California Court of Appeal Dec 9, 2013 No. E058319Unpublished
Filed 12/9/13 In re O.N. CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
In re O.N., a Person Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law.
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES, E058319
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super.Ct.No. J238022)
v. OPINION
C.N. et al.,
Defendants and Appellants.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Christopher B.
Marshall, Judge. Affirmed.
Donna P. Chirco, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant C.N.
William D. Caldwell, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant J.O.
1
Jean-Rene Basle, County Counsel, Kristina M. Robb, Deputy County Counsel, for
Plaintiff and Respondent.
J.O. (father) and C.N. (mother) appeal an order terminating their parental rights to
their daughter, O.N. Both assert that the court should have applied the beneficial parental
relationship exception to the statutory preference for adoption, and J.O. also asserts that
he was denied substantive due process because the termination of his parental rights was
based solely on C.N.’s mental illness rather than on his own unfitness as a parent.
We will affirm the judgment.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
O.N. was detained at birth because mother, who has a history of schizophrenia and
bipolar disorder, had discontinued her medications during her pregnancy to protect the
health of the baby and did not appear capable of caring for an infant. At the hospital,
mother said “numerous times” that the baby was crying and needed to be fed, even
though the baby was asleep, and would wake her up to feed her. In addition, mother’s
moods were unstable and she could not stay focused during conversation.
When a social worker arrived at the hospital, she observed that mother was
agitated and that she conversed in a disjointed manner, talking over the social worker,
apparently making up grandiose stories about her life, and discussing topics unrelated to
the subject of the conversation. Father was present, and indicated that he had concerns
about mother’s ability to care for the baby, based on her combativeness with him during
the pregnancy while she was not taking her medications and seeing and hearing things
that were not there. The social worker contacted the maternal grandmother and the
2
paternal grandfather, and both expressed concern about mother’s ability to care for the
baby and about father’s ability to control mother if she became aggressive.
The Department of Children and Family Services (CFS) reported that mother had
lost custody of her first child, S.N., who had been removed from mother at birth in 2009,
and had ultimately been adopted by the maternal grandmother.
A petition pursuant to Welfare and Institutions Code section 3001 was filed,
alleging that O.N. came within subdivision (b) (failure to protect) as to both parents and
subdivision (j) (abuse of sibling) as to mother. Specifically, the petition alleged that
mother suffered from mental health issues that impaired her ability to care for and
supervise O.N., that she suffered from a substance abuse problem, and that she had
engaged in incidents of domestic violence with father. As to father, the petition alleged
that he was unable to protect O.N. from mother’s unpredictable and sometimes violent
behavior, and that he had a history of battery against mother. The petition also alleged
that O.N.’s half sibling, S.N., had been removed from mother due to mother’s inability to
care for and supervise her appropriately, and that O.N. was at risk of similar neglect.
S.N. had been removed because of mother’s mental illness and substance abuse.
On March 21, 2011, the juvenile court ordered O.N. detained outside the parents’
home.
The jurisdiction/disposition report dated April 11, 2011, recommended services
for both parents. The report stated that mother had recently been assessed by her
1 All further statutory citations refer to the Welfare and Institutions Code.
3
psychiatrist, Dr. Nakai. Dr. Nakai diagnosed her with schizoaffective disorder, bipolar
type. He stated that she suffered from poor concentration, flight of ideas, delusional
thought content and extreme paranoia. He stated that mother’s severe depression,
irritability, anxiety, insomnia, obsessions and paranoia prevented her from functioning at
home.
The report stated that father had been convicted of battery on February 17, 2011,
and was on probation until February 16, 2014. The police report attached to the
jurisdiction/disposition report stated that father had tackled mother at a neighbor’s
apartment and had attempted to drag her out of the apartment by her feet. Father was
extremely intoxicated and refused to provide a statement. The report also stated that
when O.N. was removed from her parents, mother was verbally aggressive toward father
and threatened to end their relationship. Father’s family members stated that they were
afraid of mother’s unpredictable and hostile behavior.
Mother reported that she had seizures as a baby and that she had taken medication
for attention deficit disorder (ADD) since she was two years old. She reported that she
had suffered a head injury in car accident when she was seven years old. She had taken
medication for schizophrenia for many years. She reported that the medications she had
been taking since O.N.’s birth were gradually improving her mood and behavior.
Father had used illegal drugs when he was younger. He had received treatment
and had stopped using drugs when he was 20 years old. He and mother had been in a
relationship for about two years before O.N. was born. They lived together and father
was present at O.N.’s birth and was named as the father on O.N.’s birth certificate.
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Father’s family was willing to provide support for the parents’ reunification with O.N.
O.N. was placed in the care of the paternal grandfather, who lived with the paternal great-
grandparents and a paternal great-aunt. All of these relatives provided care for O.N. The
parents called daily to receive updates about O.N. and were having visits at the relatives’
home.
The report described the first visit between O.N. and her parents at the CFS office.
Mother became angry and began to yell when a social worker attempted to assist in
changing the baby’s diaper. She accused the male social worker of trying to look down
the baby’s pants. She was verbally aggressive toward father and yelled at the security
guard as she left the office. After the first visit, however, mother became less aggressive
and reported feeling much happier. The parents generally did well during visits, although
mother would frequently stare off into space. After March 29, 2011, CFS authorized
visits at the caregiver’s home twice a week. The paternal grandfather was to supervise
the visits.
The addendum report prepared for the jurisidiction/disposition hearing stated that
father had been arrested on April 14, 2011, on a warrant concerning a 2008 battery. He
was expected to be released on November 5, 2011.2 CFS recommended reunification
services for father. CFS did not recommend reunification services for mother, based on
her severe mental disability and because her parental rights to O.N.’s half sister had been
2 Father was present at the jurisdiction/disposition hearing on June 14, 2011. It is not clear when he was released from custody.
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terminated. Two psychological evaluations obtained during the dependency proceedings
concerning O.N.’s half sister indicated that because of mother’s complex mental
problems, it would not be safe for mother to care for an infant.
Mother’s continuing mental problems were underscored by the report from the
paternal relatives that they were caring for her during father’s incarceration, visiting her
every morning to check on her. On April 17, 2011, she accused family members of
trying to kidnap O.N., leading the family to believe that she had not taken her medication
the night before. In addition, in the second addendum report prepared for the
jurisdiction/disposition hearing, CFS reported an incident on June 7, 2011, when father
came to the caregiver’s home to pick up his car. The paternal grandfather asked mother
to stay outside, but instead she went into the house and picked up O.N. and began to
change her diaper. She “body-slammed” the paternal great-aunt when she asked mother
to put the baby down. Mother then grabbed the baby by one arm and ran out of the
house. After that incident, the paternal relatives asked that visits take place at the CFS
office.
The family was also concerned because O.N. would cry when mother held her,
and because mother would become angry when asked to hold O.N. correctly or asked not
to smoke in O.N.’s presence. They also reported that during a visit at the CFS office on
June 9, 2011, mother accused the paternal grandfather of putting his hand on O.N.’s
crotch and said that the paternal grandfather had raped mother six times. The security
guard reported that when mother arrived for the visit, she accused him of fondling her at
Walmart.
6
At the contested jurisdiction/disposition hearing, testimony was received
concerning the body-slamming incident. Father admitted that he was unable to control
mother and could not keep her from entering the house. The court found the allegations
of the petition true, and found by clear and convincing evidence that removing O.N. from
her parents’ physical custody was necessary to protect her from substantial danger to her
physical or emotional well-being. The court ordered continued reunification services to
father and none for mother. The court declared father O.N.’s presumed father. Father
was given monitored visitation once a week. Visitation between mother and O.N. was
suspended because the court determined that it was detrimental to O.N.
Mother filed a petition for modification, seeking reinstatement of visitation. The
petition was granted on November 8, 2011.
During the months following the jurisdiction/disposition hearing, mother and
father visited O.N. frequently. Father took a parenting class and a 52-week domestic
violence class and participated in individual counseling. He and mother voluntarily
engaged in couples counseling and mother voluntarily took a parenting class. Both
parents completed the parenting class. Father later completed the domestic violence
class. Visitation generally went well, and both parents were affectionate and caring
toward O.N., although mother would occasionally leave O.N. alone and “just walk
away.” However, by the time of the 18-month review hearing, mother’s on-going mental
health issues caused continued concern about her ability to provide adequate care and
supervision. Although CFS believed that reunification with father remained a possibility,
it could not recommend returning O.N. to father’s care as long as he remained with
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mother because, as father admitted, he could not supervise mother at all times, and
mother remained a risk to O.N.’s safety. Despite being warned that mother’s mental
health made reunification with father unlikely as long as he remained with mother, the
couple married during the 18-month reporting period.
At the 18-month review hearing, father admitted that he could not safely leave
O.N. alone in the house with mother, although he did think it was safe to leave her alone
in a room with mother, if he was in the house. He also testified that if he were ordered to
live separately from mother, he did not know how he could keep her from coming over.
When asked if he could choose between O.N. and mother, father was unable to answer
the question.
The court concluded that the evidence showed that there would be a substantial
risk to O.N. if she were returned to father, because she could not safely be left with
mother unless mother had constant supervision. The court found that O.N. could not
safely be returned to father based on mother’s mental illness. The court found that
placing O.N. in father’s custody continued to be detrimental to O.N. It terminated
father’s services and set a section 366.26 hearing. The court ordered continued visitation
for both parents. The court informed the parents of their right to obtain review of the
order by writ petition.
On December 14, 2012, the court authorized placement of O.N. with her paternal
great-aunt and uncle, who were interested in adopting O.N., after concerns had been
raised about the appropriateness of her prior placement with the paternal grandfather.
O.N. moved to the home of her great-aunt and uncle on January 9, 2013.
8
Shortly before the section 366.26 hearing, both parents filed petitions for
modification pursuant to section 388. Mother’s petition was summarily denied, as it
stated no new evidence or changed circumstances. Father’s petition was set for a hearing
concurrent with the section 366.26 hearing.
At the section 366.26 hearing, a social worker testified that during the visits she
had supervised, both parents had good interactions with O.N., but father guided mother
on caring for her. She observed that O.N. would smile upon seeing her parents and
would go to them, but mostly to father. She testified that mother’s psychiatrist had told
her that mother was taking her medication but would not give an opinion as to mother’s
ability to care for her daughter. She testified that the parents told her they had seen the
psychiatrist’s associate to obtain an assessment of mother’s interactions with O.N., but
that they had not produced a report of the findings. The social worker believed that
father could parent O.N. on his own, with assistance. She believed that he needed to have
someone watching him to make sure he dealt with O.N. appropriately and safely.
The social worker testified that she was concerned about “what happens” if O.N.
were returned to both parents and mother failed to take her medication and was acting as
O.N.’s sole supervisor at that time. She testified that she had told father before the
marriage that return of O.N. to his care alone was a possibility. However, father replied
that he loved mother and did not want to be without her. The social worker believed this
demonstrated that reunifying with O.N. was not father’s first priority and showed that he
was not willing to protect her. She recommended terminating parental rights because
9
O.N. would be at risk if mother failed to take her medication or if her medication stopped
working.
Father testified that he visited O.N. three or four times a week when he was not
working. O.N. called him “dada” and called mother “mama.” He testified that he
believed that mother was capable of caring for O.N. on her own, but that if he was
ordered not to leave her alone with mother, he would see to it that O.N. went to day care
or stayed with a relative while he was at work. He did not believe O.N. would be at risk
if mother were the sole caregiver while he was briefly unavailable, such as while taking a
shower. Father testified that he had completed his case plan in February 2012.
The court found that there was no evidence that father could independently care
for O.N. and no expert evidence that mother’s behavior would not put O.N. at risk. The
court also found that there was no evidence that either parent occupied a parental role for
O.N. Rather, he saw only evidence of loving contact. The court found that the burden of
proof as to the beneficial parental relationship exception was not met. The court denied
father’s section 388 petition, terminated parental rights and selected adoption as the
permanent plan.
Both parents filed timely notices of appeal.
DISCUSSION
1.
FATHER WAS NOT DENIED SUBSTANTIVE DUE PROCESS
Father contends that he was denied substantive due process because his parental
rights were terminated based not on his unfitness as a parent but solely because mother’s
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mental illness was found to render her a risk to O.N.’s well-being. This is simply not the
case. At the jurisdiction/disposition hearing, the court found true the allegation that
father was unable to protect O.N. from mother’s unpredictable and sometimes violent
behavior, and it found, by clear and convincing evidence, that there was no reasonable
means of protecting O.N. without removing her from the custody of both parents. The
evidence, recited above, supports the continued findings that mother could not safely and
adequately care for O.N. on her own and that father could not adequately care for and
supervise both O.N. and mother.
Father relies on In re T.G. (2013) 215 Cal.App.4th 1, in which the court found that
a father was denied due process because his parental rights were terminated without any
finding of unfitness having been made as to him. In re T.G. is inapposite, however,
because in that case, there was no finding by clear and convincing evidence that the
child’s safety and well-being required removal from the father’s custody. (Id. at pp. 14-
23.) Here, in contrast, such findings were made by the requisite clear and convincing
evidence. Accordingly, father was afforded due process. (See Cynthia D. v. Superior
Court (1993) 5 Cal.4th 242, 254-256.)
Father also contends that the detriment findings as to him were deficient.
However, because detriment findings were made—in contrast to the situation in In re
T.G., supra, 215 Cal.App.4th 1—father was required to address any perceived
deficiencies in those findings in a direct appeal from the disposition order or the
subsequent periodic review orders (§ 395), or to file a writ petition from the order
terminating services and setting the matter for a section 366.26 hearing. Because he did
11
not do so,3 his contentions as to the factual or legal insufficiency of those orders are not
cognizable in this appeal. (§ 366.26, subd. (l)(1), (l)(2); Cal. Rules of Court, rule
5.695(h).)
2.
NEITHER PARENT MET THE BURDEN OF PROOF WITH RESPECT TO THE
BENEFICIAL PARENT-CHILD EXCEPTION
Both parents contend that the juvenile court should have found that the beneficial
parental relationship exception to the statutory preference for adoption applied and that
the order terminating their parental rights must be reversed.
“Adoption must be selected as the permanent plan for an adoptable child and
parental rights terminated unless the court finds ‘a compelling reason for determining that
termination would be detrimental to the child due to one or more of the following
circumstances: [¶] (i) The parents have maintained regular visitation and contact with
the child and the child would benefit from continuing the relationship. . . .’ (§ 366.26,
subd. (c)(1)(B).)” (In re Bailey J. (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 1308, 1314 (Bailey J.).)
Under these provisions, “the court must order adoption and its necessary consequence,
termination of parental rights, unless one of the specified circumstances provides a
compelling reason for finding that termination of parental rights would be detrimental to
the child. The specified statutory circumstances . . . ‘must be considered in view of the
3 We take judicial notice that father filed a “no issue” writ, and that we dismissed the petition on November 5, 2012. (J.O. v. Superior Court, E057260; Evid. Code, § 452, subd. (b).)
12
legislative preference for adoption when reunification efforts have failed.’” (In re
Celine R. (2003) 31 Cal.4th 45, 53, italics added (Celine R.).) “‘Adoption is the
Legislature’s first choice because it gives the child the best chance at [a full] emotional
commitment from a responsible caretaker.’” (Ibid.)
The parent has the burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that
a statutory exception to adoption applies. (Bailey J., supra, 189 Cal.App.4th at p. 1314.)
The parent must show both that a beneficial parental relationship exists and that severing
that relationship would result in great harm to the child. (Id. at pp. 1314-1315.) A
juvenile court’s finding that the beneficial parental relationship exception does not apply
is reviewed in part under the substantial evidence standard and in part for abuse of
discretion: The factual finding, i.e., whether a beneficial parental relationship exists, is
reviewed for substantial evidence, while the court’s determination that the relationship
does or does not constitute a “compelling reason” (Celine R., supra, 31 Cal.4th at p. 53)
for finding that termination of parental rights would be detrimental is reviewed for abuse
of discretion. (Bailey J., at pp. 1314-1315.)
Both parents argue that substantial evidence supports the conclusion that a
beneficial parental relationship existed. However, since it is the parent who bears the
burden of producing evidence of the existence of a beneficial parental relationship, it is
not enough that the evidence supported such a finding; the question on appeal is whether
the evidence compels such a finding as a matter of law. (In re I.W. (2009) 180
Cal.App.4th 1517, 1528.) As the court in In re I.W. discussed, the substantial evidence
rule is typically implicated when a defendant contends that the plaintiff succeeded at trial
13
in spite of insufficient evidence. When, however, the trier of fact has expressly or
implicitly concluded that the party with the burden of proof did not carry the burden and
that party appeals, “it is misleading to characterize the failure-of-proof issue as whether
substantial evidence supports the judgment. This follows because such a characterization
is conceptually one that allows an attack on (1) the evidence supporting the party who
had no burden of proof, and (2) the trier of fact’s unassailable conclusion that the party
with the burden did not prove one or more elements of the case [citations]. [¶] Thus,
where the issue on appeal turns on a failure of proof at trial, the question for a reviewing
court becomes whether the evidence compels a finding in favor of the appellant as a
matter of law. [Citations.] Specifically, the question becomes whether the [parent’s]
evidence was (1) uncontradicted and unimpeached and (2) of such character and weight
as to leave no room for a judicial determination that it was insufficient to support a
finding [in the parent’s favor]. [Citation.]” (Ibid., internal quotations marks omitted.)
Accordingly, unless the undisputed facts established the existence of a beneficial
relationship as a matter of law, a substantial evidence challenge to this component of the
Here, there is evidence which arguably would have supported a finding that a
beneficial parental relationship existed between O.N. and her parents. The evidence
showed that both acted in a parental manner while visiting O.N., that O.N. called them
“mama” and “dada,” and that she shared a bond with both parents. And, we agree with
mother that the existence of a beneficial parental relationship does not depend on the
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child having a primary attachment to the parent or on the parent being the child’s primary
caretaker. Rather, the exception may apply if the child has a “substantial, positive
emotional attachment” to the parent. (In re Autumn H. (1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 567, 575.)
However, even if the juvenile court could have found that O.N. shared a beneficial
relationship with her parents, that does not mean that the evidence compelled such a
finding. It did not.
In any event, even if we assume, for the sake of argument, that the evidence does
compel the conclusion that a beneficial parental relationship existed, the ultimate
question we must decide is whether the juvenile court abused its discretion by failing to
find that termination of parental rights would be so detrimental to O.N. as to overcome
the strong legislative preference for adoption. That decision is entrusted to the sound
discretion of the juvenile court. (Bailey J., supra, 189 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1314-1315.)
We cannot find an abuse of discretion unless the juvenile court exceeded the bounds of
reason. (In re Stephanie M. (1994) 7 Cal.4th 295, 318-319.) “‘“When two or more
inferences can reasonably be deduced from the facts, the reviewing court has no authority
to substitute its decision for that of the trial court.”’” (Id. at p. 319.)
Here, O.N. was removed from her parents’ custody as a newborn and she never
lived with them. She was only a year and a half old when parental rights were
terminated, and she had never spent even a single night in the parents’ home. Even
though she called them “mama” and “dada,” it is not clear that she actually understood
that they were her parents or viewed them as parental figures. There was no evidence
whatsoever that O.N. would suffer great detriment if parental rights were terminated.
15
Consequently, we cannot say it was an abuse of discretion to fail to conclude that the
exception did not apply.
Both parents liken this case to In re S.B. (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 289. In that case,
the appellate court reversed a termination order, holding that, contrary to the juvenile
court’s ruling, the only reasonable inference from the evidence was that the beneficial
parental relationship exception applied. In reaching that decision, the court noted that the
father maintained regular, consistent and appropriate visitation with the child; he was the
child’s primary caretaker for three years; when she was removed from his custody he
immediately acknowledged his drug use was untenable, started services, maintained his
sobriety, sought medical and psychoanalytic services and complied with every aspect of
his case plan; and after a year apart the child continued to display a strong attachment to
her father. (Id. at p. 298.) The court stated: “The record shows S.B. loved her father,
wanted their relationship to continue and derived some measure of benefit from his visits.
Based on this record, the only reasonable inference is that S.B. would be greatly harmed
by the loss of her significant, positive relationship with [her father].” (Id. at pp. 300-301,
italics added.) However, the same court which decided In re S.B. later warned that it was
an extraordinary case and must be viewed in light of its particular facts. The court
emphasized that the opinion “does not, of course, stand for the proposition that a
termination order is subject to reversal whenever there is ‘some measure of benefit’ in
continued contact between parent and child.” (In re Jason J. (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th
922, 937; see also In re C.F. (2011) 193 Cal.App.4th 549, 557-559.) Rather, there must
be evidence that the relationship “promotes the well-being of the child to such a degree as
16
to outweigh the well-being the child would gain in a permanent home with new, adoptive
parents” and that severance of the relationship “would deprive the child of a substantial,
positive emotional attachment such that the child would be greatly harmed.” (In re
Autumn H., supra, 27 Cal.App.4th at p. 575.) Here, there simply is no such evidence.
Mother also cites In re Brandon C. (1999) 71 Cal.App.4th 1530. Brandon C.,
however, is a social services agency’s appeal from an order for guardianship rather than
adoption based on the beneficial parental relationship exception. (Id. at p. 1533.) In that
case, the court held that substantial evidence supported the juvenile court’s decision to
find the exception applicable. (Id. at pp. 1534-1538.) The question before us, however,
is whether the juvenile court abused its discretion by finding the exception not applicable.
Brandon C. does not provide any guidance on that issue.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
McKINSTER Acting P. J. We concur:
RICHLI J.
CODRINGTON J.
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AI Brief
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Holding. The court affirmed the termination of parental rights, holding that the parents failed to meet their burden of proving the beneficial parental relationship exception to adoption and that the father was not denied substantive due process.
Issues
Whether the father was denied substantive due process by the termination of his parental rights.
Whether the juvenile court erred in finding that the beneficial parental relationship exception to adoption did not apply.
Disposition. Affirmed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“The parent has the burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that a statutory exception to adoption applies.”
“The parent must show both that a beneficial parental relationship exists and that severing that relationship would result in great harm to the child.”
“There was no evidence whatsoever that O.N. would suffer great detriment if parental rights were terminated.”