California Court of Appeal Dec 12, 2013 No. E057752Unpublished
Filed 12/12/13 P. v. Moreno CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E057752
v. (Super.Ct.No. FMB1100260)
ARTHUR RAYMOND MORENO, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Daniel W.
Detienne, Judge. Affirmed.
Joseph T. Rhea for Defendant and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Michael T. Murphy and Donald
W. Ostertag, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Following the denial of his motion to suppress evidence pursuant to Penal Code
section 1538.5, defendant and appellant Arthur Raymond Moreno pleaded guilty to a
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violation of Health & Safety Code section 11357, subdivision (a),1 possession of
concentrated cannabis.
In this appeal, defendant argues the trial court erred when it denied his motion to
suppress evidence found during a search of his vehicle, which was prompted by a police
officer’s detection of a strong odor of marijuana emanating from the vehicle. As
discussed post, the warrantless search was supported by probable cause and, so, we
affirm the judgment.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Defendant was charged with possession for sale (§ 11359), transportation
(§ 11360, subd. (a)), and cultivation of marijuana (§ 11358).
Defendant moved to suppress evidence obtained following a vehicle stop. The
parties stipulated at the beginning of the hearing on defendant’s suppression motion that
the police report would serve as the factual basis for the motion. The court accepted this
report into evidence, and no other testimony or evidence was presented at the hearing.
The police report was written by San Bernardino County Sheriff’s Deputy Jimmy
Delgado. Deputy Delgado stated in the report that he was working motorcycle patrol
when California Highway Patrol Officer Griffin informed him that she was following two
vehicles and detected a strong odor of marijuana coming from one of them. She had
stopped one vehicle, and Deputy Delgado began following the other one, a GMC pickup
truck. He noticed that the truck had “smoked tail lamp lenses,” which is a Vehicle Code
1 Statutory references are to the Health and Safety Code unless otherwise indicated. 2
violation.2 While following the vehicle, he also detected a strong odor of marijuana
coming from the truck. Deputy Delgado pulled the truck over for the Vehicle Code
violation.
Once he pulled the truck over, Deputy Delgado contacted defendant, who was
driving, and another adult male, who was riding in the passenger seat. He could still
smell a “strong odor of marijuana coming from the vehicle.” Deputy Delgado went back
to his vehicle and conducted a records check on both men. He determined that neither
had any outstanding warrants. He then went back to the truck and had both men exit the
vehicle, placed them in handcuffs, and seated them on the curb.
Deputy Delgado informed defendant he was not under arrest and was being
detained in reference to the strong odor of marijuana coming from his vehicle. In
response to the officer’s questions, defendant said he had no marijuana in the vehicle, but
he did have a medical marijuana card.
During the search of the cab of the truck, Deputy Delgado found four cardboard
boxes and a kitchen trash bag containing approximately 200 immature potted marijuana
plants. In the bed of the truck, he found five lawn trash bags containing cut marijuana
plants weighing approximately 100-150 pounds. Defendant was arrested for
transportation of marijuana.
The trial court denied the motion to suppress evidence. Thereafter, defendant
entered a plea agreement, pleading guilty to possession of concentrated cannabis. In
2 Vehicle Code section 24600, subdivision (e), provides that tail lamps shall be red in color. 3
exchange, three other counts were dismissed, and he was placed on three years’ formal
probation with specified terms and conditions.
DISCUSSION
We apply the well established standard of review to the trial court’s ruling on the
motion to suppress. We defer to the trial court’s factual findings, express or implied,
where supported by substantial evidence. Where, as here, the facts are undisputed, we
exercise our independent judgment in determining whether the search was reasonable
under the Fourth Amendment. (People v. Glaser (1995) 11 Cal.4th 354, 362.)
“Challenges to the admissibility of evidence obtained by a police search and
seizure are reviewed under federal constitutional standards. [Citations.] A warrantless
search is unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment unless it is conducted pursuant to
one of the few narrowly drawn exceptions to the constitutional requirement of a warrant.”
(People v. Schmitz (2012) 55 Cal.4th 909, 916.) One such exception is the automobile
exception, which allows a police officer who has probable cause to believe a lawfully
stopped vehicle contains evidence of criminal activity or contraband to conduct a
warrantless search of any area of the vehicle in which the evidence might be found.
(Arizona v. Gant (2009) 556 U.S. 332, 347; People v. Evans (2011) 200 Cal.App.4th 735,
753.) “Hornbook law states that the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution
permits the warrantless search of an automobile with probable cause. [Citations.] The
scope of such a warrantless search is defined by the nature of the items being sought: ‘If
probable cause justifies the search of a lawfully stopped vehicle, it justifies the search of
every part of the vehicle and its contents that may conceal the object of the search.’
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[Citation.]” (People v. Strasburg (2007) 148 Cal.App.4th 1052, 1059 (Strasburg).) The
automobile exception applies here since Deputy Delgado had probable cause to search
because he detected the odor of marijuana emanating from defendant’s vehicle.
Defendant contends, however, that the detection of the odor of marijuana no
longer justifies a search in light of the change in California making simple possession of
less than 28.5 grams of marijuana an infraction.3 He relies on People v. Torres (2012)
205 Cal.App.4th 989 and People v. Hua (2008) 158 Cal.App.4th 1027, to support this
position. We find these cases to be inapposite because neither involved vehicle searches.
In Torres, the Court of Appeal found that the odor of burning marijuana alone did
not provide probable cause for the entry into and search of a residence. The appellate
court’s task was to determine whether the officers who searched a hotel room based on
exigent circumstances could establish probable cause to believe that evidence of a
jailable offense would be imminently destroyed. The appellate court’s actual holding
was that the odor of burning marijuana, and nothing more, did not provide probable cause
to believe that the occupants possessed more than the minimum amount of marijuana,
28.5 grams, punishable by jail time. (People v. Torres, supra, 205 Cal.App.4th at p. 997-
998.) In People v. Hua, supra, 158 Cal.App.4th at page 1037, the appellate court reached
the same result where the police entered an apartment after observing several individuals
smoking marijuana.
In the current matter, Deputy Delgado did not search a person’s residence based
on exigent circumstances that evidence of a jailable offense would be destroyed. Neither
3 Section 11357, subdivision (b). 5
did he smell burning marijuana, which could indicate the presence of a single lit
marijuana cigarette. Rather, he detected a strong odor of fresh marijuana emanating from
defendant’s vehicle when he was some distance away and following the vehicle on a
highway. The strong odor indicated that there was a significant amount of nonburning
marijuana in the vehicle and provided probable cause to believe defendant possessed an
amount of marijuana over the legal limit.
The court in Strasburg, supra, 148 Cal.App.4th 1052, considered a similar claim
to that made here—i.e., because the defendant possessed a doctor’s prescription for
marijuana, a sheriff’s deputy lacked probable cause to search the defendant’s vehicle
when he approached a vehicle and smelled marijuana. The appellate court found, to the
contrary, that the deputy did have probable cause to search at this point. (Id. at p. 1059.)
The defendant there admitted smoking marijuana, and the deputy sheriff saw another bag
of marijuana in the car after defendant handed him one. “The fact that defendant had a
medical marijuana prescription, and could lawfully possess an amount of marijuana
greater than that [the deputy sheriff] initially found, does not detract from the officer’s
probable cause.” (Id. at pp. 1059-1060.) The court observed the Compassionate Use Act
of 19964 provides a limited immunity and not a shield from reasonable investigation.
Defendant attempts to distinguish Strasburg on the ground that he is not basing his
argument on having a prescription for marijuana. This distinction is without significance.
The crucial point made by the Strasburg court applies with equal force to the facts of this
4 Section 11362.5.
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case: the strong odor of marijuana gave Deputy Delgado probable cause to search for
marijuana. We reemphasize that the strong odor of unburned marijuana, which the
officer could detect when merely following defendant’s vehicle, indicated the presence of
a substantial quantity of the substance well over and above the amount that was
punishable only as an infraction. The change in the marijuana possession law did not act
as a shield to prevent Deputy Delgado from conducting a reasonable investigation to
determine whether defendant had committed a misdemeanor or felony.
Finally, defendant contends that Deputy Delgado did not have probable cause to
handcuff him, which he equates with an arrest. As we have discussed ante, the officer
did have a lawful basis to detain defendant for the Vehicle Code violation and to search
the vehicle. He then could order the occupants out of the vehicle. (Pennsylvania v.
Mimms (1977) 434 U.S. 106 [officer safety is a legitimate reason to order a person out of
their vehicles].) Deputy Delgado went further and handcuffed defendant and made him
sit on the curb. These actions did not necessarily turn a detention into an arrest, however.
(See People v. Celis (2004) 33 Cal.4th 667, 675 [“stopping a suspect at gunpoint,
handcuffing him, and making him sit on the ground for a short period, as occurred here,
do not convert a detention into an arrest”].) In Celis, the court concluded that it was not
unreasonable for the officer to draw his gun and handcuff the suspect briefly because the
officer had reason to believe the defendant was concealing drugs or drug proceeds in the
truck tire he was rolling; the officer was faced with two suspects, each of whom might
flee if the officer stopped one but not the other. Respondent theorizes that these same
factors were present in this case to justify the handcuffing of defendant. We note,
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however, that Deputy Delgado’s report does not expressly set forth any safety concerns
or fear that defendant might flee. Determining the reasonableness of the use of restraints
during a detention requires examination of the facts known to the officer and whether
such restraints were appropriate under the circumstances. (Celis, at p. 675; People v.
Stier (2008) 168 Cal.App.4th 21, 27-28.)
Nevertheless, the search of a vehicle is not invalidated even if we assume the
handcuffing was unwarranted and resulted in illegal arrest at that point. This is so
because Deputy Delgado did not obtain as a result of these actions either evidence from
searching defendant’s person or his consent to search. As we have already discussed,
Deputy Delgado had probable cause to detain and search based on the strong odor of
marijuana irrespective of his actions in handcuffing defendant and having him sit on the
curb. The trial court did not err in denying defendant’s motion to suppress evidence.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
KING J. We concur:
RAMIREZ P. J.
HOLLENHORST J.
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AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that a police officer's detection of a strong odor of marijuana emanating from a vehicle provides sufficient probable cause to conduct a warrantless search of that vehicle under the automobile exception to the Fourth Amendment.
Issues
Does the detection of a strong odor of marijuana emanating from a vehicle provide probable cause for a warrantless search?
Does the classification of simple marijuana possession as an infraction negate probable cause for a vehicle search based on odor?
Did the use of handcuffs during the detention invalidate the subsequent search of the vehicle?
Disposition. Affirmed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“The automobile exception applies here since Deputy Delgado had probable cause to search because he detected the odor of marijuana emanating from defendant’s vehicle.”
“The strong odor indicated that there was a significant amount of nonburning marijuana in the vehicle and provided probable cause to believe defendant possessed an amount of marijuana over the legal limit.”
“The search of a vehicle is not invalidated even if we assume the handcuffing was unwarranted and resulted in illegal arrest at that point.”