(Undesignated statutory references are to the Family Code.) We affirm the order
because the record Rebollo provided is inadequate for us to fully assess his arguments
on appeal.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Rebollo and Rosa Isela Martinez Gonzalez were married in Mexico in 1990.
In 2000, they entered into an agreement for divorce in Mexico. The agreement
provided that Rebollo would pay child support in the amount of 1,000 Mexican pesos
per month for each of their two children. Mexico entered a judgment of divorce in
March 2000.
In 2003, Gonzalez and her two children moved to San Diego County. The San
Diego County Department of Child Support Services (the Department) provided
services to Gonzalez and her children. In 2008, the Department registered the
Mexicali judgment in California.
In February 2012, the Department moved to modify the child support obligation
in the Mexicali agreement. Rebollo requested that the trial court dismiss the
Department's petition because the trial court lacked jurisdiction to modify child
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support as the original support order was issued in Mexicali and he still lived and
worked there. To support his request, Rebollo filed an income and expense
declaration in which he stated that he had worked full time in Mexico since 1995, lost
his home to foreclosure in 2008, had to move to Mexico in order to make ends meet,
and filed for bankruptcy in 2009. Rebollo also apparently lodged with the trial court
utility receipts for electricity, gas, water and telephone services and copies of his
Mexican driver's license and voting card. These documents are not in the record
before us.
Gonzalez responded to Rebollo's request for dismissal by providing the family
court with evidence to support her position that Rebollo resided in California.
Gonzalez submitted copies of a title search, deed of trust, grant deed, and quitclaim
deed for a property in Calexico. The documents showed that the property was owned
by Concepcion I. Garcia, Rebollo's current wife. Lastly, Gonzalez included a
document which purportedly showed minimal electricity usage at Rebollo's residence
in Mexicali from June 2011 through April 2012. She also pointed out that Rebollo
used a Calexico address in prior court filings.
Rebollo claimed that his mother-in-law bought the Calexico property for his
wife so that she could apply for United States citizenship after three years. According
to Rebollo, his wife and son lived in Calexico while he lived and worked in Mexicali.
He further asserted that he had no claim to the Calexico property, his prenuptial
agreement with his wife stated that their income, property and debt were separate, and
they filed separate income tax returns.
3
In June 2012, a commissioner held a hearing on the matter. The court found
there was "insufficient evidence to find that California has subject matter jurisdiction
to modify the original Mexican order."
Gonzalez moved for reconsideration of the commissioner's findings. Gonzalez
claimed that at the June 2012 hearing, she was unable to provide the trial court with all
the evidence it needed to establish Rebollo's residence in California. Subsequent to
the hearing, Gonzalez obtained Rebollo's 2009, 2010, and 2011 United States income
tax returns, marriage certificate, and request for a restraining order. She pointed out
that Rebollo listed his address as being in Calexico on all of those documents. Rebollo
opposed reconsideration by stating that he lived and worked in Mexico, he sought the
restraining order to protect himself and his wife in Calexico, he used a postal mailbox
address in Calexico for the restraining order, his United States tax returns show his
income is from Mexico, and he is required to file tax returns in the United States
because he is a citizen.
In August 2012, the commissioner denied Gonzalez's petition for
reconsideration on the basis that the new evidence presented was available at the time
of the original hearing. However, at the same time, the commissioner considered the
new evidence and granted Gonzalez's new request to modify child support. The court
stated:
"Based upon the evidence before the court, the Court finds [Rebollo] lives in California with his new wife and child. [Rebollo] has filed his federal taxes in United States for the last three years and notes his address is in Calexico, California. [Rebollo's] marriage license indicates his address is in Calexico
4
and he has signed a prenuptial agreement with a California address. [Rebollo] filed for a temporary restraining order in Calexico, California and indicated on the forms his residence is in Calexico, California.
"The court finds based upon the enumerated evidence, [Rebollo's] primary domicile and residence is in Calexico, California. [Gonzalez] and the children's primary domicile and residence is in Chula Vista, California. Therefore, under the Federal Full Faith and [C]redit for Child Support Act and . . . section 4909, Mexico no longer has continuing exclusive jurisdiction. As such this court has subject matter jurisdiction to modify or issue . . . child support for this family."
Rebollo objected to the commissioner's findings. Thus, in November 2012,
a judge held a de novo hearing on the matter. Based on the evidence presented at the
hearing, the trial court found (1) Rebollo's primary domicile and residence was in
Calexico, (2) the children's primary domicile and residence was in Chula Vista, and
(3) the court had jurisdiction over the issue of child support. Accordingly, the court
confirmed the commissioner's August 2012 ruling.
DISCUSSION
I. Subject Matter Jurisdiction
Rebollo argues the family court did not have subject matter jurisdiction to
modify the Mexican child support order because his domicile and residence is in
Mexicali, Mexico. This issue turns on whether California could assume "continuing,
exclusive jurisdiction" over the parties' child support order under section 4962. After
considering the statute in context of the UIFSA, we conclude it could not if Rebollo
retained "residence" in Mexico.
5
In California, enforcement and modification of out-of-state child support orders
is governed by the UIFSA (§ 4900 et seq.). The goal of the UIFSA is to ensure that
" 'only one valid support order may be effective at any one time' [citation], even though
the parties and their children may move from state to state." (In re Marriage of
Amezquita v. Archuleta (2002) 101 Cal.App.4th 1415, 1420 (Amezquita).) The term
"state" for purposes of the UIFSA includes "[a] foreign jurisdiction that has enacted a
law or established procedures for issuance and enforcement of support orders which
are substantially similar to the procedures under [the UIFSA], the Uniform Reciprocal
Enforcement of Support Act, or the Revised Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of
Support Act." (§ 4901, subd. (s)(2).) Mexico is a reciprocating state for purposes of
the UIFSA. (U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services, Admin. for Children &
Families, Office of Child Support Enforcement, Intergovernmental Reference Guide,
[as of April 28, 2014].) Accordingly, the UIFSA applies in this case.
The cornerstone of the UIFSA is that "the tribunal issuing a support order
retains continuing, exclusive jurisdiction to modify that order" (UIFSA Com., 29F p. 2
West's Ann. Fam. Code (2013 ed.) foll. § 4909, p. 45) if "[a]t the time of filing the
request for modification, [the issuing] state is the residence of the obligor, the
individual obligee, or the child for whose benefit the support order is issued." (§ 4909,
subd. (a)(1), italics added.) "Just as Subsection (a) defines the retention of continuing,
exclusive jurisdiction, by clear implication the subsection also indentifies how
jurisdiction to modify may be lost. That is, if all the relevant persons—the obligor, the
6
individual obligee, and the child—have permanently left the issuing State, the issuing
State no longer has an appropriate nexus with the parties or child to justify the exercise
of jurisdiction to modify its child-support order." (UIFSA Com., 29F p. 2 West's Ann.
Fam. Code, supra, foll. § 4909 at p. 46.) The official comments to section 4909
provide that "residence is a fact question for the trial court, keeping in mind that the
question is residence, not domicile." (Ibid.)
Under the UIFSA, a California court can assume jurisdiction to modify a child
support order of another state "[i]f all of the parties who are individuals reside in this
state and the child does not reside in the issuing state." (§ 4962, subd. (a).) "[Section
4962] deal[s] with the possibility that the parties and the child subject to a child
support order no longer reside in the issuing State and that the individual parties have
moved to the same new State. This section makes it clear that, when the issuing State
no longer has continuing, exclusive jurisdiction to modify its order, a tribunal of the
State of mutual residence of the individual parties has jurisdiction to modify the child-
support order and assume continuing, exclusive jurisdiction." (UIFSA Com., 29F p. 2
West's Ann. Fam. Code, supra, foll. § 4962 at p. 176, italics added.)
Here, California could not assume jurisdiction to modify Mexico's child support
order under section 4962 unless "[Mexico] no longer ha[d] continuing, exclusive
jurisdiction to modify its order." (UIFSA Com., 29F p. 2 West's Ann. Fam. Code,
supra, foll. § 4962 at p. 176, italics added.) Thus, the threshold question is whether
Mexico retained continuing, exclusive jurisdiction pursuant to the provisions of
section 4909. It did so if Rebollo had a "residence" in Mexico at the time of filing the
7
request for modification. (§ 4909, subd. (a)(1).) Based on the official comments to
that section, it is clear that the drafters distinguished between "residence" and
"domicile" and concluded that for purposes of "continuing, exclusive jurisdiction," the
question is whether the obligor's, obligee's or child's "residence" is in the issuing state.
The distinction is that a person may have more than one "residence" but only one
"domicile," the place where he is most settled, has a permanent connection and intends
to remain. (Amezquita, supra, 101 Cal.App.4th at p. 1419.) Accordingly, we next
consider whether the evidence established that Rebollo had a "residence" in Mexico.
II. Evidence of "Residence" in Mexico
The trial court found that Rebollo's primary domicile and residence was in
Calexico, California. Although the court did not explicitly state that Rebollo did not
have a "residence" in Mexico, we can infer this finding because the trial court found
Mexico no longer had continuing, exclusive jurisdiction under section 4909. Rebollo
argues there was insufficient evidence to support the trial court's findings regarding his
"residence." Based on the record before us, we reject this argument.
" 'A fundamental principle of appellate practice is that an appellant " 'must
affirmatively show error by an adequate record. . . . Error is never presumed. . . .
"A judgment or order of the lower court is presumed correct. All intendments and
presumptions are indulged to support it on matters as to which the record is
silent. . . ." ' " ' [Citation.]" (Bianco v. California Highway Patrol (1994) 24
Cal.App.4th 1113, 1125; accord, In re Marriage of Lusby (1998) 64 Cal.App.4th 459,
470.) The appellate court is limited to considering matters in the record of the trial
8
proceedings; matters not presented by the record cannot be considered on the
suggestion of the parties in their briefs. (In Re Hochberg (1970) 2 Cal.3d 870, 875.)
" '[R]esidence' connotes any factual place of abode of some permanency, more
than a mere temporary sojourn." (Amezquita, supra, 101 Cal.App.4th at p. 1419.)
Here, Gonzalez provided the trial court with evidence that Rebollo did not maintain a
"residence" in Mexico. For example, she included a document which purportedly
showed minimal electricity usage at Rebollo's residence in Mexicali from June 2011
through April 2012. Additionally, the electricity statement was in Rebollo's wife's
name. Rebollo, however, claimed his wife lived in Calexico.
To support his claim that he had a "residence" in Mexico, Rebollo apparently
lodged with the trial court utility receipts for electricity, gas, water and telephone
services and copies of his Mexican driver's license and voting card. These documents
are not in the record before us. Additionally, there is no reporter's transcript in the
record on appeal. Other than statements in Rebollo's own declarations, there is
nothing in the record establishing he had a "residence" in Mexico.
Without a complete record, we are unable to determine whether substantial
evidence supported the implied findings underlying the trial court's order. (In re Kathy
P. (1979) 25 Cal.3d 91, 102 ["appellant . . . has not met her burden of showing error
by an adequate record"]; Christie v. Kimball (2012) 202 Cal.App.4th 1407, 1412
["[w]e cannot presume error from an incomplete record"]; Haywood v. Superior Court
(2000) 77 Cal.App.4th 949, 955 [because "the record does not contain all the
9
documents . . . we decline to find error on a silent record"].) Based on the foregoing,
Rebollo has not met his burden of showing error by an adequate record and we reject
his claim on appeal.
DISPOSITION
The order is affirmed. Respondent is entitled to costs on appeal.
MCINTYRE, J.
WE CONCUR:
MCCONNELL, P. J.
HALLER, J.
10
Filed 5/29/14
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
ROSA ISELA MARTINEZ GONZALEZ, D063424
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v. (Super. Ct. No. DF202894)
MIGUEL ANGEL GARCIA REBOLLO, ORDER CERTIFYING OPINION FOR PUBLICATION Defendant and Appellant,
SAN DIEGO COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF CHILD SUPPORT SERVICES,
Intervener and Respondent.
THE COURT:
The opinion filed April 29, 2014, is ordered certified for publication.
No appearance for Plaintiff and Respondent. Miguel Angel Gargia Rebolla, in pro. per., for Defendant and Appellant. Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Julie Weng-Gutierrez, Assistant Attorney General, Linda M. Gonzalez and Marina L. Soto, Deputy Attorneys General, for Intervener and Respondent.
MCINTYRE, Acting P. J. Copies to: All parties
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court affirmed the trial court's order finding subject matter jurisdiction to modify a child support order because the appellant failed to provide an adequate record to demonstrate error.
Issues
Whether the trial court had subject matter jurisdiction under the Uniform Interstate Family Support Act to modify a child support order issued in Mexico.
Whether the appellant met his burden of showing error on appeal given an incomplete record.
Disposition. Affirmed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“We affirm the order because the record Rebollo provided is inadequate for us to fully assess his arguments on appeal.”
“Rebollo has not met his burden of showing error by an adequate record and we reject his claim on appeal.”