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Marriage of K.C. and G.C. CA4/1 (2014) · DecisionDepot
/ California Court of Appeal Marriage of K.C. and G.C. CA4/1 Unpublished Filed 2/20/14 Marriage of K.C. and G.C. CA4/1 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT DIVISION ONE STATE OF CALIFORNIA In re the Marriage of K.C. and G.C. D063867 K.T.,
Appellant, (Super. Ct. No. D511853)
v.
G.C.,
Respondent.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, William H.
McAdam, Judge. Affirmed.
Bruce M. Beals, Stephen M. Hogan for Appellant.
Stephen Temko, Dennis Temko for Respondent.
K.T. (Mother) appeals the family court's judgment granting G.C.'s (Father) request
to modify a judgment concerning visitation with T.C., the couple's seven-year-old child.
Mother contends Father failed to show a significant change in circumstances to justify the
modification. Mother further contends the trial judge was biased. We conclude the trial
court did not err in granting father's requested modification, and therefore affirm the
judgment.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND Visitation and Custody Plan Established in 2010
Father and Mother married in 2005, and filed for dissolution of the marriage in
2008. In September 2008, Father requested that the court permit him an equal time share
More from California Court of Appeal Source: opinion data from the Free Law Project / CourtListener (public-domain court records). DecisionDepot is for informational use only and is not legal advice — verify against the official reporter before relying on any text or AI-generated summary.
with T.C. However, in November 2008, based on a Family Court Services Report, the
court ordered Father to have T.C. with him on alternate weekends and two mid-week
periods of between five and six hours each. In December 2008, retired Judge Thomas
Ashworth was assigned to the case as a privately compensated temporary judge for all
purposes, and a social worker was ordered to make recommendations regarding visitation
Judge Ashworth rejected Father's request for an equal time sharing arrangement,
concluding it was not in T.C.'s best interest because (1) Mother was the primary caretaker
and Father's request was potentially disruptive to then four-year-old T.C.; (2) the present
child sharing arrangement was working well under the circumstances; (3) Mother had
more available time to spend with T.C., but Father was spending more time at his job; (4)
on isolated occasions, Father had not properly supervised T.C., but Mother's supervision
had been consistent and without serious incident.
The 2010 judgment established custody rights as follows: "The Father and Mother
shall continue to share joint legal responsibility for the minor child," whose primary
residence would continue to be with Mother. T.C. would spend 27 percent of her time
with Father and 73 percent with Mother. The judgment set forth a detailed schedule for
Father's visits with T.C. on alternating weekends and every other Monday and Thursday,
plus holidays, and vacation. The judgment further states: "The receiving parent shall
provide transportation on weekends. The Father shall be solely responsible for
transportation for mid-week child sharing." The judgment provides: "This [judgment] is
intended to be a final determination within the meaning of Montenegro v. Diaz (2001) 26
Cal.4th 249 [Montenegro]."
Father's Request to Modify Custody and Visitation
In December 2013, Father filed a request in superior court for modification of the
2010 judgment. Father used a judicial council form and checked boxes indicating he
wanted to modify child custody, child support, and visitation. He attached an 11-page
declaration specifying that he requested: (1) "an order that modifies our child sharing
plan such that I have [T.C.] . . . on a substantially equal sharing basis"; (2) "[both parents
shall] pay for our respective child care expenses"; (3) "[a modification of] the vacation
and holiday sharing"; (4) "that the transportation of [T.C.] be equally shared"; and (5)
"modification of child support that corresponds to any change in the child sharing
percentage and that reflects our current incomes." Father stated in his declaration that
T.C. was almost seven years old, and Father had remarried and had a three-year-old son
and two step children. He indicated he would enroll T.C. in extracurricular activities,
noting he had changed his on-call schedule at work in order to have uninterrupted time
Mother's Dismissal Motion
Mother moved to dismiss Father's modification motion, arguing Father had not
shown any material change in circumstances. Mother claimed T.C. was attached to her,
and Father's proposed modification would be "devastating" to T.C., who was thriving
both academically and in extracurricular activities in part because T.C. had a predictable
Father opposed mother's motion to dismiss, specifying in a declaration various
changed circumstances supporting his proposed modification of the 2010 judgment:
First, "The most critical change is [T.C.] is now 7 years old and in school everyday from
7:30 a.m. to 2:10 p.m. Our current time-share was made when [T.C.] was just 2.5 years
old and before she began school. . . . Most importantly, [T.C.] is changing, she [is]
asking both [parents] why she cannot spend more time with me." Second, Mother was
working more hours in the evenings, therefore, T.C. was spending more time with a
nanny. Father explained that T.C. could spend more time with him instead, and thereby
also reduce his child support expenses. Third, Father wanted T.C. to spend more time
with Father's new wife, son, and step daughters.
The family court counselor interviewed Father and Mother and recommended no
change in the judgment regarding joint legal custody. However, the counselor
recommended denial of Father's request for "joint physical custody," reasoning, "Both
parents report that [T.C.] is accustomed to and thriving on the current schedule;
additionally, the parents continue to experience the same barriers in their co-parenting
relationship. [Judge Ashworth had] previously considered both parents['] schedules
and . . . [T.C.] would benefit from continuing with the existing plan, as it provides
stability and consistency, as well as frequent and continuing contact with both parents."
At the March 21, 2013 hearing on mother's motion to dismiss, Father reiterated his
arguments in his declaration and added, "I know how important it is for a daughter and
father to bond, so she can take those lessons and go out into the world. And I feel like
I'm being denied the opportunity when [Mother] is not even around. [¶] So that's all I'm
asking for. I want more time with [T.C.] I'm not taking away time from [Mother]
because she is working. And I think it's best for [T.C.] to be with me in our home when
[Mother is] working." Mother's attorney urged the court to adopt the counselor's
recommendation denying Father's request for equal time sharing. The attorney rebutted
Father's arguments: "There is absolutely nothing new here at all. There is no change of
circumstances, other than an impassioned plea, which is the same thing we heard [in the
proceedings before Judge Ashworth]. [¶] But what we are not hearing from [Father] is
that by changing this circumstance, it's going to impact [Mother's] time and that is not
what Judge Ashworth wanted. Judge Ashworth found, and it is in the statement of
decision and the judgment, that [Mother] was the primary parent, and it was in [T.C.'s]
best interests to reside primarily with [Mother]."
The family court denied Mother's motion to dismiss, ruling, "I find that there has
been a significant change of circumstances alleged, and these are the following: The
passage of time, the change in [T.C.'s] school schedule . . . , the change in the work
schedule by [Father], the remarriage of [Father], and the increase in age of the siblings of
In April 2013, the court granted Father's motion to modify the visitation schedule,
which the court noted would result in a "radical departure" from the 2010 judgment. The
court acknowledged Mother was an "excellent" parent who had provided T.C. good care.
Nevertheless, the court stated: "I have a father now who has come before me and who I
can't help but compare to other fathers that I see. He's made or done the proper things. I
rarely get a parent who has thought about what he needs to do, he or she needs to do, to
be able to provide what I think is even going to be a better relationship with the parents.
[¶] [Father has] come here with a plan that he's proposed. There's going to be a
substantial time now that [T.C.], who obviously gets along with both parents and gets
along with her new family on [Father's] side—I have nothing to indicate that there are
any problems. [¶] So I found myself asking: Why wouldn't I change if [T.C. is] thriving
under the present schedule? Because I honestly believe that all of the facts that I have
reviewed and all of the considerations that I have made, that it is clearly in [T.C.'s] best
interest to spend as much time as possible with both parents. [¶] I hope—I want it to
work. The easiest orders that I make are orders for equal timeshare. Those are the
easiest orders. They're the most difficult for parents to implement because it requires
more communication and more cooperation than existed before."
Mother unsuccessfully filed a writ petition in this court seeking to prohibit
implementation of the modified custody and visitation plan.
DISCUSSION The parties disagree regarding the correct test the family court was required to
apply to Father's request for modification, and whether it applied it properly. Mother
contends the changed circumstances test applied, and the court erred in finding Father
had presented sufficient evidence to support a modification of the 2010 judgment. By
contrast, Father relies on our opinion in Enrique M. v. Angelina V. (2004) 121
Cal.App.4th 1371, 1382 (Enrique M.), and argues the court should have applied the best
interests test because he sought to modify a visitation schedule, not the custody
determination. He relies on his declaration attached to his motion. Father argues that, in
any event, sufficient evidence supports the court's application of the changed
"Under California's statutory scheme governing child custody and visitation
determinations, the overarching concern is the best interest[s] of the child. The court and
the family have 'the widest discretion to choose a parenting plan that is in the best
interest[s] of the child.' (Fam. Code, § 3040, subd. (b).) When determining the best
interest[s] of the child, relevant factors include the health, safety and welfare of the child,
any history of abuse by one parent against the child or the other parent, and the nature
and amount of contact with the parents." (Montenegro, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 255, fn.
omitted.) Child custody and visitation orders are reviewed on appeal for abuse of
discretion. (Ibid.) "The precise measure is whether the trial court could have reasonably
concluded that the order in question advanced the 'best interest[s]' of the child. We are
required to uphold the ruling if it is correct on any basis, regardless of whether such basis
was actually invoked." (In re Marriage of Burgess (1996) 13 Cal.4th 25, 32 (Burgess).)
"[O]nce a final judicial custody determination is in place[,] [u]nder the so-called
changed circumstance rule, a party seeking to modify a permanent custody order can do
so only if he or she demonstrates a significant change of circumstances justifying a
modification." (Montenegro, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 256.) "The changed-circumstance
rule is not a different test, devised to supplant the statutory test, but an adjunct to the best-
interest test. It provides, in essence, that once it has been established that a particular
custodial arrangement is in the best interests of the child, the court need not reexamine
that question. Instead, it should preserve the established mode of custody unless some
significant change in circumstances indicates that a different arrangement would be in the
child's best interest[s]. The rule thus fosters the dual goals of judicial economy and
protecting stable custody arrangements." (Burchard v. Garay (1986) 42 Cal.3d 531,
In In re Marriage of Birnbaum (1989) 211 Cal.App.3d 1508, 1513 (Birnbaum),
the court held that when a court order does not change custody, but only modifies a
parenting schedule, the changed circumstance rule does not apply. In Birnbaum, the
court concluded there was no change in custody, but only a change in the coparenting
residential arrangement. (Ibid.) The court rejected the mother's contention the trial court
erred by not requiring the father to show changed circumstances. (Ibid.)
In Enrique M., supra, 121 Cal.App.4th at page 1379, we stated: "[O]ur research
has not [uncovered] any published California case in which a court has held that the
changed circumstance rule applies to a request to modify the allocation of parenting time,
where a preexisting joint custody order was in place and custody was not at issue." After
discussing Birnbaum, supra, 211 Cal.App.3d 1508 and Burgess, supra, 13 Cal.4th 25, we
concluded: "[T]he standard of proof a parent sharing joint custody must meet to effect a
change in parenting time is the best interest[s] of the child, not changed circumstances."
(Enrique M., at p. 1373.) In Enrique M., the father and mother had joint physical custody
of the child. (Id. at p. 1382.) The father requested the parenting schedule be modified to
give him one extra overnight with the child each week and an additional overnight every
other week. (Ibid.) We concluded: "Although [the father's] proposed changes would
alter the parenting schedule, in terms of potential instability for [the child], they were not
on par with a request to change physical custody from sole to joint custody, or vice
versa." (Ibid.) We held the changed circumstance rule did not apply. (Ibid.)
In In re Marriage of Lucio (2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 1068, 1072, the court likewise
concluded: "[T]he changed circumstance rule does not apply when a parent requests only
a change in the parenting or visitation arrangement not amounting to a change from joint
custody to sole custody, or vice versa. Instead, the trial court considers a request to
change the parenting or visitation arrangement under the best interests of the child
standard." Citing Birnbaum, supra, 211 Cal.App.3d 1508 and Enrique M., supra, 121
Cal.App.4th 1371, Lucio stated: "The changed circumstance rule does not apply to a
modification request seeking a change in the parenting or visitation schedule." (Lucio, at
p. 1077.) "Unlike a change in custody, an alteration in a parenting or visitation schedule
does not cause a disruption in ' "established patterns of care and emotional bonds with the
primary caretaker" ' [citation] justifying the added burden of demonstrating changed
circumstances." (Id. at p. 1079.) Because the father in Lucio did not seek a change in
custody but only a change in the parenting schedule, Lucio concluded he was not required
to show changed circumstances. (Id. at p. 1080.)
Here, the parties' confusion regarding whether the changed circumstances rule
applied to Father's modification request stems partly from the fact Father checked the box
on the judicial council form indicating he was challenging both Judge Ashworth's
custody and visitation determinations. Further, at the hearing, the court described
Father's request in equivocal terms as both "50-50 custody," and a request for "equal time
share." The family court also contributed to the confusion by stating in its order rejecting
mother's motion to dismiss that it had found Father had shown "a significant change of
We acknowledge that Father's indicating on the judicial council form that he
sought a change of custody was misleading. However, we do not focus on that in
isolation. Rather, we resolve this matter by looking at the gravamen of Father's
modification request as set forth in great detail in his declaration attached to the judicial
council form and the arguments made in the family court. Father argued that the 2010
judgment had imposed 27 percent visitation on him, and he wanted to increase that to
equal sharing time. As set forth above, Father's prayer for relief also specified that he
was seeking merely an increase of visitation time with T.C. Moreover, the court's actual
order did not address custody issues. In fact, following the family court's adjudication,
both parents continue to have joint legal custody of T.C., and Mother retains primary
physical custody of T.C. We conclude the court was not required to find changed
circumstances, and to the extent it applied that standard, it erred. But the error did not
prejudice Mother. We review a court's result, not its reasoning. (In re Natasha A. (1996)
Under the proper abuse of discretion standard of review, there is sufficient basis to
affirm the court's order. The court stated in its order that it had reviewed all documents
related to the motion and the case file; therefore, it was knowledgeable about the case.
The court found "it is in the child's best interest to spend an equal amount of time with
both parents. Since the last order regarding custody and visitation the father has made a
substantial modification to his work schedule." The court had also noted at the hearing
that T.C. had grown older, and had developed a good relationship with Father, to the
point that she had requested of both parents that she spend more time with Father. The
court found Father had established a new family and wanted T.C. to spend time bonding
with her half-brother and his other family. These findings sufficed to support the court's
decision to modify Father's visitation schedule. Therefore, the court did not abuse its
discretion in granting Father's modification request.
Mother argues that the trial court's ruling constituted an impermissible collateral
attack on the 2010 judgment. We disagree. As stated in In re Marriage of Lasich (2002)
99 Cal.App.4th 702, even assuming for the sake of argument the trial court's ruling
represented a collateral attack on a final judgment, "that attack was mandated by our
Supreme Court in [(Burgess, supra, 13 Cal.4th 25)], which directed that a trial court
should examine the de facto custody arrangement of the parties. [Citation.] That rule
was binding on the trial court and is binding on this court. [Citation.] [¶] Moreover, we
think the Supreme Court's directive makes sense. A trial court is more likely to arrive at
a fair and just adjudication of the parties' custody situation if it examines the realities of
the present situation rather than the possible fictions of a prior order or judgment."
Mother contends the trial court evinced a "subtle predisposition toward equal
custody, irrespective of the evidence," based on its comments during the evidentiary
hearing, including its question to Mother, " 'All [Father] wants is 50-50 custody, what's
wrong with that?' " We reject the contention. In the context, the family court was
respectful and openminded regarding both sides' arguments, and recognized its decision
was difficult. Merely because a judge rules against a party in the course of the
proceedings does not make the judge prejudiced against that party. (See Guardianship of
L.V. (2006) 136 Cal.App.4th 481, 500; Haldrane v. Haldane (1965) 232 Cal.App.2d 393,
395; Code Civ. Proc., § 170.2, subd. (b).)
DISPOSITION The judgment is affirmed. Each party shall bear its own costs on appeal.
O'ROURKE, J.
HALLER, J. AI-generated · verify before citing Holding. The court held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in modifying the visitation schedule to allow for equal time sharing, as the best interests of the child standard—not the changed circumstances rule—applies to modifications of parenting schedules that do not alter legal or physical custody.
Issues
Whether the trial court erred by applying the changed circumstances rule to a request to modify a visitation schedule. Whether the trial court abused its discretion in modifying the visitation schedule. Whether the trial judge was biased against the appellant. Disposition. Affirmed
“The changed circumstance rule does not apply to a modification request seeking a change in the parenting or visitation schedule.” “We conclude the court was not required to find changed circumstances, and to the extent it applied that standard, it erred. But the error did not prejudice Mother.”