California Court of Appeal Feb 27, 2014 No. D063443Unpublished
Filed 2/27/14 P. v. Mulvany CA4/1 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE, D063443
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v. (Super. Ct. No. SCE318616)
DANA MICHAEL MULVANY,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Allan J.
Preckel, Judge. Affirmed with directions.
Michael S. Pedretti for Defendant and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Melissa Mandel and Laura A.
Glennon, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Dana Mulvany appeals from a judgment convicting him of two counts of grand
theft and other offenses arising from his participation in the theft of a vehicle from a car
dealership and subsequent sale of the car to a third-party purchaser. He argues there is
insufficient evidence to support the jury's finding that he was one of the participants in
the thefts. He also argues the trial court improperly imposed an upper-term sentence.
The Attorney General correctly notes that the abstract of judgment should be
corrected because it omits one of the counts and incorrectly describes the sentencing
disposition. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment and remand with directions to correct
the abstract of judgment.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In November 2011, the El Cajon Mitsubishi car dealership hired a company to
provide temporary salespersons to assist with an expected influx of customers during a
two-week promotional sales event. The company sent defendant, Lance Stalf, and two
other individuals to work at the dealership. The dealership's manager (Christopher
Pozek) testified that when defendant and Stalf arrived at the dealership to work, they did
not have the required Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) sales license. They were
told to obtain the license and they could then return to the dealership to work. Defendant
and Stalf returned to the lot the next day, but they still did not have a license. They were
again told to obtain it before they could work. Defendant returned to the dealership on
the third day with a temporary sales permit dated November 15, 2011, and he was
allowed to work. Stalf never brought a sales permit to the dealership, and Pozek did not
see Stalf again.
Pozek testified that defendant and Stalf were always together when they were at
the dealership, and it was apparent from their conversations they knew each other and
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socialized together. In contrast, the other two temporary salespersons had the required
sales license when they first arrived for work, and they did not appear to know defendant
and Stalf before their arrival at the dealership.
Although Stalf was not authorized to be working at the dealership because he had
no license, he apparently did interact with the customers.1 On two occasions Stalf
assisted Asmahan Rasheed in her search for a car to buy at the dealership. Rasheed told
Stalf she wanted a Mazda and could spend only $10,000. After she could not find a car
that she liked in her price range, Stalf told her that he would call her if he found a suitable
car, and they exchanged phone numbers.
On the morning of November 15, Stalf called Rasheed and said he had found a
Mazda for $10,000. She asked if she could come to the dealership to see the car during
her lunch break, but Stalf told her that he would drive the car to her work. About one-
half hour later, Stalf arrived at Rasheed's work with a second man. The two men showed
Rasheed a Mazda vehicle they claimed belonged to the second man and was being sold
through the dealership. The men told her the car had low mileage and was worth more
than $10,000, but the second man wanted to sell it at a cheaper price for a quick sale
because he was going through a divorce. Rasheed told the men she would bring the
money (in cash) when she was finished with work. Stalf stated she did not have to bother
walking to the dealership and they would bring the car to her home. Rasheed gave them
1 Pozek testified there were a lot of people on the dealership's lot during the promotional sales event, and it was not possible to monitor them all. 3
her home address and the two men left, with the second man driving the Mazda and Stalf
driving another car.
At about 6:00 p.m. that evening, Stalf and the second man arrived outside
Rasheed's home, with the second man again driving the Mazda and Stalf driving another
car. The men told Rasheed they were in a hurry because they had to return to work, and
the transaction was conducted in about five minutes. The second man gave Rasheed the
DMV documents, and told her that he did not want to fill them out because of his poor
handwriting and he would tell her what to write. After Rasheed filled out the paperwork
based on the second man's instructions, the second man signed the documents as the
seller, using the name Jack Dempsey. Rasheed gave the second man the cash for the car,
and the second man gave her the car keys and a phone number in case she had any
questions.
About one-half hour later, Rasheed noticed the car's license plates had the
dealership name, but no numbers, on them. When she called the phone number provided
by the second man, the number was out of service. When she called Stalf, no one
answered. When she called the dealership and told them about her purchase of the
Mazda, manager Pozek checked and discovered that no Mazda had been sold and a
Mazda was missing from the lot. Pozek told Rasheed that the car was stolen and she had
been "ripped off." A few minutes after she spoke to the dealership personnel, Stalf called
Rasheed and told her not to worry; he would "bring . . . the paper over the next day"; and
she did not have to talk to the dealership. Stalf did not contact her again; the dealership
took the car back; and the police were summoned. Police investigation revealed that the
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address that Rasheed had been instructed to write on the DMV paperwork was a
nonexistent address.
Pozek testified that the day defendant came to the dealership with his temporary
sales permit was the only day defendant worked at the dealership, and on that day he had
access to vehicle keys. Also, the stolen Mazda had been in the "[r]econditioning" area of
the lot and its keys had not yet been entered into the dealership's "key track" system
which would have limited who could gain access to the keys. Defendant never returned
to the dealership after the incident with Rasheed even though the sales event for which he
was hired was continuing for another week.
In January 2012 (about two months after the offense), Rasheed was shown a photo
lineup containing defendant's photo and the photos of six other similar appearing men.
Examining the pictures in chronological order, she first stopped at photo number 3 (not
defendant), and said " 'This guy looks very much like the guy, but I am just not sure.' "
After she examined photo number 4 (defendant) and compared it with photo number 3,
she said, " 'Now, that I see this photograph, I believe this is the guy.' " When the officer
conducting the lineup asked if she was sure, she answered, " 'I am sure.' " About two
weeks later during another six-person photo lineup, Rasheed immediately identified Stalf
as the man who showed her the cars at the dealership.
At the preliminary hearing in August 2012 (about nine months after the offense),
Rasheed variously answered that defendant was not the second man; she was not sure;
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and he looked like him " 'a little' " but she did not think it was him.2 Similarly, at trial in
January 2013 (about 13 months after the offense), Rasheed variously testified that she did
not know if defendant was the second man; defendant looked a "little" like him;
defendant did not look like him; and she was "not sure."3 When asked at trial to explain
the differences between defendant and the second man, Rasheed testified: "[The second
man's] hair was a little bit lighter, he was lighter, and his face was bigger."
Investigating officer Stacy Orchulli testified that the photo of defendant in the
lineup about two months after the offense was from the DMV picture taken for his
November 15, 2011 temporary sales permit. Officer Orchulli noticed that when
defendant appeared at the preliminary hearing in August 2012, there were changes in his
physical appearance, including his hair color had changed and he had a goatee. Also, at
trial, his hair color was darker and he no longer had the goatee. Officer Orchulli testified
that his hair appeared brown in the DMV photo; at trial it appeared "dark brown, maybe
black"; and it appeared lighter at the preliminary hearing. Officer Orchulli acknowledged
2 The testimony regarding her preliminary hearing identification was as follows: "[Defense counsel: When asked at the preliminary hearing if defendant was the second perpetrator] [w]hat was your answer? [Rasheed:] It was not. [¶] . . . [¶] . . . I said 'No.' I wasn't sure. [¶] . . . [¶] . . . '[H]e looks like him a little, but I don't think it is him.' "
3 The testimony was as follows: "[Prosecutor:] Now, that second person with Lance who showed up at your work that day, do you see that person anywhere in the courtroom today? [¶] . . . [¶] [Rasheed:] I don't know. [¶] [Prosecutor:] Was there anyone in the courtroom who looks similar to that person? [¶] [Rasheed:] A little, a little, but I can't. [¶] . . . [¶] . . . I can't—It doesn't look like him. . . . [¶] . . . [¶] [Prosecutor:] So you are not sure if there is anyone in the courtroom today? [¶] [Rasheed:] I am not sure." 6
that his face looked the same in the DMV picture, at the preliminary hearing, and at trial.
She is trained in making observations, and she never had any difficulty observing that the
person in court was the person depicted in the DMV photo.
In his defense, defendant presented the testimony of forensic document examiner
David Oleksow, who obtained samples of defendant's handwriting (signing the name
Jack Dempsey) and compared them with the Jack Dempsey signature on the DMV
documents. Oleksow testified he was unable to "identify or eliminate" defendant as the
person who signed the DMV documents.
Jury's Verdict and Sentence
Defendant was charged and convicted in four counts: (1) conspiracy to commit
grand theft from a person, grand theft of an automobile, and embezzlement by an
employee; (2) grand theft from a person; (3) grand theft of an automobile; and (4)
embezzlement by an employee. He was sentenced to an upper term of three years on
count 2 (grand theft from a person), and the sentences on the remaining counts were
imposed concurrently (count 3, grand theft of an automobile) and stayed (count 1
conspiracy, and count 4 embezzlement).
DISCUSSION
I. Sufficiency of Evidence that Defendant Was Perpetrator
Defendant argues the record does not support the jury's finding that he was the
second man involved in the thefts.
In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we examine the entire
record in the light most favorable to the judgment to determine whether there is
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substantial evidence from which a reasonable trier of fact could find the defendant guilty
beyond a reasonable doubt. (People v. Nelson (2011) 51 Cal.4th 198, 210.) We presume
in support of the judgment the existence of every fact the jury could reasonably deduce
from the evidence. (Ibid.)
The evidence showed that defendant and Stalf arrived at the dealership to work as
temporary employees; they knew each other and socialized together; and they were
observed to be regularly together at the dealership. On November 15, 2011, defendant
acquired his temporary sales permit, worked at the dealership that day, and thereafter
never returned even though his temporary employment position was ongoing. That same
date the perpetrators sold the car to Rasheed. In the six-person photo lineups conducted a
couple of months after the offense, Rasheed immediately identified Stalf as the
perpetrator who showed her the cars, and she provided a firm identification of defendant
as the second man who helped Stalf carry out the fraudulent transaction.
Drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the judgment, there is sufficient
evidence for the jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant was the second
man. First, Rasheed's identification of defendant at the photo lineup constituted direct
evidence that he was the perpetrator. Second, there was significant circumstantial
evidence supporting the validity of her identification. The jury could consider that the
offense was related to the dealership, and out of the six men in each of the photo lineups
Rasheed selected men who had been hired to work at that dealership. Further, the two
men arrived at the same time to work at the dealership as temporary employees, and they
were known to associate closely with each other at the dealership and on their free time.
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Also, on November 15 (the date the car was sold to Rasheed) defendant went to the DMV
to acquire his temporary sales permit which gave him an opportunity to secure the needed
DMV-transfer documents, and on that same date he worked at the dealership and had
access to the car keys needed to take the vehicle and transport it to Rasheed to
accomplish the sale. Furthermore, defendant never returned to the dealership after the
theft was completed.
Although circumstances such as companionship with another perpetrator,
opportunity to commit the offense, and flight after the offense cannot individually
establish guilt, they are relevant factors to consider when evaluating all the evidence.
(See People v. Elliott (2012) 53 Cal.4th 535, 584; People v. Prevost (1998) 60
Cal.App.4th 1382, 1400; People v. Campbell (1994) 25 Cal.App.4th 402, 409; In re
Lynette G. (1976) 54 Cal.App.3d 1087, 1095; People v. Williams (1946) 73 Cal.App.2d
154, 157-158.) The record supports the jury's verdict based on the victim's photo lineup
identification of defendant, as well as the evidence showing that defendant was in close
companionship with the other perpetrator identified by the victim; on the date of the
offense defendant had the opportunity to obtain the needed DMV documents and he had
access to the dealership's vehicles; and he evinced a consciousness of guilt by effectively
fleeing from the dealership after completion of the fraudulent transaction.
To support his challenge to the jury's verdict, defendant argues that Rasheed's
responses during the photo lineup, the preliminary hearing, and at trial, show she was
either not sure he was the second perpetrator, or she thought he was not that person.
Although Rasheed was considering two photos at the photo lineup as possibly depicting
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the second perpetrator, she ultimately firmly selected defendant, telling the officer that
she was sure the second photo was the man. Further, the fact that Rasheed was unable to
identify defendant at the preliminary hearing and at trial did not compel the jury to reject
her earlier photo lineup identification of him. The jury could reasonably conclude the
photo lineup identification was reliable because the DMV photo depicted defendant's
appearance on the date of offense, and the lineup identification was made closer in time
to the offense than the in-court identifications. Also, the investigating officer's testimony
indicated that there were changes in defendant's appearance, including to his hair color
and facial hair. The jury could reasonably assess that Rasheed's inability to identify
defendant at the preliminary hearing and at trial was influenced by changes in his
appearance.
The record supports the jury's finding that defendant was the person who
committed the offenses.
II. Selection of Upper Term
Defendant argues the trial court improperly selected an upper term sentence.
When deciding whether to impose an upper, middle or lower term, the trial court is
required to set forth its reasons for imposing the term it selects. (Pen. Code, § 1170,
subd. (b); Cal. Rules of Court, rule 4.420(e)4; People v. Sandoval (2007) 41 Cal.4th 825,
846-847.) The trial court has broad discretion to select the term, and on appeal we review
its decision for abuse of discretion. (Sandoval, supra, at p. 847.) The trial court's
4 Subsequent rule references are to the California Rules of Court. 10
discretion must be exercised in a manner that is not arbitrary and capricious, and its
decision must be based on individualized, relevant, and proper considerations. (Ibid.)
The court may properly consider "circumstances in aggravation or mitigation, and any
other factor reasonably related to the sentencing decision." (Rule 4.420(b).) Aggravating
circumstances include a particularly vulnerable victim, the court's selection of concurrent
rather than consecutive sentences for other counts; the crime involved planning or
sophistication; the defendant took advantage of a position of trust or confidence; and the
Defendant presented numerous letters of support from persons attesting to his
good character, which were noted by the court at the sentencing hearing. However, citing
defendant's "lengthy and serious" criminal history, the circumstances of the current
offense, and the need to send a message of deterrence, the court concluded defendant was
not a suitable candidate for probation or a "split sentence" (i.e., community supervision).
When selecting the upper term for count two (grand theft from a person), the court set
forth the following reasons: it could have imposed a consecutive (rather than a
concurrent) term for count 3 (grand theft of an automobile); defendant had an extensive
criminal history; the offenses showed planning and sophistication; Rasheed was more
vulnerable than the average individual; and defendant took advantage of a position of
trust and confidence.
Defendant asserts the court's reasons for the upper term were irrelevant or
unsupported by the record. To the contrary, the court's reasons reflect a rational
sentencing decision based on relevant considerations supported by the record. The
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probation report shows that starting in 1989 defendant sustained numerous criminal
convictions (including false impersonation, forgery, burglary, drug possession, driving
under the influence, theft, and assault and battery), and he served time in prison.
Although many of his offenses were resolved as misdemeanor convictions, the trial court
could reasonably determine that his repeated convictions show he has not yet learned
how to refrain from violating the law. Additionally, defendant's current offense reflects a
significant level of planning and thought; i.e., defendant and his accomplice had to take
the vehicle from the lot without detection by dealership personnel, and had to make the
transaction appear legitimate to Rasheed, including securing DMV paperwork. The
record also supports that Rasheed was vulnerable in that she was a relatively young adult
of 28 years of age; she was an Iraqi immigrant who had arrived from Kuwait only four
years earlier; and she was conducting the transaction on her own. Further, defendant,
who had been hired to work at the dealership on a temporary basis, violated the trust
placed in him when he was given access to the dealership cars. Finally, the court had the
option of selecting consecutive sentences for counts 2 and 3 based on a factual
determination that the two thefts (first from the dealership, then from Rasheed) involved
distinct victims and acts separated by time and location, which reflected multiple intents
notwithstanding a common overall objective. (See People v. Andra (2007) 156
Cal.App.4th 638, 640-642; People v. Felix (2001) 92 Cal.App.4th 905, 915-916; People
v. Kwok (1998) 63 Cal.App.4th 1236, 1253-1257; People v. Williams (1992) 9
Cal.App.4th 1465, 1472-1474.)
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To support his challenge to the upper term, defendant contends the court made
irrelevant and inappropriate statements when it described him as "glib" and then made a
"joke" about not believing defendant's statement the sun was shining until obtaining
confirmation by looking out the window.5 When interviewed by the probation officer,
defendant said he was "dumbfounded" the jury convicted him; provided various
explanations for his presence at the dealership, association with Stalf, and departure from
the dealership after the offense; and denied that he was a participant in the theft scheme.
At sentencing, the court noted the probation report reflected that defendant wanted the
court to believe he had "nothing to do" with the thefts. The court rejected this suggestion,
stating the jurors had "no trouble" convicting defendant and it found their verdicts were
correct and well-supported. In this context, the court made the comments about
defendant being glib and the court not believing defendant's statement about the sun
without confirmation.
The court's statements reflect its determination that defendant's denial of guilt and
explanations to the probation officer were not credible. The trial court was entitled to
5 In this regard, the court stated: "[Defendant] presents himself as a very intelligent and verbal, and I would have to say somewhat glib[,] individual. But in all candor and forthrightness, knowing what I know about [defendant], if he were to tell me that the sun is shining outside, I would first go to the window to confirm that for myself before giving him any credence."
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make this credibility assessment, and its statements in this regard do not show an abuse of
discretion.6
III. Correction of Abstract of Judgment
As pointed out by the Attorney General, the abstract of judgment must be
corrected because it omits count 3 and incorrectly delineates the sentencing disposition.
The superior court is directed to issue a new abstract of judgment accurately reflecting
the sentence: (1) count 1, conspiracy: stayed three-year upper term; (2) count 2, grand
theft from a person: three-year upper term; (3) count 3, grand theft of a vehicle:
concurrent three-year upper term; and (4) count 4, embezzlement by an employee: stayed
three-year upper term. Also, the abstract of judgment incorrectly states that defendant is
sentenced to prison due to a strike prior conviction, whereas no strike prior was alleged
and the court committed him to "local imprisonment" in the custody of the county sheriff.
The abstract should be corrected to reflect this disposition.
6 Given our holding that the court did not err in imposing the upper term, we need not address the issues of forfeiture and ineffective assistance of counsel raised by the parties.
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DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. The superior court is directed to prepare an amended
abstract of judgment accurately reflecting the sentencing disposition as stated in Part III
above and to forward a copy to the proper authorities.
HALLER, J.
WE CONCUR:
HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.
MCINTYRE, J.
15
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court affirmed the defendant's convictions for grand theft and other offenses, finding sufficient evidence supported the jury's verdict and the trial court did not abuse its discretion in imposing an upper-term sentence. The court remanded the case solely for the ministerial correction of the abstract of judgment to accurately reflect the sentencing disposition and omitted counts.
Issues
Whether there was sufficient evidence to support the jury's finding that the defendant was a participant in the thefts.
Whether the trial court abused its discretion by imposing an upper-term sentence.
Whether the abstract of judgment requires correction to accurately reflect the sentence and counts.
Disposition. Affirmed with directions
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“The record supports the jury's finding that defendant was the person who committed the offenses.”
“The court's reasons reflect a rational sentencing decision based on relevant considerations supported by the record.”
“The superior court is directed to issue a new abstract of judgment accurately reflecting the sentence”