SPENCE, J. I dissent. Being one of those who would favor the enactment of appropriate legislation providing generally for the survival of practically all tort actions, it is with some reluctance that I take a position contrary to that reached in the majority opinion. The functions of this court, however, are judicial rather than legislative, and in my view the majority opinion has invaded the legislative field through the guise of judicial construction.
It is a matter of common knowledge that the question of whether our law should be changed so as to provide generally for the survival of tort actions has been for some time a highly controversial subject in this state. Legislative bills, embodying proposed general survival legislation, have been introduced at every session of the Legislature over a long period of years. Yet none of these bills has ever been enacted. Numerous law review articles have been written on the subject, some of which are cited in the majority opinion, and the writers of these articles have almost invariably been strong advocates of general survival legislation. None of these writers has suggested that any general survival legislation has ever been enacted in this state or that the adoption of the provisions of the Probate Code in 1931 (Stats. 1931, p. 587 et seq.) had the effect of changing the settled rule that an action for wrongful death did not survive the death of the tort feasor. (Clark v. Goodwin, 170 Cal. 527 [150 P. 357, L.R.A. 1916A, 1142]; see, also, De La Torre v. Johnson, 200 Cal. 754 [254 P. 1105]; Singley v. Bigelow, 108 Cal.App. 436 [291 P. 899] ; Severns v. California Highway Indemnity Exch., 100 Cal.App. 384 [280 P. 213].) Yet the majority opinion, by seizing upon the single word “property,” as used in section 574 of the Probate Code, and by ignoring the context, construes that section as a general survival statute accomplishing practically everything which has been sought through the years by the sponsors of general survival legislation, and perhaps more. To these sponsors the majority [298]opinion will come as a distinct surprise, for they will learn for the first time that their attempts to obtain general survival legislation in each session of the Legislature held since the adoption of the Probate Code in 1931, have been wholly unnecessary, as such general survival legislation had been enacted, without coming to their attention, as part of that code. Their surprise will no doubt be shared by the legislators who voted for the enactment of the Probate Code as well as by the members of the bench and bar.
The Wording of Section 574 of the Prohate Code
Section 574 of the Probate Code, which is the section upon which the majority opinion relies, reads as follows: “Executors and administrators may maintain an action against any person who has wasted, destroyed, taken, or carried away, or converted to his own use, the property of their testator or intestate, in his lifetime, or committed any trespass on the real property of the decedent in his lifetime; and any person, or the personal representative of any person, may maintain an action against the executor or administrator of any testator or intestate who in his lifetime has wasted, destroyed, taken, or carried away, or converted to his own use, the property of any such person or committed any trespass on the real property of such person.”
This section is not ambiguous and there is no need to journey beyond its plain terms in order to reach the conclusion that it has no application to the situation before us. Insofar as it relates to the survival of tort actions after the death of the tort feasor, it applies only to actions against the personal representative of a deceased tort feasor “who in his lifetime has wasted, destroyed, taken, or carried away, or converted to his own use, the property” of another “or committed any trespass on the real property” of another.
The majority opinion reaches in two steps its conclusion that the cause of action pleaded here survived the death of the tort feasor. In taking the first step, it lays the entire stress upon the word “property”; gives that word its broadest possible connotation, without regard to the words which surround and qualify it; and thereby construes the section as though it provides for the survival, after the death of the tort feasor, of any tort action involving any “injury” to any “property right” or to any “pecuniary interest” or to the “estate” of another. None of the last quoted words or phrases may be found in the language used in the section. The ma[299]jority opinion then takes the second step by holding that plaintiffs had a “property right” in the duty of support owed to them by the deceased victim and that plaintiffs have therefore suffered an injury to their “estate” by the act of the deceased tort feasor. It is unnecessary to discuss the second step as the language of the section does not warrant the first step, which is essential to reaching the ultimate conclusion.
It may be freely conceded that the word “property” may be used in different senses but in Ponsonby v. Sacramento Suburban Fruit Lands Co., 210 Cal. 229 [291 P. 167], cited in the majority opinion, it is said on page 232 that “its meaning in any case must be determined by ascertaining the sense in which it was used.” And on page 233, the court concluded, with respect to the problem there involved, that “There is nothing to qualify the expression either in the code section in which it was used or in any other related section. ’ ’
It is thus proper to keep in mind a cardinal rule of construction, recognized in the Ponsonby case, when reading section 574 with the purpose of determining the meaning of the word “property” as there used. That rule, supported by abundant authority, is stated in 23 California Jurisprudence, page 748, as follows: “As words do not always mean the same thing, they should not be considered separately or abstractly, but the context should be consulted for the purpose of ascertaining the precise meaning intended or the particular purpose for which a doubtful word or phrase was employed.”
When section 574 is examined in the light of this rule, the words “wasted, destroyed, taken, or carried away, or converted to his own use” cannot be ignored. Those words make it clear that the word “property,” as used in that section, relates only to tangible property which is capable of being “wasted, destroyed, taken, or carried away, or converted” to one’s own use. In other words, the fact that the section covers only certain limited classes of tortious conduct necessarily requires that the meaning of the word “property” be limited to that class of property to which such tortious conduct may be related. It follows that the context of the section prohibits the extremely broad construction which is given to the word “property” in the majority opinion.
But assuming that it might be said that a mere reading of section 574 as a whole does not make its meaning entirely clear, it is proper to resort to the history of the section and [300]to the official report of the Code Commission as aids to its construction. “The courts have given considerable weight to the notes of the code commissioners in the construction of code provisions.” (23 Cal.Jur. 794, and cases cited.)
Statutory Provisions Prior to 1931
Prior to the adoption of the Probate Code in 1931, substantially the same provisions that are now found in sections 573 and 574 of the Probate Code were embodied in the former sections 1582, 1583 and 1584 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
Section 1582, so far as pertinent, provided that actions “for the recovery of any property, real or personal, or for the possession thereof, or to quiet title thereto ’ ’ could be maintained by or against executors and administrators.
Section 1583 provided that executors and administrators could maintain actions “against any person who has wasted, destroyed, taken, or carried away, or converted to his own use, the goods of their testator or intestate, in his lifetime” and also “actions for trespass committed on the real estate of the decedent in his lifetime. ’ ’
Section 1584 provided that an action could be maintained “against the executor or administrator of any testator or intestate who in his lifetime has wasted, destroyed, taken, or carried away, or converted to his own use, the goods and chattels of any such person, or committed any trespass on the real estate of such person.”
It is entirely clear from a reading of those sections of the Code of Civil Procedure, as they existed before their repeal in 1931, that they provided only for the maintenance by and against executors and administrators of certain limited types of actions involving tangible property. Those sections appear to have been nothing more than a reenactment, in statutory form, of the common law rules as modified by the English statutes, which common law rules are referred to in the majority opinion. In any event, it was held that those sections had no bearing whatever upon the question of whether an action for wrongful death survived the death of the tort feasor. (Clark v. Goodwin, supra, 170 Cal. 527; see, also, Singley v. Bigelow, supra, 108 Cal.App. 436.)
It will be noted that the terminology was not uniform. The word “property” was used in section 1582; the word “goods” was used in section 1583; and the words “goods and chattels” were used in section 1584,
[301] The 1930 Report of the Code Commission and the Enactment of the Prohate Code in 1931
In 1931 the Code Commission, which was created by Statutes 1929, chapter 750, filed its report proposing the adoption of a Probate Code. (Appendix to Journals of Senate & Assembly, California, Forty-Ninth Session, 1931, vol. 2.)
The proposed code is found commencing at page 25 of the report, and the proposed sections 573 and 574 are found at page 86. It was proposed that the provisions of the former section 1582 of the Code of Civil Procedure should be carried into a section to be numbered 573 of the proposed Probate Code, and that the provisions of the former sections 1583 and 1584 of the Code of Civil Procedure should be carried, with slight changes in wording, into a single section to be numbered 574 of the proposed Probate Code. The proposed slight changes involved making uniform use of the word “property” in the proposed sections 573 and 574 of the Probate Code. Thus, it was proposed that the word “property” should replace the word “goods,” formerly appearing in section 1583, and should also replace the words “goods and chattels,” formerly appearing in section 1584. It was also proposed that the term “real property” should be substituted for the term “real estate,” formerly appearing in both sections 1583 and 1584.
The absence of any intention on the part of the Code Commission to propose any change in substance by the mere uniform use of the word “property” in the proposed sections is made manifest by examining other portions of the commission’s report to the Legislature. The report contains a cross-index reference table, which is found at page 30 et seq. (see, also, Deering’s Prob. Code, Ann., p. xliii), which table purports to show the origin of the various proposals and also the proposed changes, if any, in the existing law. On page 34, the proposed sections 573 and 574 are listed as having their origin in sections 1582,1583 and 1584 of the Code of Civil Procedure but no change in the existing law is noted. The report also contains a statement concerning the powers and functions of the Code Commission. On page 10, it is said: “By the statute creating the Code Commission, its powers are limited to preparing such ‘restatement as would best serve clearly and correctly to express the existing provisions of law, ’ and it is not within the province of the Code Commission to embody in its report any substantial changes in the existing law. Nor would [302]it be proper for the Code Commission to recommend changes where there may be real differences of opinion as to matters of policy.”
The Legislature received the Code Commission’s report and, in line with the recommendations contained therein, enacted the Probate Code, including sections 573 and 574, which sections were enacted in the precise form proposed by the Code Commission. (Stats. 1931, p. 618.)
Effect of the Enactment of Sections 573 and 57i of the Prolate Code
It is entirely clear that the Probate Code was proposed ánd enacted as a recodification or revision of existing law. It does not appear that it was intended by the Code Commission or the Legislature that any change should be made in the then existing law found in sections 1582,1583 and 1584 of the Code of Civil Procedure, and there is nothing in the wording of sections 573 and 574 of the Probate Code which indicates that these sections should be construed as effecting any such change. But if it should be conceded that the language of section 574 leaves doubt as to its meaning, this court should adhere to what was said in De La Torre v. Johnson, supra, 200 Cal. 754. It was there claimed that the provisions of section 26 of the Workmen’s Compensation, Insurance and Safety Act (Stats. 1917, p. 831, as amended in 1919, Stats. 1919, p. 920) had the effect of causing the action to survive the death of the tort feasor. On page 760 this court said, in repudiating appellant’s construction of that section: “The justification for following appellant in so wide a departure from the long approved rules of law should rest upon express statutory language or upon inferences arising out of the language of the act under construction which are so convincing as to leave no doubt as to legislative intent.” It therefore follows that there is no justification in the present case for giving to section 574 of the Probate Code the meaning and effect attributed to it by the majority opinion.
Support for the last mentioned conclusion is found in section 2 of the Probate Code, which specifically provides: ‘ ‘ The provisions of this code, so far as they are substantially the same as existing statutes, must be construed as continuations thereof, and not as new enactments.” Sections 573 and 574 are substantially the same as the previously existing statutes, the slight changes proposed by the Code Commission being in line with its declared purpose to prepare such “re[303]statement as would best serve clearly and correctly to express the existing provisions of law.”
In commenting upon section 2 of the Probate Code, the court said in Childs v. Gross, 41 Cal.App.2d 680, at page 687 [107 P.2d 424], that the rule of construction laid down in that section follows the weight of authority, and the court then quoted approvingly from 59 Corpus Juris, page 894, section 493, the following:
“ ‘A mere change of phraseology, or punctuation, or the addition or omission of words in the revision or codification of statutes, does not necessarily change the operation or effect thereof, and will not be deemed to do so unless the intent to make such change is clear and unmistakable. Usually a revision of statutes simply iterates the former declaration of legislative will. No presumption arises from changes of this character that the revisers or the legislature in adopting the revision intended to change the existing law; but the presumption is to the contrary, unless an intent to change it clearly appears. The reasons assigned are that the changes made by the revision may usually be accounted for by the desire to render the provisions more concise and simple, and to bring the laws into some system and uniformity. ’ ” . . .
“ ‘No rule of statutory construction rests upon better reasoning than that, in the revision of statutes, alteration of phraseology, the omission or addition of words, will not necessarily change the operation or construction of former statutes. The language of the statute as revised, or the legislative intent to change the former statute, must be clear before it can be pronounced that there is a change of such statute in construction and operation. Langford v. Dunklin, 71 Ala. 594, 609 (quoting Cole v. Sloss-Sheffield Steel, etc. Co., 65 So. 177, 178, 186 Ala. 192, Ann. Cas. 1916-E, 99).’ ”
Additional support for the conclusion that section 574 cannot be given the construction placed upon it in the majority opinion is found in Gerberich v. Southern Cal. Edison Co., 26 Cal.App.2d 471 [79 P.2d 783], That case involved an appeal from a judgment notwithstanding the verdict in an action brought by the father of an injured minor, to recover for the loss of earnings of said minor and for medical expenses incurred. The father died before trial and a special administratrix had been appointed. The court stated the point raised by said administratrix to be that “the estate of the original plaintiff became diminished in value by reason of medical expenses and loss of services and hence, it is urged [304]by appellant, the estate is entitled to recoup the loss.” The court quoted in full sections 573 and 574 of the Probate Code, and then said at page 483: “That such an action did not survive at common law requires no citation of authority, and the sections above quoted contain no such authority. ’ ’
Authorities Cited in the Majority Opinion
No particular comment is required on the cited authorities from other jurisdictions, which authorities were decided under different statutory provisions. Reference should be made, however, to three California cases cited in the majority opinion.
Leavitt v. Gibson, 3 Cal.2d 90 [43 P. 2d 1091]; Evans v. Gibson, 220 Cal. 476 [31 P.2d 389]; and Vragnizan v. Savings Union Bank & T. Co., 31 Cal.App. 709 [161 P. 507], were fraud cases which were decided without reference to any comparable statutory provisions. The question of the survival was discussed at length only in the Vragnizan ease, and that discussion demonstrates that fraud cases occupy an anomalous position in their relation to the matter of survival. The following portion of that discussion, appearing at pages 711 and 712, shows the basis of the decisions in the fraud cases:
“. . . The true test is not so much the form of the action as the nature of the cause of action. When the action arises out of a tort, unconnected with contract, and which affects the person only and not the estate—such as assault and battery, false imprisonment, malicious prosecution, personal injuries— the action is purely personal and abates with the death of the wrongdoer. But when the action is virtually founded upon contract, though nominally in tort, it survives against the tort-feasor’s legal representatives. (1 Cyc. 60; 1 C.J. 340, 362; 1 R.C.L. 22; Lee v. Hill, 87 Va. 497, [24 Am.St.Rep. 666, 12 S.E. 1052]; Payne’s Appeal, 65 Conn. 397, [48 Am. St.Rep. 215, 33 L.R.A. 418, 32 A. 948].) And in the case of a tort resulting in the wrongful acquisition of personal property, the law imposing on the wrongdoer the duty of returning that property to the owner, the obligation at common law might be treated as quasi contractual, and the neglect to perform it a breach of such contract; in which case the damage resulting from the tort is substantially the value of the property, and the damage resulting from the breach of contract is measured substantially in the same way. Similarly, in determining the question of survival, at common law the sub[305]stantial cause of action might properly be treated as founded in contract. (1 R.C.L. 24.)”
It thus appears that in fraud cases the authorities have held that the actions survived either upon the theory that the action was founded upon contract, although involving a tort, or upon the theory that the law created a quasi contractual obligation in order to prevent unjust enrichment. These theories are somewhat similar to those underlying the opinions of this court in Philpott v. Superior Court, 1 Cal.2d 512 [36 P.2d 635, 95 A.L.R. 990], and McCall v. Superior Court, 1 Cal.2d 527 [36 P.2d 642, 95 A.L.R. 1019]. In the present ease, however, the survival of the action cannot be predicated upon either a contractual or quasi contractual theory and therefore the fraud cases are not helpful.
Conclusion
It is my conclusion that the construction placed upon section 574 in the majority opinion is wholly unwarranted and erroneous. Such construction does violence to the language of the section, to the obvious intention of the Code Commission and the Legislature in proposing and enacting the section, to settled rules of construction, and to the express mandate of section 2 of the Probate Code.
The authorities cited in Clark v. Goodwin, supra, 170 Cal. 527, are but a few of the many which establish the settled rule of law that in the absence of an express statutory provision providing for survival, actions for wrongful death do not survive the death of the tort feasor. We have no such express statutory provision providing for survival in this state, and regardless of the views of this court concerning the desirability of the enactment of such legislation, it is not the function of this court to usurp the powers of the Legislature. As was said by this court in the Clark case at page 531: “. . . Arguments as to the wisdom or justice of a plain rule of law should be addressed to the legislative department of the state, rather than to the courts, which, if they confine themselves to the limits marked for them by the constitution, will not attempt to usurp the powers of the legislative department.”
In my opinion, the judgment should be affirmed.
Edmonds, J., and Schauer, J., concurred.
Respondent’s petition for a rehearing was denied July 2, 1946. Edmonds, J., Schauer, J., and Spence, J., voted for a rehearing.