that term is used in the analysis of
procedural unconscionability, but not a high degree, and have made little if any showing
of surprise. As such, to demonstrate unconscionability of the indemnity clause,
defendants “must have established a high level of substantive unconscionability.” (See
Woodside, supra, 107 Cal.App.4th at p. 730.)
c. Substantive unconscionability
In the circumstances of this case, the question of whether the indemnity clause is
substantively unconscionable turns on whether it matters, for purposes of answering that
question, whether or not defendants’ federal litigation was successful. Lennar argues that
the clause creates no unduly harsh results in this case, and thus no substantive
unconscionability, because defendants have been unsuccessful in their federal litigation,
and contractual provisions that shift attorneys’ fees and costs to the prevailing party in
litigation are generally enforceable. We disagree with Lennar’s analysis.
Substantive unconscionability has been articulated in various ways, but the basics
are well established: “‘Substantive unconscionability addresses the fairness of the term in
dispute. It “traditionally involves contract terms that are so one-sided as to ‘shock the
conscience,’ or that impose harsh or oppressive terms”’” (Wherry v. Award, Inc. (2011)
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192 Cal.App.4th 1242, 1248.) The starting point of our analysis, therefore, is the
contractual terms at issue.
Under the plain language of the clause, a “Buyer” who brings a claim against
Lennar falling within its scope is not only responsible for paying Lennar’s attorney fees
and costs, no matter whether the Buyer prevails on the claim or not. The Buyer is also
responsible for any “liabilities, actions, demands and damages” arising out of such a
claim. In other words, on its face, the indemnity provision precludes any possibility that
a Buyer who has a meritorious claim of fraud falling within the scope of the indemnity
clause could be made whole; any judgment obtained would be payable by the Buyer, not
Lennar, and in addition the Buyer would be responsible for Lennar’s attorneys’ fees and
costs, win or lose.11
Lennar urges, however, that we look not to the scope of the language of the
indemnity clause in the abstract, but rather as it is applied strictly to the facts of this case.
Lennar has conceded that the clause is unenforceable as against a party who brings a suit
falling within the scope of the indemnity clause that turns out to be meritorious, stating
that “all parties agree that the indemnity provision would not be enforceable had
Defendants prevailed on their fraud claim in federal court.” Here, defendants have not—
11 We doubt that the language of Lennar’s contracts would necessarily preclude any possibility of meritorious claims of fraud based on oral misrepresentations. (See Riverisland Cold Storage, Inc. v. Fresno-Madera Production Credit Assn. (2013) 55 Cal.4th 1169, 1171, 1182 [overruling Bank of America etc. Assn. v. Pendergrass (1935) 4 Cal.2d 258, and reaffirming broad applicability of fraud exception to parol evidence rule].)
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at least so far—prevailed in their federal litigation. As such, Lennar proposes, the result
in this case is not unduly harsh or oppressive—fees and costs are just shifted to the
prevailing party in the federal litigation, and there is “nothing substantively
unconscionable” about such a result.
Some courts have taken approaches similar to the one Lennar proposes in contexts
somewhat different from the present case. In Barnebey v. E.F. Hutton & Co. (M.D. Fla.
1989) 715 F.Supp. 1512 (Barnebey), for example, the defendants in a securities lawsuit
counterclaimed seeking to recover attorneys’ fees and costs from the plaintiffs based on
an indemnity provision in an investor subscription agreement. (Id. at p. 1519.) The
defendants contended the plaintiffs’ suit breached certain warranties in the subscription
agreement, triggering the indemnity clause, but limited their counterclaims to attorneys’
fees and costs associated with any unsuccessful claims brought by the plaintiffs. (Id. at p.
1520.) On that basis, the court declined to consider whether the indemnity clause would
be against public policy and/or unenforceable as to any judgment that might have been
obtained by the plaintiffs, had the litigation reached a different result, and allowed the
counterclaims for indemnity to survive summary judgment with respect to the plaintiffs’
unsuccessful claims. (Id. at pp. 1521-1522.)
Atari Corp. v. Ernst & Whinney (9th Cir. 1992) 981 F.2d 1025 is another example.
In that case, Atari Corporation had agreed in a merger agreement that it would indemnify
officers of the acquired corporation for any acts and omissions relating to their service as
officers. (Id. at p. 1031.) Atari itself later sued those officers, bringing claims of
26
securities fraud, common law fraud, and various other claims. (Id. at p. 1027.) Summary
judgment was granted in favor of the officers on Atari’s claims, and the 9th Circuit
reversed the trial court’s denial of the officers’ counterclaims for indemnity. (Ibid.) In
dictum, the court noted the public policy prohibiting one party from contracting out of its
liability for intentional torts, but reasoned that “exoneration for fraud is not the issue
here” because the officers had been found not liable. (Id. at p. 1032.)
Even in the context of securities litigation, however, courts do not uniformly
follow the Barnebey and Atari court’s analytical method, whereby the indemnitee’s
liability or lack thereof is seen to have some bearing on the enforceability of the
indemnity clause triggered by the indemnitor’s suit. In Doody v. E.F. Hutton & Co., Inc.
(D. Minn. 1984) 587 F.Supp. 829 (Doody), for example, investor plaintiffs brought
securities fraud claims; defendants counterclaimed for indemnity pursuant to a clause in
an investor subscription agreement, which defendants contended to be triggered by the
suit. (Id. at p. 831.) The district court declined to enforce the indemnity clause, granting
summary judgment to plaintiffs with respect to the counterclaims, reasoning that the
indemnity clause was counter to the public policy of encouraging the prosecution of
securities fraud actions. (Id. at p. 833.) Importantly, the court’s reasoning with respect to
the enforceability of the indemnity clause was completely independent of whether or not
the plaintiffs’ suit had merit: that was a matter left to be determined at a later trial. (Ibid.)
Moreover, the circumstances of this case are distinguishable from those of each of
the cases relied on by Lennar. The present case does not involve the obligation of a
27
corporation to indemnify its officers, and we agree with the trial court that any analogy to
such cases is “nonsensical.” Neither are the circumstances giving rise to securities
litigation fairly comparable to those of an individual or family buying a home pursuant to
a contract of adhesion drafted by the seller, a corporation in the business of building
homes. (See Layman, supra, 994 F.2d at p. 1358 (dis. opn. of Kozinski, J.) [arguing
indemnity clause should be enforced because investors “were sophisticated and obviously
wielded substantial bargaining power,” and “got legal and financial advice galore before
committing to the deal”].) Nothing in this opinion conflicts with the reasoning of those
cases approving and enforcing indemnification clauses—even first party indemnification
clauses—on fundamentally different sets of facts.
More analogous to the circumstances of this case is authority involving arbitration
provisions in contracts between corporations and consumers. In such cases, as here,
courts often analyze provisions in contracts of adhesion between corporation and
consumer having the practical effect of limiting the consumer’s recourse to the courts in
the event of a dispute. In those contexts, there are “any number of cases” where
arbitration clauses effectively limiting the defendant corporation’s exposure to damages
have been found substantively unconscionable. (Harper, supra, 113 Cal.App.4th at p.
1407 [collecting cases].) In deciding whether arbitration clauses are unconscionable,
courts have not looked to the merits of the plaintiffs’ claims; a motion to compel
arbitration is naturally considered before the merits of the cause. Rather, they look to the
language of the clause at issue. (Ibid. [finding arbitration clause unconscionable based on
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the “bare language” of the contract]; see also id. at p. 1411 [regarding the potential
outcome of the future trial of plaintiffs’ underlying claims, stating “who knows?”].)
Clauses that, on their face, leave the consumer with no practical means of redress—let
alone language precluding even a theoretical possibility of meaningful recovery—have
“met with uniform judicial opprobrium.”(See id. at p. 1407.)
Here, under the bare language of the indemnity clause, there is not even the
theoretical possibility a homebuyer could be made whole for any damages arising from
fraud committed by Lennar with respect to disclosures. The clause is a paradigmatic
example of a “‘heads I win, tails you lose’” proposition, purporting to bar any possibility
of meaningful recovery for claims falling within its scope, regardless of merit. (See
Harper, supra, 113 Cal.App.4th at p. 1407.) We find this to establish a high degree of
substantive unconscionability, at least within the circumstances of this case—sufficiently
high as to outweigh the relatively low degree of procedural unconscionability. We
therefore conclude that the indemnity clause is unconscionable.
d. Application of Civil Code section 1670.5.
Having concluded that the indemnity clause at issue is unconscionable, we must
determine how to exercise our discretion pursuant to Civil Code section 1670.5. On the
facts of this case, we see two primary alternatives: (1) to refuse to enforce the indemnity
clause at all, or (2) to limit its applicability by treating it as if it were a clause shifting
attorneys’ fees and costs to the prevailing party. In our view, the first alternative is more
appropriate.
29
In suggesting that we instead take the second alternative, Lennar again makes
much of the circumstance that defendants’ federal litigation has, to this point, been
unsuccessful, at least at the trial level. Lennar in essence urges us to enforce the
indemnity clause as if it were a typical prevailing party fee-shifting clause, thereby
“holding Defendants to their promise to pay for the expenses their meritless claims have
generated.”
We agree with Lennar that there is nothing generally absurd or unconscionable
about prevailing party clauses. Civil Code section 1717 specifically authorizes courts to
enforce contractual provisions requiring payment of attorney’s fees and costs to the
prevailing party in a dispute. (See, e.g., Santisas v. Goodin (1998) 17 Cal.4th 599, 610-
611 [discussing Civ. Code, § 1717].) But Lennar chose a different course in drafting the
contracts at issue, seeking to impose a provision that purports to have much broader
effect than a typical prevailing party clause. If we were to enforce the indemnity clause
as if it were a typical prevailing party clause, we would in essence be endorsing Lennar’s
overreach, allowing Lennar to continue to benefit from the in terrorem value of the
language it drafted and imposed on its customers. In other words, under the
circumstances of this case, only by refusing to enforce the indemnity clause at all do we
provide Lennar any incentive to conform the language of its contracts with consumers to
the limits of enforceability under California law.
We decline Lennar’s proposal to limit the indemnity clause to act as a typical
prevailing party clause—in other words, to impose no limitation at all, as applied to the
30
facts of this case. We instead exercise our discretion to “enforce the remainder of the
contract without the unconscionable clause,” thereby giving the indemnity clause no
force or effect. (See Civ. Code, § 1670.5, subd. (a).)
Absent an enforceable indemnity clause, Lennar cannot show a likelihood of
success on its claims for express contractual indemnification. Lennar therefore cannot
satisfy its burden under the second prong of the anti-SLAPP analysis, and defendants’
anti-SLAPP motion was properly granted.
III. DISPOSITION
The order appealed from is affirmed. Defendants shall recover their costs on
appeal.
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
HOLLENHORST J. We concur:
RAMIREZ P.J.
MILLER J.
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AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that the indemnity clause is unenforceable because it is unconscionable, and that the defendants' underlying litigation constituted protected activity under the anti-SLAPP statute.
Issues
Whether the defendants' actions in the federal litigation constituted protected activity under the anti-SLAPP statute.
Whether the indemnity clause in the home purchase agreement is enforceable under California law.
Disposition. Affirmed.
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“Filing a lawsuit is an act in furtherance of the constitutional right of petition, regardless of whether it has merit.”
“A person can exercise his own rights by supporting the forceful activities of others; it would be absurd to hold that the confident opponent who takes the public podium is protected, while the shy opponent who prefers to lend moral support by standing silently in the audience is not.”
“we agree with the trial court’s conclusion that the clause is unenforceable under California law, not because of the reasoning in Layman, but rather because the clause is unconscionable.”