California Court of Appeal Apr 30, 2014 No. E058612Unpublished
Filed 4/30/14 P. v. Mercado CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E058612
v. (Super.Ct.No. SWF1200673)
MANUEL ROJAS MERCADO, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Albert J. Wojcik, Judge.
Affirmed.
John F. Schuck, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Eric A. Swenson and Lynne G.
McGinnis, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
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Defendant and appellant Manuel Rojas Mercado appeals from a judgment of
conviction for possession of a controlled substance with intent to sell. (Health & Saf.
Code, § 11378.) He was sentenced to a total of 12 years in state prison.
On this appeal, defendant argues that the trial court erred in admitting evidence
about previous instances in which he was found in possession of methamphetamine
After being released on parole after his second drug conviction, defendant in 2011 was
convicted of misdemeanor petty theft and failure to appear. (Pen. Code, §§ 490.5,
1214.1, subd. (a).) Later in the same year he suffered a misdemeanor conviction for
possession of a controlled substance and failure to appear. (Health & Saf. Code,
§ 11377, subd. (a); Pen. Code, § 1214.1, subd. (a).) Still later in that year he was
convicted of misdemeanor failing to stop at the scene of a traffic accident and, yet again,
failure to appear. (Veh. Code, § 20001, subd. (a); Pen. Code, § 1214.1, subd. (a).) At
the time the probation report was prepared, two more traffic matters were pending.
Defendant’s mother addressed the court and informed it that defendant had
suffered an accident and since then “he has never been the same.” She asked that he be
placed in a treatment program for drug abuse. Defendant’s former sister-in-law, a Los
Angeles County probation officer, also told the court that defendant had been a “great
2 Defendant admitted this conviction as well as the two drug convictions described.
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family [] guy” until his accident, which resulted in several months of hospitalization and
rehabilitation. She indicated that defendant had never received treatment for his drug
issues and that he had a young daughter who needed him.
Defendant’s younger sister added that after defendant had been incarcerated for
two years, he remained “clean” for a couple of months, but then returned to using drugs;
she argued that prison did not rehabilitate him and that he needed treatment. A cousin
and defendant’s ex-wife also told the court that defendant had been a responsible, hard-
working man before his 2004 accident. The former wife described a serious head injury
and related the warnings by defendant’s doctor that he had suffered possibly permanent
frontal lobe damage. She expressed the view that defendant began using drugs to cope
with his disabilities and changed circumstances. Finally, defendant sought leniency
from the court, essentially repeating what his family members had said, blaming his
accident for his drug use and indicating that he had never been offered rehabilitation.
In denying the motion, the court stated that it could not find that defendant fell
outside the scheme or scope of the “Three Strikes” law and rejected his excuses, noting
that there had been no indication that defendant had ever sought help or attempted to
enter a rehabilitation program on his own.
DISCUSSION
A.
Defendant argues both that the evidence of his prior drug possessions was simply
“bad character” evidence and not admissible under Evidence Code section 1101,
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subdivision (b), and that, if it was admissible, it should have been excluded as more
prejudicial than probative. (Evid. Code, § 352.) We review for abuse of discretion.
(People v. Hovarter (2008) 44 Cal.4th 983, 1003.)
Evidence Code section 1101, subdivision (a), prohibits the introduction of
“evidence of a person’s character . . . evidence of specific instances of his or her
conduct” if offered to prove the defendant’s conduct on a particular occasion. However,
subdivision (b) allows “evidence that a person committed a crime, civil wrong, or other
act when relevant to prove some fact such as motive, opportunity, [or] intent . . . .” As
defendant argues, such evidence is to some extent inherently prejudicial and the decision
whether to admit it must be made with care even when it falls within the permissive
scope of subdivision (b). (People v. Ewoldt (1994) 7 Cal.4th 380, 404.)
Admissibility under Evidence Code section 1101, subdivision (b), is contingent
upon similarity between the uncharged conduct and that involved in the case at bar.
However, as between identity, common plan, and intent, the least amount of similarity is
necessary when, as here, the prior conduct is introduced to prove intent in the current
case. (People v. Hovarter, supra, 44 Cal.4th at pp. 1002-1003; People v. Cortes (2011)
192 Cal.App.4th 873, 916.) With this in mind, the distinctions drawn by defendant
between the previous conduct and our case are not persuasive. The fact that defendant
was in a motel room rather than a car is insignificant, especially when he had evidently
driven to the motel in a vehicle. A fortiori the distinction that in the first two instances
defendant’s vehicle did not have license plates, while in this case it did. Defendant
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points out that in one of the prior instances he was transporting the drug in his socks,
while here it was in a camera bag; again, these are trivial distinctions. The essential
similarity is that defendant possessed a substantial amount of methamphetamine along
with one or more indicia that the drug was possessed for the purpose of sale.3 In this
context the precise physical and situational circumstances surrounding the possession
are not crucial. What matters is whether there is sufficient similarity to support the
inference that the defendant harbored the same intent here as the evidence suggests he
did in the previous instances. (People v. Ewoldt, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 402; People v.
Cortes, supra, 192 Cal.App. 4th at p. 916.) We find that there is.
Defendant then contends that the evidence, if admissible, was unduly prejudicial.
Of course any evidence that is damaging may be said to be “prejudicial” in one sense,
but that is not the sense in which the statute uses the word “prejudice.” (People v. Lopez
(2013) 56 Cal.4th 1028, 1059.) What the judicious application of the statute is designed
to avoid is the introduction of evidence that uniquely tends to invoke an emotional bias
against the defendant and has little effect on the merits of the issues. (Ibid.) In this
case, the evidence of prior offenses was not more inflammatory than that introduced
3 Defendant also argues that he had a scale in one of the previous instances, but not in this one. But if every indicator of intended sales were present in this case, there would have been no need to introduce the evidence of prior conduct, and indeed a much stronger argument could have been made for exclusion under Evidence Code section 352 as cumulative or time-consuming. The whole point of introducing “prior conduct” evidence is to fill in lacunae in the current case. It is axiomatic that proof of other crimes is appropriate where there is no doubt that the defendant committed the act currently charged, but the evidence of intent is ambiguous. (People v. Guerrero (1976) 16 Cal.3d 719, 726.)
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with respect to the charged offense. (See People v. Cortes, supra, 192 Cal.App. 4th at
p. 916.) All three matters involved defendant’s peaceable possession of a significant,
but not staggering, amount of contraband. On the other hand, the fact that defendant had
possessed similar amounts of methamphetamine in the past with significant indicia of
intent to sell was clearly probative to this case. The trial court properly exercised its
discretion under Evidence Code section 352.
B.
Although the trial court has discretion to strike a “strike” prior that has been
pleaded and proved as required by law, this discretion may be exercised in the
defendant’s favor only in extraordinary circumstances, which justify a finding that he
falls outside the spirit of the law. (People v. Carmony (2004) 33 Cal.4th 367, 378.) In
this case, defendant made a viable showing that his problems with drugs and the law
stemmed from the consequences of his injury. However, as the People pointed out at
trial, defendant was absolutely ineligible for probation. (Pen. Code, § 667, subd. (c)(2).)
There was therefore, if unfortunately, no way in which the trial court could order that he
receive rehabilitation treatment outside of prison. As the court observed, defendant had
made no efforts to self-treat his drug use, for example by turning to Alcoholics
Anonymous or Narcotics Anonymous. Absent such a commitment by defendant and
given his record of consistent lawbreaking connected to drugs over the last several years,
the possible genesis of his criminal activities did not take him outside the spirit of the
Three Strikes law.
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DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
HOLLENHORST Acting P. J. We concur:
KING J.
MILLER J.
9
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting evidence of the defendant's prior drug-related offenses to prove intent, nor did it err in denying the defendant's motion to strike a prior strike conviction.
Issues
Whether the trial court abused its discretion by admitting evidence of prior uncharged acts under Evidence Code section 1101, subdivision (b).
Whether the trial court abused its discretion in denying the defendant's motion to strike a prior strike conviction under the Three Strikes law.
Disposition. Affirmed.
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“The essential similarity is that defendant possessed a substantial amount of methamphetamine along with one or more indicia that the drug was possessed for the purpose of sale.”
“The trial court properly exercised its discretion under Evidence Code section 352.”
“Absent such a commitment by defendant and given his record of consistent lawbreaking connected to drugs over the last several years, the possible genesis of his criminal activities did not take him outside the spirit of the Three Strikes law.”