Opinion
MORENO, J. We granted the request of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit to answer two related questions of law. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 29.8.) (1) May attorney fees, as provided for in Code of Civil Procedure section 1021.5 and Government Code section 12965, subdivision (b), be awarded where the plaintiff has been the “catalyst” in bringing about the relief sought by the litigation? (2) If the catalyst theory is viable under California law, will that theory support an award of attorney fees where the plaintiff “activates” the defendant to modify its behavior; or does California law require a judicially recognized change in the legal relationship between the parties, such as a judgment on the merits, a consent decree, or a judicially ordered settlement?
The facts, as described in the request for decision, are as follows: The City of Los Angeles (the City), appeals from the district court’s order of September 21, 2001, awarding interim catalyst attorney fees and costs, under California law, to plaintiffs, Terry Tipton-Whittingham et al. The case filed in the district court is a class action on behalf of women officers and women civil employees of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) who allege they have been subjected to discrimination on the basis of sex and/or race. Plaintiffs sought injunctive relief and damages pursuant to federal and state constitutional claims, federal and state statutory claims, and state tort claims.
After the case was filed, the parties entered into settlement discussions leading to a consent decree that later was revoked by United States District Judge Keller. Thereafter, plaintiffs began new settlement discussions with the newly appointed LAPD Chief, Bernard C. Parks. Those talks did not result in any contractual or court-ordered agreement. Instead, the LAPD voluntarily instituted several changes directed toward antidiscrimination. Noting that the changes were very similar to the original consent decree, plaintiffs represented to the district court that their injunctive relief claims were moot as they had been “resolved informally through negotiations that have not resulted in a formal agreement between the parties, but have resulted in comprehensive change sufficient to moot plaintiffs’ claims.” On a joint motion of the parties, the district court dismissed plaintiffs’ claims for injunctive relief. Approximately one year later, plaintiffs moved for attorney fees and costs under California Code of Civil Procedure section 1021.5 and the Fair Employment and Housing Act (FEHA), Government Code section [608129]65, subdivision (b). They asserted they had prevailed on their state and federal injunctive relief claims as evidenced by the City’s policy changes, and they contended their efforts had brought about those changes. United States District Judge Terry J. Hatter, Jr., granted the motion, awarding plaintiffs costs and more than $1,703,383 in attorney fees. The City did not appeal from that order and in fact paid the award in the fall of 2000.
On July 20, 2001, the City moved for reconsideration of the district court’s order in light of the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Buckhannon Board & Care Home, Inc. v. West Virginia Dept. of Health and Human Resources (2001) 532 U.S. 598 [149 L.Ed.2d 855, 121 S.Ct. 1835], which rejected the catalyst theory as a legal basis for the recovery of prevailing-party attorney fees under certain federal statutes. The district court granted the City’s motion for reconsideration, denied plaintiffs attorney fees and costs under federal law, but upheld the entire award under California law. The Ninth Circuit then certified to this court the above questions pertaining to the viability of the catalyst theory under California law.
For the reasons explained in the companion case of Graham v. DaimlerChrysler Corporation (2004) 34 Cal.4th 553 [21 Cal.Rptr.3d 331], we answer the questions as follows. California law continues to recognize the catalyst theory and does not require “a judicially recognized change in the legal relationship between the parties” as a prerequisite for obtaining attorney fees under Code of Civil Procedure section 1021.5. In order to obtain attorney fees without such a judicially recognized change in the legal relationship between the parties, a plaintiff must establish that (1) the lawsuit was a catalyst motivating the defendants to provide the primary relief sought; (2) that the lawsuit had merit and achieved its catalytic effect by threat of victory, not by dint of nuisance and threat of expense,' as elaborated in Graham; and (3) that the plaintiffs reasonably attempted to settle the litigation prior to filing the lawsuit.
Because this case concerns a public entity, we emphasize another critical limitation first articulated when we originally recognized the catalyst theory over 20 years ago. In Westside Community for Independent Living, Inc. v. Obledo (1983) 33 Cal.3d 348 [188 Cal.Rptr. 873, 657 P.2d 365], we considered a suit demanding the defendant Secretary of the Health and Welfare Agency establish guidelines implementing legislation that would prohibit various types of discrimination by state-funded programs. We found no causal connection between the lawsuit and the eventual issuance of those regulations, the process of which was already well under way when the lawsuit was filed. The majority rejected as a factual matter the dissent’s argument that the lawsuit expedited the issuance of the regulations, but went on to state that even if that were true, attorney fees should not be awarded. As [609]this court stated: “[A]warding attorney fees to plaintiffs on the basis of the expedited [promulgation of regulations] would have detrimental consequences for the public in future lawsuits involving similar causes of action against public agencies. Once an agency was sued, it would refrain from taking any steps that it would normally take to accelerate the promulgation process, for fear that its actions would be perceived by the court as having been induced by the litigation. To avoid the possibility of having to pay attorney fees, the agency would strictly adhere to the original timetable that it had set for completing its work. This would deprive the public of the benefit to be gained from a speedier promulgation of the regulations.” (Id. at p. 354, fn. 6.)
We reiterate Westside Community's holding. Attorney fees may not be obtained, generally speaking, by merely causing the acceleration of the issuance of government regulations or remedial measures, when the process of issuing those regulations or undertaking those measures was ongoing at the time the litigation was filed. When a government agency is given discretion as to the timing of performing some action, the fact that a lawsuit may accelerate that performance does not by itself establish eligibility for attorney fees.
The City argues that the catalyst theory will deter public agencies from making voluntary policy changes after litigation has been filed. As noted above, we have adopted the requirement that a plaintiff attempt to settle its grievance short of litigation. Thus, for example, when the responsible authorities of a public agency are unaware of a discriminatory policy by their subordinates, prompt correction of this policy once it is brought to their attention will avoid payment of attorney fees. Moreover, when a government agency is clearly given discretion to choose among a number of courses of action, the fact that it chooses to exercise its discretion in a manner favorable to a plaintiff in a lawsuit filed against it does not mean that its actions were required by law.
The certified question also asks about the viability of the catalyst theory under Government Code section 12965, subdivision (b), a part of the FEHA. That subdivision states, in pertinent part: “In actions brought under this section, the court, in its discretion, may award to the prevailing party reasonable attorney’s fees and costs .. ..” The FEHA is, inter alia, a statutory expression of the fundamental policy against employment discrimination. (Flannery v. Prentice (2001) 26 Cal.4th 572, 584 [110 Cal.Rptr.2d 809, 28 P.3d 860].) “[S]ection 12965 [attorney] fees are intended to provide ‘fair [610]compensation to the parties involved in the litigation at hand and encourage[] litigation of claims that in the public interest merit litigation.’ ” (Ibid.) In deciding whether to, and how to, award attorney fees under section 12965, subdivision (b), courts will look to the rules set forth in cases interpreting section 1021.5. (See, e.g., Greene v. Dillingham Construction N.A., Inc. (2002) 101 Cal.App.4th 418, 422 [124 Cal.Rptr.2d 250]; Weeks v. Baker & McKenzie (1998) 63 Cal.App.4th 1128, 1172 [74 Cal.Rptr.2d 510].)
In light of similarities in language and purpose between Code of Civil Procedure section 1021.5 and Government Code section 12965, subdivision (b), we conclude that the catalyst theory, as articulated above, should apply to the award of fees under the latter statute. The City’s argument to the contrary is based primarily on the meaning of the term “prevailing party.” As explained in Graham, “prevailing party” and “successful party” are synonymous terms, and neither preclude the application of the catalyst theory in an attorney fee statute nor require that the successful or prevailing party obtain a court judgment. Nor do we accept the argument that anything in prior case law or legislative history binds us to accept the most recent interpretation of similar federal statutes by the United States Supreme Court. We therefore affirm that the catalyst theory, as articulated in Graham and above, fully applies to fees awarded under Government Code, section 12965, subdivision (b).
George, C. J., Kennard, J., and Werdegar, J., concurred.