CUSD was equitably estopped from enforcing this limitation. CUSD also contends the
court erred by providing incorrect jury instructions, and an insufficient special verdict
form, on the issue of equitable estoppel. CUSD further contends the court erred in
denying its motion for a new trial because the evidence did not support the jury's award
of future economic damages to the minors. We conclude the evidence supported the
application of equitable estoppel and the trial court did not otherwise err. We therefore
affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In September 2007, J. started third grade in CUSD's Pacific Rim Elementary
School (Pacific Rim). Firth was J.'s teacher. During the second week of school, J. stayed
late in Firth's classroom to fill out her homework planner. Firth came up behind J. and
began to rub her chest and vaginal area with his hands over her clothes. Firth continued
to rub, with some force, for a couple minutes. J. knew what Firth was doing was wrong,
and she got up and left the classroom.
2
That night, J. told her father, Chad P., what had happened. Chad called J.'s
mother, Christina P., and J. told her about the incident as well. Christina tried to call the
school that night, but no one was there at the time. Christina also called the police, but
she declined to make a report then. J. was already asleep, and Christina did not want to
wake her.
Christina, Chad, and J. went to Pacific Rim the next morning and asked to speak
with the principal. Christina told the principal, Robert Devich, that Firth had touched J.
inappropriately. Devich expressed his concern and explained that J.'s allegation needed
to be handled by his supervisor, Torrie Norton, who was CUSD's assistant superintendent
for personnel. Devich said he would arrange a meeting with Norton at the CUSD district
office later in the day. Devich told Christina not to speak with anyone about the incident.
Devich called Norton and informed her of J.'s allegations. Within an hour, Norton
went to Pacific Rim, met with Devich, and determined that Firth would be placed on paid
administrative leave pending a CUSD investigation. Devich removed Firth from his
classroom and arranged for a substitute teacher.
That afternoon, Christina and J. went to CUSD's offices to meet with Norton. A
private attorney for CUSD, Gretchen Shipley, also attended the meeting. After brief
introductions, Norton and Shipley met with Christina first and then called J. into the
meeting as well. Christina and J. explained what had occurred. At Norton's request,
Christina and J. also made written statements, which Norton collected.
Norton told Christina that Firth had been put on paid administrative leave. Norton
explained that she would report the incident to child protective services and the police,
3
because CUSD was a mandatory reporter. Norton also explained that CUSD would
undertake its own investigation of Firth as well. Norton told Christina to "sit tight, not to
talk to anybody and that they would be in touch." Norton attempted to contact the police,
but for several days she could not get through to the police detective she had worked
with. (He was on vacation.) During this time, Christina checked and found out that a
police report had not been filed. She went to a police station with J. and reported the
incident herself. After her report, Christina spoke with Kelly Mok, a prosecutor, and
several police detectives.
During the ensuing investigation, Norton and Devich repeatedly told Christina and
her family not to talk to anyone about J.'s allegations. For example, Devich spoke with
Christina by telephone the week after J. reported the incident. He called to discuss a new
substitute teacher in Firth's former classroom. Devich also said he had heard from
another parent that J. had been discussing the molestation incident. Devich told Christina
it was important for J. to stop. Devich said he had been told by CUSD and Kelly Mok,
the prosecutor, that any type of rumors about the incident would hurt the chances of a
successful prosecution. Devich also pulled J. out of class and spoke to her directly about
keeping quiet.
At various times, Christina spoke about the incident to therapists, child protective
services, the police, and a forensic interviewer who specialized in child abuse. Christina
also wrote down the name and number of a civil lawyer, although there was no evidence
she contacted him.
4
After approximately a year, the criminal investigation into Firth stalled. Christina
was told that the investigation was ongoing, but it had entered inactive status. Later, for
reasons that are not clear from the record, the investigation proceeded and charges were
brought against Firth. Christina and J. testified at Firth's preliminary hearing.
E. was a student in Firth's third-grade class the year before J. After Firth's
preliminary hearing, E.'s mother, Eliza B., saw an article about the criminal case
involving Firth. Eliza asked E. whether Firth had acted inappropriately towards her.
After some hesitation, E. disclosed that Firth had molested her as well. E. explained that,
during her third-grade year, she sat on Firth's lap and he touched her underneath her
underwear. E. later testified that Firth also placed his finger in her vagina. Firth
molested E. almost every day during her third grade year.
Eliza went to Pacific Rim the morning after E.'s disclosure to report the abuse.
She asked for Devich, but he was at CUSD's district office. Eliza then went to the district
office, and E.'s father Chris B. met her there. They met with Norton and told her of E.'s
allegations. Norton pulled Devich out of a principals' meeting to speak with Eliza and
Chris. He expressed his concern and sympathy for E.
Norton explained that Firth no longer worked for CUSD. Given the criminal
charges against Firth, Norton was "very adamant" that Eliza and Chris should not speak
with anyone about the incident. Norton did not want them to jeopardize Firth's
prosecution. Norton called Mok, the prosecutor who was handing Firth's criminal case.
Mok arrived at the district office with a police detective and spoke with Eliza and Chris.
Mok repeated Norton's instruction that Eliza and Chris not talk to anyone about the
5
incident. Mok explained that they should not talk to anyone to avoid contaminating the
criminal case against Firth. Norton encouraged Eliza and Chris to heed Mok's advice.
Aside from their immediate family, Eliza and Chris spoke only to a counselor
about the incident. Chris also made an anonymous comment on an online article about
Firth. Chris's comment read approximately as follows: "As parents, we learned of the
story from The Coast News, and after discussing it with our child, we learned the horrific
news that she had been scared to bring [it] up with us for two-plus years."
The criminal case against Firth continued. Eliza testified at a further preliminary
hearing. Mok continued to emphasize the importance of not discussing the incident with
anyone.
The next year, the district attorney's office entered into a plea bargain with Firth,
who agreed to plead guilty. Both families testified at Firth's sentencing hearing. They
had not met before then.
Approximately six weeks after the sentencing hearing, J. and E. presented
government claims to CUSD. CUSD returned the claims without action because it
believed them to be untimely. J. and E. then filed civil complaints against Firth and
CUSD, alleging various causes of action arising from their molestation. The two lawsuits
were consolidated for all purposes, including trial.
The court held a four-week jury trial in May and June 2012. The minors pursued
causes of action for sexual battery (against Firth) and negligent supervision (against
CUSD). As relevant to this appeal, Christina, Eliza, and Chris testified regarding their
interactions with CUSD administrators and their inability to file a government claim
6
within the required time period. They described the repeated instructions from Devich,
Norton, and Mok not to discuss the case with anyone, which they believe they followed.
Christina explained that she did not contact any lawyers to discuss filing a civil suit until
Firth's guilty plea because CUSD administrators had told her not to talk to anyone.
Similarly, Eliza testified that she did not speak to anyone about the possibility of filing a
claim until after Firth's guilty plea because she was told not to talk about the case. Chris
testified that the first time he talked to anyone about filing a civil lawsuit, or considered
that option, was at Firth's sentencing hearing.1
The minors also presented testimony from an expert witness, Dr. Clark Clipson.
Clipson, a clinical and forensic psychologist, testified regarding the harm caused by
Firth's molestation. Clipson testified that both J. and E. suffered from multiple mental
conditions. He diagnosed J. with posttraumatic stress disorder, dysthymic disorder, and
dependent personality traits. He diagnosed E. with generalized anxiety disorder and
dependent personality traits.
Clipson explained that J. and E. will suffer long-term injuries as a result of Firth's
molestation. Clipson believed that J. and E. would be at a higher risk for psychological
problems in the future. Clipson testified that future symptoms of mental illness could be
1 J. and E. also presented evidence of their molestation and CUSD's failure to adequately supervise Firth. Among other things, J. and E. showed that CUSD did not act on prior complaints against Firth and did not ensure that Firth acted appropriately with his students. Because CUSD does not challenge the jury's verdict on the issue of negligent supervision, we need not discuss the facts surrounding that issue in detail. 7
triggered by normal events in the minors' lives, including adolescence, dating, and sexual
experiences.
Family members testified that J. and E. were psychologically scarred by the
molestation. Christina said that J. had high anxiety, that her self esteem was extremely
low, and that she picks at parts of her body until they bleed. Eliza said that E. had mood
swings, anxiety, fear, headaches, and stomachaches. E. herself testified that she has
nightmares and is scared because Firth was recently released from prison.
Given J. and E.'s psychological conditions, Clipson opined, "I feel that both of
them need treatment within the next few years specifically for the incidents related to Mr.
Firth. And I think they're probably going to need treatment down the road when their
symptoms are triggered by other events later in life." Clipson offered specific
recommendations as to each minor. As to J., Clipson opined, "I think at this point in her
life she needs [psychological] treatment twice a week for about a year." Clipson also
opined that J. should have weekly appointments with a psychiatrist to assess the efficacy
of medication. The appointments could be reduced to once every two months once her
medication was stabilized. Clipson testified that the average rate for a psychologist was
$200 per hour and the average rate for a psychiatrist was $250 per hour. Given these
rates, Clipson opined that the total cost for J.'s recommended therapy would be $30,000.
8
Clipson testified that he would make similar recommendations, at similar cost, for E.'s
treatment.2
At the close of the minors' case-in-chief, CUSD moved for nonsuit on the issue of
equitable estoppel. CUSD argued that the minors had not presented evidence sufficient
to establish estoppel. The trial court denied CUSD's motion. CUSD then presented its
case-in-chief. Firth did not appear at trial or present evidence.
During preparation of jury instructions, the minors and CUSD offered competing
proposals on the issue of equitable estoppel. CUSD argued that the jury should be
instructed with CACI No. 456, modified slightly to account for circumstances of the case
(i.e., a government claim).3 The minors countered that CACI No. 456 improperly
narrowed the scope of equitable estoppel, contrary to applicable case law. The minors
2 During closing arguments, the minors' counsel argued that J. and E.'s future medical costs were "the future therapy figures that Dr. Clipson told you about. What did he say? $20-$30,000 maybe."
3 The instruction proposed by CUSD reads as follows: "J. P. and E. B. claim that even if their lawsuit was not filed on time, they may still proceed because CARLSBAD UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT did or said something that caused J. P. and E. B. to delay filing their government claim. In order to establish the right to proceed, J. P. and E. B. must prove all of the following: [¶] 1. That CARLSBAD UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT said or did something that caused J. P. and E. B. to believe that it would not be necessary to file a government claim; [¶] 2. That J. P. and E. B. relied on CARLSBAD UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT's conduct and therefore did not file the lawsuit within the time otherwise required; [¶] 3. That a reasonable person in J. P. and E. B.'s position would have relied on CARLSBAD UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT's conduct; [¶] 4. That after the limitation period had expired, CARLSBAD UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT's representations by words or conduct proved not to be true; and [¶] 5. That J. P. and E. B. proceeded diligently to file a government claim within six months of discovering the actual facts. [¶] It is not necessary that CARLSBAD UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT has acted in bad faith or intended to mislead J. P. and E. [B.]" 9
proposed removing the fourth element from CACI No. 456, which requires the jury to
find that a defendant's statements are untrue. The trial court agreed and instructed the
jury with a modified version of CACI No. 456 omitting that element.4 Similarly, the
parties disagreed regarding the wording of the special verdict forms. CUSD argued that
the verdict forms should recite each element of equitable estoppel as stated in CACI No.
456. The minors disagreed. Following argument, the court decided to use a modified
version of the minors' proposed verdict forms, which addressed estoppel in two
questions.5
The jury found in favor of J. and E., and against Firth and CUSD, on both causes
of action. The jury determined that Firth committed sexual battery on J. and E. and that
CUSD was negligent in its supervision or retention of Firth. The jury further determined
4 The instruction given by the court reads as follows: "Each plaintiff claims that even if her government claim was not filed on time, she may still proceed because the school district did or said something that caused plaintiff's parents to delay filing the government claim. In order to establish the right to proceed, each plaintiff must prove all of the following: [¶] 1. That the school district said or did something that caused plaintiff's parents to delay in filing a government claim; [¶] 2. That plaintiff's parents relied on the school district's conduct and therefore did not file the government claim within the time otherwise required; [¶] 3. That a reasonable person in plaintiff's parent's position would have relied on the school district's conduct; and [¶] 4. That plaintiff's parents filed a government claim within six months after the effect of the school district's delay-inducing conduct ended. [¶] It is not necessary that the school district acted in bad faith or intended to mislead plaintiff's parents"
5 The verdict forms provided to the jury asked, in relevant part, the following: "3. Should Carlsbad Unified School District be estopped from asserting that [the minor's] parents filed a late government claim on [the minor's] behalf because Carlsbad Unified School District did or said something that caused [the minor's] parents to delay in filing a claim?" and "4. Did [the minor's] parents file a government claim on [the minor's] behalf with Carlsbad Unified School District within six months after the effect of the delay- inducing conduct ended?" 10
that CUSD should be equitably estopped from enforcing the six-month limit against J.
and E.'s government claims and that J. and E. had filed their claims within six months
after the effect of CUSD's delay-inducing conduct ended.
The jury found the conduct of both Firth and CUSD to be a substantial factor in
causing harm to J. and E. The jury assessed 60 percent responsibility for the harm to
Firth, and 40 percent to CUSD. The jury awarded J. $200,000 in future economic
damages (medical expenses) and $1.6 million in past and future non-economic damages.
The jury also awarded E. $200,000 in future economic damages (again, medical
expenses) and $2.5 million in past and future non-economic damages. The court entered
judgment for J. and E., and against Firth and CUSD, accordingly.
CUSD moved for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, repeating its earlier
argument (from its motion for nonsuit) that J. and E. had not presented sufficient
evidence to support equitable estoppel. CUSD also moved for a new trial, arguing that
the evidence did not support the jury's award of $200,000 in future economic damages to
each minor. The court denied both motions. This appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
I
CUSD first contends the trial court erred in denying its motion for judgment
notwithstanding the verdict (and its earlier motion for nonsuit) because (1) it is
undisputed that the minors did not file their government claims within the six-month
11
period established by Government Code section 911.26 and (2) the minors did not present
evidence sufficient to satisfy the elements of equitable estoppel. " '[T]he existence of an
estoppel is generally a question of fact for the trier of fact, and ordinarily the [fact-
finder's] determination is binding on appeal unless the contrary conclusion is the only one
to be reasonably drawn from the facts.' " (Ortega v. Pajaro Valley Unified School Dist.
(1998) 64 Cal.App.4th 1023, 1043 (Ortega).) We review the court's orders denying
CUSD's motions for nonsuit and judgment notwithstanding the verdict for substantial
evidence. (See OCM Principal Opportunities Fund, L.P. v. CIBC World Markets Corp.
(2007) 157 Cal.App.4th 835, 845.)
"In reviewing the sufficiency of evidence on appeal, we resolve all conflicts in
favor of the prevailing party and we indulge all legitimate and reasonable inferences to
uphold the verdict if possible. 'It is an elementary, but often overlooked principle of law,
that when a verdict is attacked as being unsupported, the power of the appellate court
begins and ends with a determination as to whether there is any substantial evidence,
contradicted or uncontradicted, which will support the conclusion reached by the jury.
When two or more inferences can be reasonably deduced from the facts, the reviewing
court is without power to substitute its deductions for those of the trial court.' "
(Ortega, supra, 64 Cal.App.4th at p. 1043.) Nonetheless, the evidence must support each
6 Effective January 1, 2009, the government claim presentation requirement no longer applies to claims for childhood sexual abuse. (See Gov. Code, § 905, subd. (m); S.M. v. Los Angeles Unified School Dist. (2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 712, 721, fn. 6.) Because the abuse here occurred before that date, however, the claim requirement (with its six-month time limitation) governs this case. (See Gov. Code, § 911.2; Shirk v. Vista Unified School Dist. (2007) 42 Cal.4th 201, 208-209.) 12
of the required elements of a claim or defense. " ' "[The evidence] must be reasonable in
nature, credible, and of solid value; it must actually be 'substantial' proof of the essentials
which the law requires in a particular case." ' " (Ibid.)
"It is well settled that a public entity may be estopped from asserting the
limitations of the claims statute where its agents or employees have prevented or deterred
the filing of a timely claim by some affirmative act." (John R. v. Oakland Unified School
Dist. (1989) 48 Cal.3d 438, 445 (John R.).) "Estoppel as a bar to a public entity's
assertion of the defense of noncompliance arises when the plaintiff establishes by a
preponderance of the evidence: (1) the public entity was apprised of the facts, (2) it
intended its conduct to be acted upon, (3) plaintiff was ignorant of the true state of facts,
and (4) relied upon the conduct to his detriment." (Christopher P. v. Mojave Unified
School Dist. (1993) 19 Cal.App.4th 165, 170 (Christopher P.); see Driscoll v. City of
Los Angeles (1967) 67 Cal.2d 297, 305.)
"Estoppel most commonly results from misleading statements about the need for
or advisability of a claim. [Citations.] Estoppel may also be invoked where conduct on
behalf of the public entity induces a reasonably prudent person to avoid seeking legal
advice or commencing litigation." (Christopher P., supra, 19 Cal.App.4th at p. 170; see
Fredrichsen v. City of Lakewood (1971) 6 Cal.3d 353, 357.)
" 'An estoppel may arise although there was no designed fraud on the part of the
person sought to be estopped. [Citation.] To create an equitable estoppel, "it is enough if
the party has been induced to refrain from using such means or taking such action as lay
in his power, by which he might have retrieved his position and saved himself from
13
loss." . . . " . . . Where the delay in commencing action is induced by the conduct of the
defendant it cannot be availed of by him as a defense." ' " (Vu v. Prudential Property &
Casualty Ins. Co. (2001) 26 Cal.4th 1142, 1152-1153 (Vu); see John R., supra, 48 Cal.3d
at p. 445.) "Obviously, if presented with good cause, late [government] claims must be
accepted; by informal action the same result follows in an estoppel relationship."
(Bertorelli v. City of Tulare (1986) 180 Cal.App.3d 432, 442.)
Here, CUSD administrators repeatedly told the minors' parents they should not
discuss the molestations with anyone to avoid jeopardizing the criminal investigation and
prosecution of Firth. Their instruction was emphasized by the prosecutor, who warned
the parents that speaking about the incident could contaminate the criminal case against
him. CUSD administrators encouraged the parents to heed the prosecutor's warnings.
CUSD's repeated instructions to stay silent, coupled with the threat that
prosecution of their daughters' attacker would be endangered if they did not comply,
exerted a powerful influence on the parents' actions. At trial, the parents testified to the
intimidating effect of the CUSD's statements. Both J.'s mother (Christina) and E.'s
mother (Eliza) said that they did not speak to anyone about the possibility of civil claims
against CUSD because they had been told by CUSD administrators not to discuss the
molestation with anyone.
CUSD's affirmative statements to the minors' parents, directing them to stay silent
to ensure the criminal case against Firth remained viable, caused the minors' parents (and
thus J. and E. themselves) to delay seeking legal advice and pursuing their government
claims against CUSD. Equitable estoppel therefore applies to prevent CUSD from
14
benefiting from its conduct under the circumstances here. (See John R., supra, 48 Cal.3d
at p. 445; Christopher P., supra, 19 Cal.App.4th at p. 170; see also Vu, supra, 26 Cal.4th
at pp. 1152-1153.) While CUSD administrators may not have intended to prevent J. and
E. (or their parents) from filing government claims, such intent is not necessary for
estoppel to apply. (See John R., supra, 48 Cal.3d at p. 445 ["[A]ctual fraud or intent to
mislead is not essential."].)
CUSD argues that equitable estoppel should not apply here because the statements
of CUSD administrators did not mislead the parents into delaying filing their government
claims. We disagree. Equitable estoppel does not require factually misleading
statements in all cases. (See, e.g., John R., supra, 48 Cal.3d at p. 445 [estoppel may
apply where teacher made "threats to retaliate against [the victim] if the boy reported the
incidents of sexual molestation"]; Ortega, supra, 64 Cal.App.4th at p. 1047 [estoppel
may be found where public entity "engaged in some calculated conduct or made some
representation or concealed facts which induced the plaintiff not to file a claim or bring
an action within the statutory time"] [emphasis added]; see also Christopher P., supra,
19 Cal.App.4th at p. 173 ["A directive by an authority figure to a child not to tell anyone
of the molestation is a sufficient inducement of delay to invoke an estoppel."].)
While CUSD's conduct was less egregious than the conduct of the school districts
and teachers at issue in John R. and Ortega, as CUSD points out, these factual
distinctions do not support CUSD's position that equitable estoppel is unavailable here.
"While a simple directive 'not to tell' is distinguishable from the continuing threats of
harm should the child disclose the molest that were alleged in John R., it may
15
nevertheless support an estoppel when assessed in light of the circumstances under which
it was uttered." (Christopher P., supra, 19 Cal.App.4th at p. 173.)
The instruction not to tell in Christopher P. was made by an abuser to his victim,
but we believe the circumstances are sufficiently compelling to support an estoppel here
as well. CUSD administrators presented themselves as helpful authority figures to
obviously traumatized parents. The administrations directed J. and E., and their parents,
not to talk to anyone about the molestation incidents and warned that failure to comply
would jeopardize the criminal investigation and prosecution of Firth. CUSD's statements
were bolstered by the prosecutor handling Firth's criminal case, whose authority the
CUSD administrators invoked. To the families, the statements effectively amounted to a
threat that Firth would not be convicted if they talked to anyone. Substantial evidence
therefore supports the jury's finding that equitable estoppel applies. (See Christopher P.,
supra, 19 Cal.App.4th at p. 173; see also Ortega, supra, 64 Cal.App.4th at p. 1047.)
CUSD further argues that the evidence does not support a finding that J. and E.'s
parents were reasonable in relying on the statements of CUSD administrators not to talk
with anyone (including a civil lawyer) about the molestation incidents. (See Mills v.
Forestex Co. (2003) 108 Cal.App.4th 625, 655.) CUSD points out that its administrators
did not specifically discuss government claims, civil lawsuits, or legal assistance with J.,
E., or the parents. CUSD also references evidence that J. and E.'s parents spoke to certain
individuals about the molestation incidents, apparently contrary to the parents'
understanding of the CUSD's instruction not to talk to anyone.
16
We disagree that either of these circumstances compels a finding that the parents
did not reasonably rely on CUSD's instructions. The statements made to J. and E.'s
parents were clear: they were not to talk to anyone, they were to keep the molestation
incidents confidential, and any discussion of the incidents could compromise the
investigation and prosecution of Firth. Under these circumstances, substantial evidence
supports the jury's finding that it was reasonable for J. and E.'s parents to interpret
CUSD's statements as prohibiting any discussion of the molestation incident with civil
lawyers or others who might have counseled them to file a government claim. Moreover,
viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the minors, and drawing all
reasonable inferences in support of the judgment, as we must, we also conclude that the
evidence of the parents' discussions with certain individuals also do not preclude a
finding of reasonable reliance here. J.'s mother, Christina, believed that the individuals
with whom she spoke were connected to the investigation of Firth or therapy for J.
(which CUSD endorsed). Christina also obtained the name of a civil lawyer, but there is
no evidence she sought that information or that she actually spoke to him. Eliza and
Chad, E.'s parents, spoke only to family members and a therapist. Chad also posted a
comment on an online article referencing E.'s molestation, but it was anonymous. Under
the circumstances, it is reasonable to conclude that these isolated incidents do not call
into question the parents' understanding of CUSD's instructions or their reasonable
reliance on them.
CUSD also contends that CUSD's instructions could not have prevented the
minors' parents from filing a government claim because an attorney is not necessary for
17
such a filing. It is well-settled, however, that a public entity may be estopped where it
has prevented a prospective claimant from obtaining legal advice. (See Christopher P.,
supra, 19 Cal.App.4th at p. 170; Fredrichsen v. City of Lakewood, supra, 6 Cal.3d at
p. 357.) The fact that an attorney is not required is not dispositive in these circumstances.
Similarly, Chris's testimony that he had not considered filing a civil lawsuit prior to
Firth's sentencing does not mean that equitable estoppel is unavailable. It is sufficient,
under the circumstances here, that CUSD's statements prevented Chris (and the other
parents) from seeking legal assistance to explain their rights and remedies regarding
CUSD's conduct.
Even if estoppel applies, CUSD argues that the parents' government claims were
still untimely because they did not file within six months after the effect of CUSD's
statements had ended. CUSD argues that the effect ended either (1) when Christina was
told that the criminal investigation into Firth had stalled, (2) when the parents testified at
Firth's preliminary hearings, or (3) when E.'s father Chris posted his public (though
anonymous) internet comment. We disagree. CUSD's instructions expressly referenced
the success of Firth's criminal prosecution. Until Firth had been successfully prosecuted,
or the prosecution definitively ended, the CUSD's statements still had influence over J.
and E.'s parents.
Contrary to CUSD's suggestion, the fact that the investigation had "stalled" did not
remove the stated purpose for keeping quiet because successful prosecution was still
possible. Indeed, the investigation eventually resumed, and Firth was prosecuted and
convicted. Similarly, the fact that the parents' testimony, and Chris's anonymous
18
comment, brought the parents and the molestation incident into the public eye also did
not remove the purpose of CUSD's instruction to keep quiet. Under the CUSD's
instruction, preventing public knowledge of the molestation incidents was not the
animating factor; the successful prosecution of Firth was. The parents could reasonably
believe, and the jury could reasonably find, that CUSD's statements still had effect even
after the events cited by CUSD because Firth's prosecution had not been completed.
II
Even if the issue of equitable estoppel is triable, CUSD contends that the court
erred in not instructing the jury with CACI No. 456. (See fns. 3 and 4, ante.) CUSD
argues that the omission of the fourth element of the CACI instruction, that the CUSD's
statements "proved not to be true," misstated the law by omitting the requirement that
CUSD's statements be misleading. We independently review a claim of instructional
error, as the underlying question is one of law, involving the determination of applicable
legal principles. (People v. Alvarez (1996) 14 Cal.4th 155, 217; see National Medical
The omitted element of the CACI instruction, as modified and proposed by CUSD,
reads as follows: "That after the limitation period had expired, [CUSD's] representations
by words or conduct proved not to be true[.]" As we have discussed, however, equitable
estoppel is available in circumstances where a factual misrepresentation has not occurred,
including where a public entity or its agents effectively make threats against a
prospective claimant. (See John R., supra, 48 Cal.3d at p. 445; Ortega, supra,
64 Cal.App.4th at p. 1047; Christopher P., supra, 19 Cal.App.4th at p. 173.) The fourth
19
element of CACI No. 456 is not required in such cases; the "truth" of the threat is
irrelevant.
Here, the evidence showed that CUSD administrators instructed J., E., and their
parents not to talk with anyone about the molestation incidents. They warned the
families that failure to follow this instruction would jeopardize the investigation and
criminal prosecution of their daughter's attacker. As we have explained, the facts of this
case support the application of equitable estoppel even absent evidence that CUSD's
statements "proved not to be true." As such, the trial court did not err in omitting the
fourth element of CACI No. 456. Because we find no error, we need not consider
CUSD's arguments regarding prejudice.
III
A
CUSD further contends that the court erred by failing to include separate questions
on each element of equitable estoppel in the special verdict form submitted to the jury.
CUSD argues that the verdict returned by the jury is fatally defective without those
questions because it included only a subset of the factual findings necessary to support
estoppel.
"The verdict of a jury is either general or special. A general verdict is that by
which they pronounce generally upon all or any of the issues, either in favor of the
plaintiff or defendant; a special verdict is that by which the jury find the facts only,
leaving the judgment to the Court. The special verdict must present the conclusions of
fact as established by the evidence, and not the evidence to prove them; and those
20
conclusions of fact must be so presented as that nothing shall remain to the Court but to
draw from them conclusions of law." (Code Civ. Proc., § 624.)
"This procedure presents certain problems: ' "The requirement that the jury must
resolve every controverted issue is one of the recognized pitfalls of special verdicts.
'[T]he possibility of a defective or incomplete special verdict, or possibly no verdict at
all, is much greater than with a general verdict that is tested by special findings . . . .'
[Citation.]" [Citation.]' " (Trujillo v. North County Transit Dist. (1998) 63 Cal.App.4th
280, 285.) "A special verdict is 'fatally defective' if it does not allow the jury to resolve
every controverted issue." (Saxena v. Goffney (2008) 159 Cal.App.4th 316, 325; but see
Taylor v. Nabors Drilling USA, LP (2014) 222 Cal.App.4th 1228, 1244-1245 [applying
harmless error analysis].) "[A] special verdict's correctness is analyzed as a matter of law
and therefore subject to de novo review." (Zagami v. James A. Crone, Inc. (2008)
160 Cal.App.4th 1083, 1092.)
The verdict returned by the jury contained two questions on the issue of estoppel:
"3. Should Carlsbad Unified School District be estopped from asserting that [the minor's]
parents filed a late government claim on [the minor's] behalf because Carlsbad Unified
School District did or said something that caused [the minor's] parents to delay in filing a
claim?" and "4. Did [the minor's] parents file a government claim on [the minor's] behalf
with Carlsbad Unified School District within six months after the effect of the delay-
inducing conduct ended?" The jury answered each question in the affirmative.
We conclude that these questions adequately presented the issue of estoppel to the
jury. Contrary to CUSD's contention, Question 3 does not simply recite one of the
21
elements of estoppel. Instead, it asks generally whether CUSD "should be estopped from
asserting that [the minor's] parents filed a late government claim . . . ." This language
presented the issue of estoppel as a whole to the jury in a single question. The jury's
affirmative answer shows that it determined that estoppel should apply. The remainder of
Question 3 reflects the preamble of the court's instructions on estoppel (as well as the
preamble of CACI No. 456) where estoppel is generally described: "Each plaintiff claims
that even if her government claim was not filed on time, she may still proceed because
[CUSD] did or said something that caused plaintiff's parents to delay filing the
government claim. In order to establish the right to proceed, each plaintiff must prove all
of the following . . . ." (Emphasis added.) This language confirms that Question 3 is
directed at estoppel generally. The jury's affirmative answers to Question 3, as well as
Question 4, adequately resolved the issue of estoppel; no fatal deficiency appears in the
verdict.
The fact that part of the language of Question 3 also appears in the first element of
the court's estoppel jury instructions does not compel a different conclusion. Question 3
asked generally, "[s]hould CUSD be estopped," which demonstrates that Question 3 was
not limited to that element. " 'A verdict should be interpreted so as to uphold it and to
give it the effect intended by the jury, as well as one consistent with the law and the
evidence.' " (All-West Design, Inc. v. Boozer (1986) 183 Cal.App.3d 1212, 1223.) The
verdict form here was sufficient.
22
B
In its reply brief, CUSD appears to adopt an alternate framing of its contention in
response to the minors' arguments. CUSD claims that the court's failure to include
additional questions setting forth the elements of equitable estoppel was an abuse of
discretion, primarily because it provided the jury with an inadequate understanding of the
law of equitable estoppel. The two frames of reference are not necessarily incompatible,
since a verdict form may not be fatally defective (because it covers all of the disputed
issues in a case) but could still constitute an abuse of discretion for other reasons.
"The use of special interrogatories in a verdict form lies within the sound
discretion of the trial court, and the court's determination will not be disturbed on appeal
absent a clear abuse of discretion." (Red Mountain, LLC v. Fallbrook Public Utility Dist.
(2006) 143 Cal.App.4th 333, 364 (Red Mountain).) This court's decision in
Red Mountain is instructive. In Red Mountain, this court considered a breach of contract
verdict form that did not specifically address the defendant's defenses of impossibility or
impracticability of performance. (Ibid.) This court found no abuse of discretion, and no
prejudice, because the court had adequately instructed the jury that it could not find
breach if those defenses had been established. (Ibid.) The jury's finding that breach had
occurred showed the jury rejected the defendant's defenses: "We presume that the jury
followed the instructions it was given (Cassim v. Allstate Ins. Co. (2004) 33 Cal.4th 780,
803), and that it would not have found that [defendant] breached its agreement . . . if it
had found that [defendant's] performance was impossible or impracticable."
(Red Mountain, supra, pp. 364-365.)
23
An analogous situation is presented by the verdict form here. As we have
explained, the verdict addressed the issue of estoppel generally in Question 3, as
supplemented by Question 4. The court also fully instructed the jury on the proof
required in order for estoppel to be established.7 The court did not abuse its discretion by
not repeating those instructions as questions in the special verdict form. (See Red
Mountain, supra, 143 Cal.App.4th at p. 364.) CUSD's attempt to distinguish
Red Mountain is unpersuasive because CUSD's argument does not address the relevant
discussion of the breach of contract verdict form in Red Mountain. Instead, CUSD
focuses on an irrelevant discussion of duplicative damages. (See id. at p. 365.) CUSD's
reliance on Holdgrafer v. Unocal Corp. (2008) 160 Cal.App.4th 907 is also unavailing.
While the trial court in that case used a special verdict form that required specific
findings on each element of equitable estoppel, Holdgrafer does not mandate, or even
imply, that such a special verdict is necessary. (See id. at p. 926.)
CUSD also has not established prejudice as a result of any purported error in the
special verdict form. CUSD speculates that the jury could have found differently had the
elements of estoppel been repeated as separate questions.8 We disagree. "Absent some
contrary indication in the record, we presume the jury follows its instructions [citations]
7 To the extent CUSD repeats its contention that those instructions were substantively inadequate, we have already addressed CUSD's argument in part II, ante.
8 CUSD also cannot establish prejudice by relying on the element of estoppel that it contends was erroneously omitted from the jury instructions. For the same reason that the court was not required to include that element in its jury instructions (see part II, ante), the court also was not required to include it as an element in the verdict form. 24
'and that its verdict reflects the legal limitations those instructions imposed' [citation]."
(Cassim v. Allstate Ins. Co., supra, 33 Cal.4th at pp. 803-804.) In finding that CUSD
should be estopped, the jury necessarily found that each of the elements of estoppel had
been proven. Repeating those elements in the special verdict form would not have
changed the jury's decision. (See Red Mountain, supra, 143 Cal.App.4th at p. 364.)
IV
CUSD challenges the jury's award of $200,000 in economic damages to each
minor for future medical costs. CUSD contends the court erred by denying its motion for
a new trial because the evidence did not support the amount of such damages. CUSD
points to the testimony of the minors' psychological expert, Dr. Clark Clipson, who
opined that the minors would each need approximately $30,000 in psychological and
psychiatric care over the next few years. During closing arguments, the minors' counsel
referenced Clipson's testimony and asked the jury to award this amount as future medical
costs.
"An injured plaintiff is entitled to recover the reasonable value of medical services
that are reasonably certain to be necessary in the future." (Corenbaum v. Lampkin (2013)
215 Cal.App.4th 1308, 1330.) "Appellate review of a fact finder's award of damages is
limited. [Citation.] In the absence of error in the admission of testimony supporting a
claim of economic damages . . . we will affirm the judgment if substantial evidence
supports the damage award." (Pannu v. Land Rover North America, Inc. (2011) 191
Cal.App.4th 1298, 1321-1322.) "It is for the jury to determine the probabilities as to
whether future detriment is reasonably certain to occur in any particular case. [Citation.]
25
It is 'not required' for a doctor to 'testify that he [is] reasonably certain that the plaintiff
would be disabled in the future. All that is required to establish future disability is that
from all the evidence, including the expert testimony, if there be any, it satisfactorily
appears that such disability will occur with reasonable certainty. [Citations.]' [Citation.]
The fact that the amount of future damages may be difficult to measure or subject to
various possible contingencies does not bar recovery." (Garcia v. Duro Dyne Corp.
(2007) 156 Cal.App.4th 92, 97-98 (Garcia).)
Where, as here, the trial court has denied a motion for new trial based on excessive
damages, the trial court's decision should " 'be accorded great weight because having
been present at the trial the trial judge was necessarily more familiar with the evidence.' "
(Ortega, supra, 64 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1059-1060.) In Ortega, for example, "the only
evidence [the minor] submitted of economic damages to date were receipts for counseling
she has incurred since the molestation in the amount of $744. However, [the minor] also
testified at length of the emotional problems she has suffered and continues to suffer
because of the molestation and its aftermath." (Id. at p. 1060.) "After considering [the
minor's] testimony, the jury (and the trial judge when ruling on the new trial motion)
could reasonably conclude that [the minor] might require $49,256 in future psychiatric
expenses." (Ibid.)
J. and E. presented similar evidence of the psychological trauma they suffered, and
continue to suffer, because of Firth's conduct. Clipson diagnosed both minors with
multiple medical conditions. He opined that they would be at a higher risk for future
psychological problems, which could be triggered by such normal life events as
26
adolescence, dating, and sexual experiences. Family members testified that J. and E. still
suffered physically and psychologically as a result of Firth's molestation. Clipson
opined, "I feel that both of them need treatment within the next few years specifically for
the incidents related to Mr. Firth. And I think they're probably going to need treatment
down the road when their symptoms are triggered by other events later in life." Based on
this evidence, the general rates for psychological and psychiatric services provided by
Clipson, and Clipson's specific recommendation of $30,000 in medical care over the next
couple years, the jury was entitled to find that J. and E. would require $200,000 in future
medical costs over the course of their lives.9 (See Ortega, supra, 64 Cal.App.4th at p.
1060.) An award of future medical expenses requires reasonable certainty, which can be
based on lay testimony, expert testimony, or a combination of the two. (Garcia., supra,
156 Cal.App.4th at pp. 97-98.) Clipson was not required to testify that J. and E. would
suffer $200,000 in future damages for the jury to make such an award. (See ibid.; see
also Ortega, supra, 64 Cal.App.4th at p. 1060.)
Clipson's belief that the minors would require $30,000 each in future medical costs
was not a limit, as CUSD claims. Nor did Clipson testify that the minor's medical care
"would cost $30,000 for the life of each plaintiff," as CUSD also claims. Clipson
testified that the $30,000 figure would cover only his recommendations for the next year
9 As our discussion demonstrates, CUSD's contention that the evidence on the subject of future medical expenses was "minimal" is unsupported. The minors provided both lay and expert testimony regarding their psychological damage as a result of Firth's molestation and the probable future harm they will suffer. 27
or two.10 And, in any event, " '[t]echnical arguments about the meaning and effect of
expert testimony on the issue of damages are best directed to the [fact finder].' "
(Pannu, supra, 191 Cal.App.4th at p. 1322.) " 'Damages, even economic damages, are
difficult to measure in personal injury cases.' " (Pannu, supra, 191 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1322.) The task of measuring such damages falls to the jury, however, and its
resolution of disputed issues of probability and extent of harm will be affirmed if
supported by substantial evidence. (Garcia., supra, 156 Cal.App.4th at p. 97;
Pannu, supra, 191 Cal.App.4th at p. 1322.) As we have explained, the jury was entitled
to make their award based on the evidence, both lay and expert, of future harm to J. and
E. as they progressed through their lives. (See Ortega, supra, 64 Cal.App.4th at p. 1060.)
The fact that the minors' counsel used the $30,000 figure in closing arguments also
does not compel the conclusion that the jury's damages award was excessive. The
minors' counsel prefaced his argument with the disclaimer that the jury might find his
suggested amounts too low: "And you might think my amounts are too low, but it's your
job to figure out and determine what is going to compensate these girls." Moreover, "[i]t
is elementary statements of the attorneys are not evidence." (Van de Kamp v. Bank of
America Nat'l Trust & Sav. Ass'n (1988) 204 Cal.App.3d 819, 843.) Based on the
10 Specifically, the minors' counsel asked Clipson, "And do you have an opinion as to the amount of therapy that J. needs over the next year or two?" Clipson answered, "Yes. With the psychotherapy twice a week for approximately a year, the meetings with the psychiatrist generally weekly until she's stabilized on her medication and then she can be seen once every two months after that." The minors' counsel then asked, "And the total cost in your estimation?" Clipson responded, "Approximately $30,000." Clipson's recommendations as to E. were substantially the same. 28
evidence, the jury was entitled to find that J. and E. were entitled to future medical costs
beyond the $30,000 figure suggested by counsel. The trial court did not err in denying
CUSD's motion for a new trial.
DISPOSITION
The judgment and postjudgment orders are affirmed. J. P. and E. B. are entitled to
costs on appeal.
NARES, Acting P. J.
WE CONCUR:
MCDONALD, J.
IRION, J.
29
Filed 12/12/14 CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
COURT OF APPEAL - STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
J.P., a Minor, etc. et al., Plaintiffs and Respondents, v. CARLSBAD UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT, Defendant and Appellant. D062912 San Diego County No. 37-2010-00060475-CU-PO-NC San Diego County No. 37-2010-00060474-CU-PO-NC
THE COURT:
The opinion in this case filed November 19, 2014 was not certified for publication. It appearing the opinion meets the standards for publication specified in California Rules of Court, rule 8.1105(c), the request by Taylor & Ring, LLP, and Esner, Chang & Boyer pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 8.1120(a) for publication is GRANTED.
IT IS HEREBY CERTIFIED that the opinion meets the standards for publication specified in California Rules of Court, rule 8.1105(c); and
ORDERED that the words "Not to Be Published in the Official Reports" appearing on page one of said opinion be deleted and the opinion herein be published in the Official Reports.
Holding. The court held that the school district was equitably estopped from asserting the government claim filing deadline because its administrators repeatedly instructed the victims' parents not to discuss the molestation, which induced them to delay filing claims.
Issues
Whether the trial court erred in denying the school district's motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict regarding the application of equitable estoppel to the government claim filing deadline.
Whether the trial court erred in its jury instructions and special verdict form regarding equitable estoppel.
Whether the evidence supported the jury's award of future economic damages.
Disposition. Affirmed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“CUSD's affirmative statements to the minors' parents, directing them to stay silent to ensure the criminal case against Firth remained viable, caused the minors' parents (and thus J. and E. themselves) to delay seeking legal advice”
“[A]ctual fraud or intent to mislead is not essential.”