Opinion
SIMS, J. In this case, we confront the formidable task of making sense out of the California Education Code. (Statutory references are to this code unless otherwise indicated.) Among other things, we consider when a teacher demonstrates “evident unfitness for service” within the meaning of subdivision (a)(5) of section 44932.1
Procedural Background
Appellant Edward F. Zuber, a permanent certificated employee of respondent Woodland Joint Unified School District (District), was served by the District with notice of intent to dismiss him from his position as an English teacher at Douglass Junior High School on grounds of “evident unfitness for service” and “Persistent. . . refusal to obey the school laws of the state or reasonable regulations prescribed for the government of the public schools by the State Board of Education or by the governing board of the school district.” (§ 44932, subds. (a)(5), (a)(7).)
The charges against Zuber fell into the following categories: failure to follow proper procedures for disciplining students, writing sarcastic and belittling notes about students, insulting students in class, using profanity in [1435]class, behaving rudely and contemptuously toward parents, making sarcastic remarks about other teachers in the hearing of students, displaying insubordination and disrespect toward administrators, bullying and threatening other teachers, and disrupting the grading process by interfering with the grading policy of a substitute who took over one of his classes.2
A commission on professional competence (Commission), convened to hear the charges pursuant to section 44944, found some to be unsupported by the evidence and the rest insufficient to justify dismissal; accordingly it dismissed the District’s accusation.
The District filed a petition for writ of mandate with the Yolo County Superior Court, challenging certain findings of the Commission and requesting the trial court make a further finding that the pattern and course of Zuber’s conduct showed him temperamentally unfit to teach, so that his continued employment would pose a substantial danger to faculty, administrators, students, and parents. After reviewing the entire record and exercising its independent judgment on the evidence pursuant to section 44945, the trial court issued a statement of decision and judgment in favor of the District, making the following findings of fact:3
“Finding No. 10: On or about January 8, 1986, Zuber was approached in the faculty lounge by Barbara French ... a substitute teacher, who was upset that Zuber had sent a note to Principal Parker suggesting that Ms. French detain her students after school, rather than during the first part of the student’s period. French confronted Zuber and in a determined posture, suggested that he come to her directly in the future with faculty problems, rather than approach the administration. French was upset because she felt insulted by Zuber’s note to Parker. In a voice loud enough for other teachers to hear, French told Zuber to the effect, ‘in the future, I would appreciate it if you have a problem with my students that you approach me.’ Zuber became incensed and at some point in a voice loud enough for other faculty members to hear stated, T don’t give a shit what you think.’ Later in the argument he said, ‘First, you’re a woman and second I don’t care.’ Zuber placed his face inches away from the face of French and shouted after her as she walked away, ‘and you know where you can put that too!’ [f] Zuber was subsequently ordered by Principal Parker to apologize to Ms. French. He did [1436]so, but only in a sarcastic tone. That [sic] at the end of the school year each apologized to the other at a cocktail party.
“Finding No. 12: Between January 6th [sic] and February 7, 1986, Zuber referred a total of 15 of his students to Vice-Principal Jerry Courier for discipline. On many of the referral slips which the students were required to carry to the office and present to administrators, Zuber wrote sarcastic and belittling comments about his students. On several occasions he provided no explanation as to why he wanted the student punished. The sarcastic comments to the students were on two specific occasions, at least, comical in nature but quite belittling to the students.
“Finding No. 17: HQ The evidence establishes that Zuber was confrontational and contemptuous in dealing with the administration at Douglass Junior High School. That [sic] he challenged Vice-Prinicipal Courier on February 11 and May 14, 1986, in an aggressive and belligerent manner. Zuber wrote an angry letter to Courier on May 19, 1986, questioning Courier’s competence and administrative knowledge. This was contributed to in part by memos of Courier dated February 10 and May 14, 1986 which contained mistakes and incorrect information. However, Zuber’s conduct was angry and belligerent when confronting Courier in the administration building lobby in front of parents, students and staff. Soon thereafter he wrote a memorandum to Courier containing inappropriate and sarcastic references to Courier’s ‘obvious lack of knowledge.’ HQ The Vice-Principal’s memos contained only minor errors, and were insufficient to excuse Zuber’s acts of aggression and open hostility to the school administrator. This was observed by both parents and students, and it disrupted the educational process.
“Finding No. 18: [f] On April 28,1986 Zuber wrote a letter to Principal Parker in response to a parent’s complaint and the subsequent handling of the complaint by the administration. In this letter Zuber referred to a proper reprimand by Principal Parker for his rude treatment of the mother of a student. Zuber’s letter contained a series of personal attacks on Principal Parker and another teacher whom he castigated with foul language, approaching the profane. Undoubtedly it was an expression of Zuber’s opinion in this matter. H[] On May 13, 1986 Zuber wrote a second letter to Parker in response to Parker’s evaluation of him. The tone of this letter was hostile, critical, and contemptuous. It is true that the evaluation by Parker was later determined by an arbitrator to be improper and in violation of the collective bargaining agreement. HQ Despite the fact that Zuber prevailed in that difference of opinion with the administration the conduct and the letters by [1437]Zuber relating to this matter are matters of great concern. In the faculty lounge, Zuber waived [szc] his evaluation in the air, announcing to the other teachers that he was going ‘to get’ Parker and that it was going to be fun to do so. In his written response to Parker’s evaluation it [sz'c], among other things, referred to Parker as an individual who does not possess the necessary skills for an honest and contractually secure evaluation, nor inclined to accept responsibility of leadership in the development and maintenance of an effective plant; refers to Parker’s ‘limited administrative skills, obvious lack of dedication to the school site, and laissez-faire approach to policy application’; and, in reference to Parker, that ‘before a man can be a good carpenter, he has to be smarter than the wood’; accused Parker of having ‘unmitigated gall’ for criticizing his teaching presentation, and characterized administrative support of teachers at Douglas [>zc] to be ‘a myth at best and professionally odious on most occasions.’ [f] While the letters and verbal discussions in the faculty lounge do not demonstrate insubordination they circumstantially evidence an unwillingness to accept administrative direction.
“Finding No. 20: [K] The evidence establishes that research specialist teacher Jeanne Hanna and Zuber had an ongoing and intense interpersonal conflict during the period from December 1985 through November 1986. This conflict resulted in a number of confrontations and disagreements. There was a disagreement over the content of the lesson plans prepared by Zuber for Bryan G. on April 24,1986. Zuber gave Hanna the lesson plan for the student as contemplated and Hanna expected a lesson plan with more details, [f] There was a heated confrontation on November 26, 1986. Zuber and Hanna were both concerned about a Special Ed. student. [$] The instructional programs for special education students are developed by special education teachers at Douglas [szc], Hanna and teacher Buffington were working with special education student Debbie G. An individual education program meeting was held for Debbie G. on November 21, 1986. In preparation for the meeting, Mrs. Hanna, a resource specialist teacher, requested progress reports from each of Debbie’s teachers, including Zuber. All teachers responded except Zuber. However, at the meeting Debbie told both Hanna and Buffington that she had been given a test by a counselor, Mr. Hadden. The mother of Debbie asked for the test results and Hanna and Buffington agreed to obtain the test results for her. After the meeting counselor Hadden informed Hanna that Zuber had asked him to give the test and that Zuber now had the test scores. Before this meeting neither Hanna nor Buffington had been aware that any individual testing had been done for Debbie. On November 24, 1986 Hanna wrote to Zuber a note requesting the test scores. She received no reply to her request. Hanna went to Zuber’s [1438]classroom prior to the commencement of class to obtain the results of the diagnostic reading test. Zuber told Hanna that the test results were at his home. Hanna was adamant in her request for the test results and requested further discussions outside the classroom. They continued discussing the matter just outside the classroom door. The discussion intensified and Zuber described Hanna with grossly profane words.[4] This resulted in Hanna becoming upset and feeling intimidated. Upon the ringing of the classroom bell Zuber entered his classroom breaking off the argument^] however[,] Hanna followed him. She persisted in the presence of the students in demanding the test results. Zuber, in turn, demanded that she leave so that he could commence instruction. Finally, in the presence of students Zuber became more forceful in his demands, including ‘hit the ramp, champ!’ HD Hanna then went directly to Principal Parker’s office where she broke down, crying, while trying to tell Parker what happened. H] In making its finding, the court notes that a determination of the credibility of the two participants in this heated argument is an issue. The court finds the above facts, but also finds that a substantial degree of provocation existed.
“Finding No. 21: [<¡Q On December 16, 1986, Zuber began an extended leave for medical reasons. His classes were assigned to a long-term substitute teacher who was instructed by the administration to determine the grades for Zuber’s former students. On January 13, 1987 Principal Parker requested in writing that Zuber provide information and assistance in obtaining semester grades for students in his classes. Such grades were scheduled to be issued by the end of the month. This letter was by registered mail but was not picked up by Zuber until January 28. Zuber testified, however, that he sent a letter to Parker with the grade records enclosed on January 16, 1987. Such a letter was never received by Parker. The memorandum indicated Zuber’s decision to cut off the grading periods for all of his former classes on January 9, about three weeks before the end of the grading period. Zuber made this decision, because, in his view, the district had ‘disrupted his instructional program’ and that it would therefore, [sic] be ‘unfair to expect the students to take their term and semester tests.’ HD Since Principal Parker had not received the letter from Zuber the substitute teacher, Caryl Summers, proceeded to calculate the students’ grades based on her own evaluation and grading materials left in the classroom by Zuber. Some students, upon learning from Mrs. Summers what their grade was going to be, called and complained to Zuber about unexpectedly lower grades. Zuber therefore decided to call all of the students or their parents and inform them of the grades he had submitted for the quarter. He instructed them to see a counselor friend, Mr. Hadden if their grades were different than those [1439]promised by Zuber. He told them that Hadden would have the grades changed. He also told them what substitutes do and that ‘substitute work’ doesn’t count. HQ At the time he made his calls, Zuber had not spoken to either Summers or to Parker about the grades or about his intention to call students. At the time he made the calls, Zuber knew only what the students told him about the work they had done for Summers since January and about the grades they had achieved on their final examinations. While there may have been no district rule against this, the evidence indicates Zuber was not authorized or requested to telephone parents or students to indicate verbally what their grade would be, and such authorization would not be expected when a substitute teacher has taken over the class. HQ When Zuber made these calls, discipline in the classes of Ms. Summers immediately deteriorated. For example, one student told Summers that since Zuber had given them their grades, her class was a ‘total waste.’ Discipline deteriorated to the point that Principal Parker came into the classes of Summers and told the students that Ms. Summers was authorized to assign and grade their work. HQ As a result of all the foregoing, classroom discipline was adversely affected and Ms. Summers felt that her authority was completely undermined.
“Finding No. 22: HQ On February 6, 1987, Principal Parker requested that Zuber meet with the new teacher, Caryl Summers, and with Parker so that Summers could obtain the grade book of Zuber, which contained more complete information necessary to complete the grading process. A meeting to discuss the situation was scheduled for 7:30 a.m. on February 9, 1987, at the school. Parker and Summers met in the administration office at 7:30 a.m. but Zuber did not appear. In fact, Zuber went to the faculty lounge, and it was his testimony that the meeting was scheduled to take place at that location rather than the administration office. Zuber did not go to the Principal’s office to ascertain the whereabouts of the Principal or Ms. Summers nor did he attempt to call the Principal, although there was a telephone in the faculty lounge. Instead, Zuber pinned to the bulletin board in the lounge his purported students’ grades [sic] along with a memorandum which he had written. Zuber also tore the edges off the memorandum and wrote in the margin: ‘this one should stand out in your mind & be difficult to lose. Maybe just crouch.’ The court infers this related to the fact that Parker had not received the letter of grades from Zuber [see Finding 21]. HQ At best, Zuber’s conduct on this occasion was negligent in that he did not use the telephone in the faculty lounge to call Parker when it was apparent that Parker was not making the appearance in the lounge [st'c] expected by Zuber. If he had called, he would have realized the meeting was scheduled in the administration office. Instead, Zuber left the grades in the lounge with a [1440]very sarcastic note that was demeaning to Parker and visible for other faculty members to read. This action disrupted the education process (re-posting of students’ grades) and evidenced Zuber’s disrespect for Principal Parker. It affected his relationship with the administration at Douglas Jr. [sic] High School as well as his relationship with a fellow staff member[,] Caryl Summers.”
The trial court measured Zuber’s conduct against the criteria for unfitness for service set out by our Supreme Court in Morrison v. State Board of Education (1969) 1 Cal.3d 214 [82 Cal.Rptr. 175, 461 P.2d 375], In Morrison the court held that under former section 13202, a predecessor provision of section 44932, “unprofessional conduct' meant “conduct indicating] that [a teacher] is unfit to teach.” (1 Cal.3d at p. 229.) The court then provided the following list of factors relevant to determining unfitness to teach: “. . . [T]he [fact finder] may consider such matters as the likelihood that the conduct may have adversely affected students or fellow teachers, the degree of such adversity anticipated, the proximity or remoteness in time of the conduct, the type of teaching certificate held by the party involved, the extenuating or aggravating circumstances, if any, surrounding the conduct, the praiseworthiness or blameworthiness of the motives resulting in the conduct, the likelihood of the recurrence of the questioned conduct, and the extent to which disciplinary action may inflict an adverse impact or chilling effect upon the constitutional rights of the teacher involved or other teachers. These factors are relevant to the extent that they assist the [fact finder] in determining whether the teacher’s fitness to teach [sic], i.e., in determining whether the teacher’s future classroom performance and overall impact on his students are likely to meet the [fact finder’s] standards.” (Id. at pp. 229-230, fns. omitted.)
The trial court found that four of the Morrison criteria counted against Zuber: (1) the likelihood that his conduct adversely affected both students and fellow teachers; (2) the fact that aggravating circumstances surrounding the conduct outweighed mitigating circumstances; (3) the blameworthiness of Zuber’s contempt for fellow teachers and the administration, which had prevented him from working with the administration in the best interests of students and could be expected to do so in future; and (4) the “quite strong” likelihood of the recurrence of conduct similar to that charged. (1 Cal.3d at pp. 229-230.)5
The trial court stated that although no individual finding was sufficient in itself to authorize Zuber’s dismissal, the cumulative effect of the findings [1441]showed a pattern and course of misconduct justifying the additional finding that Zuber’s continued employment posed “substantial danger to faculty, administrators, students, and parents of the district.” The trial court found Zuber’s conduct was attributable to a defect in temperament when it stated, “The fault is in the contempt he felt for fellow teachers and the administration. This quite apparently prevented, and will prevent, working with a future administration in the best interests of the students.” Accordingly, the trial court held that cause for dismissal under section 44932, subdivision (a)(5) (evident unfitness for service) had been established.6
The trial court granted the writ sought by the District, ordering the Commission to modify its findings in accordance with those of the trial court and to render judgment dismissing Zuber.
Zuber appeals from the trial court’s judgment on both procedural and substantive grounds. We shall affirm the judgment.
Discussion
I
“Evident Unfitness for Service” Is Not Synonymous With “Unprofessional Conduct”; “Evident Unfitness” Requires a Defect of Temperament.
Several of Zuber’s contentions require us to determine the proper meaning of “evident unfitness for service,” as used in section 44932. Section 44932 specifies 12 statutory grounds for dismissal of permanent certificated employees of public elementary and secondary schools. (See fn. 1, ante.) These include among others “Immoral or unprofessional conduct” (subd. (a)(1)) and “Evident unfitness for service” (subd. (a)(5)). (See fn. 1, ante.) As it turns out, the proper definition of “evident unfitness for service” is not easily determined. As curiously happens in the law from time to time, two parallel lines of cases have developed, each reaching a different definition of “evident unfitness for service” without acknowledging the contradiction in the other line of cases.
A. Cases equating “evident unfitness for service” with “unprofessional conduct.”
The first line of cases is traceable to Morrison v. State Board of Education, supra, 1 Cal.3d 214, discussed above, where our Supreme Court concluded [1442]“unprofessional conduct” meant conduct showing a teacher was “unfit” to teach. (P. 229.)
In Oakland Unified Sch. Dist. v. Olicker (1972) 25 Cal.App.3d 1098 [102 Cal.Rptr. 421], the court concluded the Morrison “unfitness-to-teach” definition and test would exclusively determine whether a teacher had shown “evident unfitness for service.” Noting that “each of the causes for removal stated in the code substantially overlap one another,” the court stated that “ ‘evident unfitness for service’ should not be given a definite technical meaning” or “subsumed under some set formula.” (Id. at p. 1108.)
Olicker's adoption of the Morrison definition and test was followed in San Dieguito Union High School Dist. v. Commission on Professional Competence (1982) 135 Cal.App.3d 278, 284 [185 Cal.Rptr. 203] (construing current § 44932, subd. (a)(5)), Bevli v. Brisco (1985) 165 Cal.App.3d 812, 818 [212 Cal.Rptr. 36] (construing analogous provision governing community college employees), and in Bevli v. Brisco (1989) 211 Cal.App.3d 986, 992-993 [260 Cal.Rptr. 57] (same). (See also Board of Trustees v. Stubblefield (1971) 16 Cal.App.3d 820, 825 [94 Cal.Rptr. 318].)
Because the Olicker line of cases eschews a further definition of “evident unfitness for service,” and because the latter term is defined exclusively by reference to Morrison's criteria for “unprofessional conduct,” the practical result of the Olicker line of cases is that “evident unfitness for service” means the same thing as “unprofessional conduct.”
B. Cases distinguishing “evident unfitness for service” from “unprofessional conduct.”
The second line of cases has its origin in Fresno City H. S. Dist. v. De Caristo (1939) 33 Cal.App.2d 666 [92 P.2d 668] (hereafter De Caristo). There, the court had to decide whether the terms “physical or mental condition unfitting [a teacher] to instruct,” “incompetency,” and “evident unfitness for service” in section 5.650 of the former School Code were mutually distinguishable. Applying the rules of statutory construction that “where possible, every clause and word of a statute should be given effect and meaning” (33 Cal.App.2d at p. 672) and that “in construing the component parts of a legislative act the courts should, where possible, give force and effect to each so that the whole act may have life and vitality” (ibid.), the court concluded the Legislature must have intended each ground for dismissal to refer to some act or omission not necessarily included in any of the others; otherwise the statute’s use of all three terms in question would be redundant. (Id. at p. 671.) The court suggested that “ ‘evident unfitness for [1443]service’ could refer to temperamental defects or inadequacies,” whereas “ ‘incompetency’ could be held to refer to lack of educational qualifications, or, possessing them, lack of ability to transmit knowledge to pupils,” and “ ‘Physical or mental condition unfitting [a teacher] to instruct’ could refer to physical weakness or disease, or mental deterioration.” (Ibid.)
De Caristo’s approach was followed in Tarquin v. Commission on Professional Competence (1978) 84 Cal.App.3d 251 [148 Cal.Rptr. 522]. In Tarquín a teacher was charged under former section 13403 with incompetency, evident unfitness for service, and persistent violation of school laws and regulations. (84 Cal.App.3d at p. 255.) Incompetency, like unprofessional conduct, required that the teacher receive prior notice of the offensive conduct under former section 13407. (84 Cal.App.3d at p. 257.) The teacher did not receive notice. The commission sustained the charges and ordered the teacher dismissed, but the trial court found that the failure of notice on the incompetency charges had tainted the entire proceedings; therefore it issued a writ of mandate directing the commission to set aside the dismissal. The reviewing court agreed that the failure of notice precluded the school district from proceeding on the charges of incompetency but held that the proceedings as a whole were not tainted because the evidence on the remaining charges was independent of the evidence on incompetency. (Id. at pp. 260, 262.) The court applied the rule of De Caristo that each cause for removal specified in the statute refers to acts or omissions not necessarily included in the others. (Id. at p. 260.) Citing De Caristo’s definition of “evident unfitness for service” as a matter of “ ‘temperamental defects or inadequacies’ ” (ibid.), the court remanded the cause to the trial court to reconsider whether substantial evidence supported the commission’s findings on this ground. (Id. at p. 262.)7
A third case has preferred a definition of “evident unfitness for service” that helps to distinguish that term from “unprofessional conduct.” In Palo Verde etc. Sch. Dist. v. Hensey (1970) 9 Cal.App.3d 967 [88 Cal.Rptr. 570], the court started with the rule requiring that the terms used in the Education Code “are to be construed according to their common and approved usage having regard for the context in which the Legislature used them.” (Hensey, supra, at p. 971.) The court applied this rule as follows: “Insofar as the phrase ‘evident unfitness’ is concerned, the parties refer us to dictionary definitions in which ‘evident’ is defined in Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary as ‘Clear to the vision and understanding,’ . . . , and ‘unfit’ as defined in
[1444]the same tome ... as ‘not fit; not adapted to a purpose, unsuitable; incapable; incompetent; and physically or mentally unsound.’ The parties further refer us to a definition of the word ‘unfit’ in California Words, Phrases and Maxims, page 440, as . . . ‘unsuitable, incompetent and not adapted for a particular use or service.’ ” (Id, at p. 972.) The court then measured the evidence in the case by these definitions. (Id. at pp. 972-976.)
C. Established canons of statutory construction compel adoption of the De Caristo line of cases.
As we shall explain, we believe the De Caristo-Tarquin-Hensey line of cases contains the preferred analysis. Combining the definitions offered in Hensey and De Caristo in light of the context of the statute as a whole, “evident unfitness for service” in section 44932, subdivision (a)(5), properly means “clearly not fit, not adapted to or unsuitable for teaching, ordinarily by reason of temperamental defects or inadequacies.”8 Unlike “unprofessional conduct,” “evident unfitness for service” connotes a fixed character trait, presumably not remediable merely on receipt of notice that one’s conduct fails to meet the expectations of the employing school district.
Our conclusion is dictated by two established canons of statutory construction.
The first, as De Caristo properly recognized, is that, “Significance should be given, if possible, to every word of an act. [Citation.] Conversely, a construction that renders a word surplusage should be avoided. [Citations.]” (Delaney v. Superior Court (1990) 50 Cal.3d 785, 798-799 [268 Cal.Rptr. 753, 789 P.2d 934].) This canon does not allow “unprofessional conduct” and “evident unfitness for service” to mean precisely the same thing. Moreover, we must give significance to the word “evident” in “evident unfitness for service.” A requirement of temperamental defect gives significance to this term.
Nor is this conclusion at odds with the teaching of our Supreme Court that, “Manifestly, a particular act or omission of a teacher may constitute unprofessional conduct, evident unfitness for service, and a persistent violation of or refusal to obey prescribed rules and regulations.” (Board of Education v. Swan (1953) 41 Cal.2d 546, 551 [261 P.2d 261], construing [1445]former section 13521 (Stats. 1943, ch. 71, p. 568), overruled on other grounds in Bekiaris v. Board of Education (1972) 6 Cal.3d 575 [100 Cal.Rptr. 16, 493 P.2d 480].) “Unprofessional conduct” is, as it were, often a lesser included form of proscribed behavior within “evident unfitness for service.” Thus, conduct constituting “evident unfitness for service” will often constitute “unprofessional conduct.” But the converse is not true. “Evident unfitness for service” requires that unfitness for service be attributable to a defect in temperament—a requirement not necessary for a finding of “unprofessional conduct.”
The second canon of statutory construction compelling our conclusion is: “[T]he meaning of [an] enactment may not be determined from a single word or sentence; the words must be construed in context, and provisions relating to the same subject matter must be harmonized to the extent possible. [Citation.]” (Title Ins. & Trust Co. v. County of Riverside (1989) 48 Cal.3d 84, 91 [255 Cal.Rptr. 670, 767 P.2d 1148].) As we shall explain in a moment, section 44938 requires a school district to send a teacher a 45-day notice where the district seeks to dismiss the teacher on the ground of “unprofessional conduct” but not when it does so on the ground of “evident unfitness for service.” The purpose of the notice requirement is to allow a teacher to correct his or her conduct and thus overcome grounds for the charge. (Pittsburg Unified School Dist. v. Commission on Professional Competence (1983) 146 Cal.App.3d 964, 975 [194 Cal.Rptr. 672]; McKee v. Commission on Profession Competence (1981) 114 Cal.App.3d 718, 721 [171 Cal.Rptr. 81].) But where a flaw of temperament is the root cause of a teacher’s bad conduct, there is no reasonable likelihood the teacher can so reform his or her temperament within 45 days as to assure the employing school district the bad conduct will not recur.
D. The Morrison criteria must still be considered.
Our conclusion does not mean that the criteria for unfitness set out in Morrison v. State Board of Education, supra, 1 Cal.3d at pages 229-230 may be disregarded where “evident unfitness for service” is at issue. These criteria must be analyzed to determine, as a threshold matter, whether the cited conduct indicates unfitness for service. (Board of Education v. Jack M. (1977) 19 Cal.3d 691, 696 [139 Cal.Rptr. 700, 566 P.2d 602].) If the Morrison criteria are satisfied, the next step is to determine whether the “unfitness” is “evident”; i.e., whether the offensive conduct is caused by a defect in temperament.
With this background, we turn to Zuber’s contentions.
[1446]II
The District Was Not Obligated to Give Zuber Notice Pursuant to Section 44938.
Zuber contends the District failed to give proper notice under section 44938 before filing charges against him.
Section 44938, subdivision (a), provides in relevant part: “The governing board of any school district shall not act upon any charges of unprofessional conduct unless at least 45 calendar days prior to the date of the filing, the board or its authorized representative has given the employee against whom the charge is filed, written notice of the unprofessional conduct, specifying the nature thereof with such specific instances of behavior and with such particularity as to furnish the employee an opportunity to correct his or her faults and overcome the grounds for such charge. . . .” (Italics added.)
Where a school district seeking the dismissal of a permanent certificated employee on charges of unprofessional conduct fails to comply with the notice provision of section 44938, subdivision (a), it lacks jurisdiction to proceed, and any action subsequently taken against the employee is invalid. (McKee v. Commission on Professional Competence, supra, 114 Cal.App.3d at p. 721; Tarquin v. Commission on Professional Competence, supra, 84 Cal.App.3d at pp. 257-259 [construing former § 13407]; Livermore Valley Joint Unified Sch. Dist. v. Feinberg (1974) 37 Cal.App.3d 920, 922 [112 Cal.Rptr. 923] [same].)
It is undisputed that Zuber did not receive the 45-day notice which would have been required had he been charged with unprofessional conduct. However, section 44938 does not expressly require that notice be given where a teacher is charged with “evident unfitness for service” or “Persistent . . . refusal to obey . . . reasonable regulations prescribed ... by the governing board of the school district. . . .” Zuber contends in effect that he should have been charged with “unprofessional conduct” because the “bulk” of the District’s allegations amounted to charges of unprofessional conduct, even though they might also have made out a case for “evident unfitness for service.” Zuber notes our Supreme Court has concluded the same conduct may constitute unprofessional conduct and evident unfitness for service. (Board of Education v. Swan, supra, 41 Cal.2d 546.) In Zuber’s view, by avoiding the “unprofessional conduct” label for these allegations the District engaged in “charge by subterfuge” and “crafty pleading” to escape the penalty it should have incurred for failing to give due notice.
Zuber’s argument is foreclosed by subdivision (c) of section 44938, which provides in relevant part: “ ‘Unprofessional conduct’ as used in this section [1447]means, and refers to, the unprofessional conduct particularly specified as a cause for dismissal or suspension in Sections 44932 and 44933 and does not include any other cause for dismissal specified in Section 44932.” (Italics added.)
In our view, subdivision (c) of section 44938 demonstrates the Legislature’s awareness that “unprofessional conduct” could embrace the vast majority of the other causes for discipline set out in section 44932 (fn. 1, ante). Subdivision (c) makes clear that notice under section 44938 is required only where “unprofessional conduct” is ultimately charged.9 (See Bassett Unified School Dist. v. Commission on Professional Competence (1988) 201 Cal.App.3d 1444, 1455 [247 Cal.Rptr. 865]; Pittsburg Unified School Dist. v. Commission on Professional Competence, supra, 146 Cal.App.3d at p. 974; Tarquin v. Commission on Professional Competence, supra, 84 Cal.App.3d at p. 260.) This court has no authority to rewrite the statute to require notice where unprofessional conduct is not charged. (See Mills v. Superior Court (1986) 42 Cal.3d 951, 957 [232 Cal.Rptr. 141, 728 P.2d 211]; Metromedia, Inc. v. City of San Diego (1982) 32 Cal.3d 180, 187 [185 Cal.Rptr. 260, 649 P.2d 902].) The short answer to Zuber’s claim of inadequate notice, then, is that he was not entitled to the statutory 45-day notice because he was not charged with unprofessional conduct. Moreover, as we have explained, the Legislature could reasonably conclude notice of remediation would be inappropriate where “evident unfitness for service” is at issue because, by definition, one who is evidently unfit for service is incapable of correcting one’s offensive behavior.
Zuber also cites Livermore Valley Joint Unified Sch. Dist. v. Feinberg, supra, 37 Cal.App.3d 920. There, a teacher was charged with unprofessional conduct, evident unfitness for service, and persistent violation of school laws and regulations. He received no notice of remediation under former section 13407 (the predecessor to § 44938). The Court of Appeal concluded he was entitled to notice: “It has long been recognized that a particular act or omission may constitute all three of the grounds of dismissal here charged [citations]. Here, the great bulk of the specific deficiencies charged and proven against appellant fall within the term ‘unprofessional conduct,’ even though they may also go to establish either ‘evident unfitness’ or, ‘persistent
[1448]disregard of regulations.’ It follows that we cannot attribute the judgment to grounds other than unprofessional conduct, and must reverse the judgment in its entirety.” (Feinberg, supra, 37 Cal.App.3d at pp. 922-923, italics added.) Feinberg is distinguishable because there the teacher was charged with unprofessional conduct. Unlike the dissent, we do not read the case as mandating that notice be given where a teacher is not charged with unprofessional conduct. In any event, assuming Feinberg does suggest notice should be given, it does so without consideration of subdivision (c) of section 44938; consequently, we respectfully decline to follow it on this point.
The dissenting opinion argues that the duty to give notice should not depend upon the label attached to the offensive conduct. If, in fact, the offensive conduct constitutes “unprofessional conduct” then notice must be given regardless of the charges brought.
In our view, this argument proves too much. As we have said, the term “unprofessional conduct” is broad enough to embrace the vast majority of grounds of discipline specified in section 44932. (See fn. 1, ante.) Consequently, if the dissent’s view were to prevail, notice would have to be given whenever a school district sought to discipline a teacher for refusal to obey the school laws, or for conviction of a crime involving moral turpitude, or for any of the other statutory grounds constituting de facto unprofessional conduct. We cannot reconcile this result with the teaching of subdivision (c) of section 44938, which, as we have discussed, limits the obligation to give notice to charges of unprofessional conduct.10
We conclude the District was not obligated to give Zuber notice under section 44938.
III
By Failing to Raise the Issue Below, Zuber Has Waived Any Contention That Material Kept Unlawfully in Private Files Was Used Against Him.
Zuber contends he was prejudiced, and denied his due process rights, when certain material assertedly kept in unlawful private files of the principal and vice-principal was introduced in evidence before the Commission. [1449](See § 44031; Miller v. Chico Unified School Dist (1979) 24 Cal.3d 703 [157 Cal.Rptr. 72, 597 P.2d 475].)11
However, as the District notes, Zuber has waived this contention by failing to object to the material on this ground either before the Commission or in the trial court.12 (Evid. Code, § 353, subd. (a); People v. Lang (1989) 49 Cal.3d 991, 1018 [264 Cal.Rptr. 386, 782 P.2d 627]; People v. Burton (1989) 48 Cal.3d 843, 863 [258 Cal.Rptr. 184, 771 P.2d 1270]; People v. Harris (1989) 47 Cal.3d 1047, 1089 [255 Cal.Rptr. 352, 767 P.2d 619].) Moreover, by tendering this issue for the first time to this court, Zuber is attempting impermissibly to assert a new theory of the case on appeal. “We recognize that an appellate court may allow an appellant to assert a new theory of the case on appeal where the facts were clearly put at issue at trial and are undisputed on appeal. (Panopulos v. Maderis (1956) 47 Cal.2d 337, 341 [303 P.2d 738] [].) However, ‘if the new theory contemplates a factual situtation the consequences of which are open to controversy and were not put in issue or presented at trial the opposing party should not be required to defend against it on appeal. [Citations.]’ (Ibid.)” (Richmond v. Dart Industries, Inc. (1987) 196 Cal.App.3d 869, 879 [242 Cal.Rptr. 184].) Here, the District never had the opportunity to litigate whether derogatory information was kept in private files or whether Zuber was given a chance to review it. Zuber may not pursue this new theory on appeal. (Ibid.)
[1450]IV
The District Was Not Obligated as a Matter of Law to Warn Zuber of His Bad Conduct Nor to Engage in Progressive Discipline; Moreover, Substantial Evidence Shows Zuber’s Conduct Was Irremediable.
Zuber contends his dismissal is unlawful because, he asserts, the District failed to warn him on each occasion of his bad conduct and because the District failed to discipline him progressively. His claim is premised on the following legal arguments: (a) warnings and progressive discipline are required by the Education Code; (b) warnings and progressive discipline are required by constitutional requirements of due process of law; and (c) warnings and progressive discipline are required to demonstrate substantial evidence of “evident unfitness for service.” We address these arguments serially.
A. The Education Code does not require warnings of offensive conduct.
To the extent Zuber suggests a warning is a necessary precondition for a finding of “evident unfitness for service” under the Education Code, the suggestion is without legal authority. Midway School Dist. v. Griffeath (1946) 29 Cal.2d 13 [172 P.2d 857] and Governing Board of the Oakdale Union School Dist. v. Seaman (1972) 28 Cal.App.3d 77 [104 Cal.Rptr. 64, 527], cited by Zuber are inapposite. They hold that a teacher may not be dismissed for “Persistent violation of or refusal to obey the school laws . . . or reasonable regulations” (§ 44932, subd. (7)) where a single violation is shown. (Griffeath, supra, at p. 18; Seaman, supra, at p. 83.) Similarly San Dieguito Union High School Dist. v. Commission on Professional Competence (1985) 174 Cal.App.3d 1176 [220 Cal.Rptr. 351], also cited by Zuber, merely held that substantial evidence supported a teacher’s dismissal for “persistent violation” of a district’s regulations where a teacher repeatedly failed to provide lesson plans and was notified of the failures. These cases do not support Zuber’s suggestion that warnings or progressive discipline are necessary preconditions to a dismissal for “evident unfitness for service.”
Zuber apparently recognizes that neither section 44938 nor section 44031 expressly requires the warnings he says he should have been given. However, Zuber asserts section 44938 reflects a “policy” that teachers who act unprofessionally should be given sufficient notice of their deficiency before dismissal so they can correct their conduct. Similarly, Zuber argues that section 44031 reflects a “policy” of requiring that an employee be notified of derogatory information before it can be used against him or her. According [1451]to Zuber, section 44031, “manifests a broader underlying policy that teachers should be given effective notice that their conduct is considered inadequate so that they can take appropriate action, whether that action be preparing their defense, discussing the problem with their supervisors and/or changing their conduct.”
In our view, Zuber does not appreciate appropriate constitutional limitations on the power of this court to construe statutes. We have no general power to rewrite statutes to conform to some underlying “policy.” As a rule, there can be no intent in a statute not expressed in its words; the intention of the Legislature must be determined from the language of the statute. (In-Home Supportive Services v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (1984) 152 Cal.App.3d 720, 739 [199 Cal.Rptr. 697].) The only conceivable basis for reaching Zuber’s proposed result would be to find that the cited statutes require warnings by necessary implication.
“[W]hatever is necessarily implied in a statute is as much a part of it as that which is expressed.” (Johnston v. Baker (1914) 167 Cal. 260, 264 [139 P. 86], italics added.) “But an intention to legislate by implication is not to be presumed. [Citation.]” (First M. E. Church v. Los Angeles Co. (1928) 204 Cal. 201, 204 [267 R 703].) “Although in years past it may have been necessary for courts to read into a statute provisions not specifically expressed by the Legislature, the modern rule of construction disfavors such practice. [Citation.]" (San Diego Service Authority for Freeway Emergencies v. Superior Court (1988) 198 Cal.App.3d 1466, 1472 [244 Cal.Rptr. 440].)
“The usual standard used to interpret a statute by implication or inference is used to determine if the statute embraces such consequential applications and effects as are necessary, essential, natural or proper. Although these are not terms having precise meaning capable of measured application, it seems fair that in order for a consequence to be implied from a statute there must be greater justification for its inclusion than a consistency or compatibility with the act from which it is implied. ‘A necessary implication within the meaning of the law is one that is so strong in its probability that the contrary thereof cannot reasonably be supposed.’ And it has been more fully explained that: ‘[s]uch implication, inference, or presumption, as the fact may be, is always indulged to supply a deficiency, and is never permitted to contradict the act, grant, or instrument whatsoever involved.’ ” (2B Sutherland, Statutory Construction (5th ed. 1992) § 55.03, pp. 279-280, italics added, citations and fns. omitted.)
We do not perceive how section 44938 necessarily implies a warning must be given before offensive conduct may be used by a district to show [1452]“evident unfitness for service.” Indeed, we think such construction would contradict the legislative intent of section 44938. The notice prescribed by section 44938 is itself a warning. The notice tells a teacher he or she will be disciplined unless the offensive conduct is corrected. As we have recounted, the Legislature has seen fit not to require this notice/waming when charges of “evident unfitness for service” are at issue. We do not think that requiring a warning by implication can be squared with the Legislature’s express exclusion of a notice/warning for “evident unfitness for service” in section 44938.
Nor is a warning of offensive conduct necessarily implied in section 44031. The Legislature has expressly restricted the scope of that statute to require disclosure of derogatory written materials. “[P]ursuant to [section 44031] a school administrator must be permitted to review and comment on derogatory written material compiled and maintained by a school district even though the material has not been properly placed in his personnel file. A school board cannot avoid the requirements of section 44031 by putting derogatory written material in another file not designated ‘personal file’ and by such a process of labelling prevent the administrator from reviewing and commenting upon allegations directed against him.” (Miller v. Chico Unified School Dist., supra, 24 Cal.3d at p. 707, italics added.) We do not see how warnings of offensive conduct, not reported in writings, is necessary to disclosure of written materials. To the contrary, such an implication would amount to a fundamental rewriting and expansion of the statute.
We have noted the general reluctance of the courts to find statutory requirements by implication. (San Diego Service Authority for Freeway Emergencies v. Superior Court, supra, 198 Cal.App.3d at p. 1472.) Our reluctance here is heightened because we are construing statutes that are the eventual product of strong competing political currents. We had occasion recently to note, “Enactment and amendment of provisions of the Education Code concerning teacher discipline have historically been the product of political scrums involving sizable organizations seeking to influence the Legislature one way or the other. [Citation.] In this context, it is particularly appropriate to note that our judicial task is to decide what the Legislature has done, not what it should have done. ‘Courts do not sit as super-legislatures to determine the wisdom, desirability or propriety of statutes enacted by the Legislature. [Citations]’ [Citation.]” (Crowl v. Commission on Professional Competence (1990) 225 Cal.App.3d 334, 351 [275 Cal.Rptr. 86, 90].)
Unless the offensive conduct of a teacher is reduced to writing, the Education Code does not currently require that a teacher be warned of the [1453]offensive conduct before it can be used to demonstrate “unfitness for service.” If warnings are to be required as a matter of law, it is for the Legislature, not this court, to say so.
B. Neither warnings nor progressive discipline is required by due process.
Zuber contends his constitutional rights to due process of law were violated because the District did not warn or progressively discipline him for his offensive conduct.
Zuber grounds his due process claim in Morrison’s recognition that, “Civil as well as criminal statutes must be sufficiently clear as to give a fair warning of the conduct prohibited, and they must provide a standard or guide against which conduct can be uniformly judged by courts and administrative agencies. [Citations.] The knowledge that he has erred is of little value to the teacher when gained only upon the imposition of a disciplinary penalty that jeopardizes or eliminates his livelihood. [Citation.]” (Morrison, supra, 1 Cal.3d at p. 231, fn. omitted.)
However, Morrison concluded that its promulgation of criteria for unfitness to teach “gives [former] section 13202 the required specificity.” (1 Cal.3d at p. 233.) Those criteria (which do not contain a requirement of warnings or of progressive discipline) were properly applied by the trial court here to measure Zuber’s conduct.
The essence of Zuber’s claim is that he could not tell his conduct was wrongful. However, as we shall discuss below, Zuber could reasonably know his cited conduct was wrongful. “Teachers, particularly in the light of their professional expertise, will normally be able to determine what kind of conduct indicates unfitness to teach.” (Morrison, supra, 1 Cal.3d at p. 233, fn. omitted.) Zuber’s due process claim is not meritorious.
C. Substantial evidence supports the trial court’s conclusion that Zuber’s conduct was irremediable.
Zuber argues that, because he was allegedly not warned, reprimanded, or progressively disciplined he could not know his conduct was wrongful and in need of correction, so that there is no substantial evidence to support the trial court’s finding, under Morrison, that his conduct was likely to recur. Moreover, he says on those occasions when he was warned, he corrected his conduct.
Where the trial court has reviewed the decision of the Commission by exercising its independent judgment on the evidence pursuant to section [145444]945, our only task is to determine whether the trial court’s judgment is supported by substantial evidence. (California Teachers Assn. v. Governing Board (1983) 144 Cal.App.3d 27, 37 [192 Cal.Rptr. 358].) Zuber does not seriously challenge the evidence underlying the trial court’s findings.13 As we shall explain, the court’s findings contain substantial evidence that Zuber knew or reasonably should have known his conduct was wrongful, and that his failure to correct his conduct was traceable to a temperamental defect.
1. “Finding No. 10”—the confrontation with Barbara French.
Zuber states that after this confrontation “neither the Principal nor the Vice-Principal either warned, reprimanded nor [sic] disciplined [Zuber] regarding his conduct.” The trial court found that the principal ordered Zuber to apologize to Mrs. French. This order was a warning.
2. “Finding No. 12”—the “sarcastic and belittling” comments on discipline slips.
Zuber states that these comments ceased after February 10, 1986, when the vice-principal sent him a memo criticizing them, and that the vice-principal “never even spoke to Appellant regarding the tone of his referral memos much less reprimanded him.” To say the least, these points are inconsistent. To the extent the second point is meant to show that Zuber was not warned about his misconduct, this is mere quibbling. And while it is true that he stopped writing objectionable comments on discipline slips after receiving the vice-principal’s memo, this change of conduct was not a true reform. As the trial court’s next finding shows, Zuber simply trained his sights on a new target: the vice-principal.
3. “Finding No. 17”—the oral and written confrontations with Vice-Principal Courier.
Zuber asserts: “After Appellant’s confrontations with the Vice-Principal in February and May, 1986, and his letter to the Vice-Principal, neither the Principal nor the Vice-Principal either warned, reprimanded nor [sic] disciplined him regarding his conduct." It is significant that Zuber omits the exact dates of these “confrontations.” The first occurred on February 11, the day after Zuber received the vice-principal’s memo criticizing his comments on discipline slips. The second occurred on May 14, in response to a second [1455]memo from the vice-principal received by Zuber on the same day. This sequence supports the trial court’s finding of a cumulative pattern of misconduct.
Moreover, Zuber’s complaint that he was not warned, reprimanded, or disciplined for his acts of “angry,” “belligerent” confrontation, carried on in the administration building lobby in full view of parents, students, and staff, or for his subsequent “angry letter . . . questioning Courier's competence and administrative knowledge,” rests on an unsupportable premise: that if not warned, reprimanded, or disciplined for such conduct he had no way of knowing it was wrongful. We cannot imagine how a teacher of Zuber’s experience could have failed to realize the wrongfulness of his acts.14
4. “Finding No. 18”—the letters to Principal Parker.
Zuber complains that after the principal received these letters he did not issue any warning, reprimand, or discipline, nor did he tell Zuber that his job was in jeopardy if he did not change his behavior. This complaint, like the previous one, misses the mark. It is inconceivable that Zuber needed an official rap on the knuckles to alert him to the disrespect shown by sending these letters or the inappropriateness of their insulting language. On the contrary, the trial court’s undisputed finding that before sending the second letter Zuber told fellow teachers he was going “to get” the principal and it would be fun to do so proves that he set out on this occasion to flaunt his contempt for the principal. Likewise, a professional educator should not need to be told that it is improper to launch personal attacks on a fellow teacher using “foul language, approaching the profane,” as Zuber did in the first letter to the principal in which he described the teacher as an “egg-sucking dirty dog” who was in need of a “gut check.”
5. “Finding No. 20”—the confrontation with Jeanne Hanna.
Zuber complains he was not warned, reprimanded, or disciplined concerning his conduct on this occasion. Again, we are puzzled by his apparent contention that he could not have known his acts were wrongful in the absence of a warning or a reprimand. His awareness of the true character of his conduct toward Hanna can be detected from his attempt, in testifying about this incident below, to paint that conduct in a better light than the trial court found justified by the evidence as a whole. Before the Commission Zuber denied losing his temper with Hanna or saying to her “You are a [1456]stupid bitch and a fucking slime ball,” as she testified he had done. The trial court found his testimony on these points not credible, and Zuber does not challenge that finding.
6. “Finding No. 21 ”—the telephone calls to students and parents concerning the substitute teacher’s grades.
Zuber’s complaint that the principal never discussed these calls with him, or otherwise warned, reprimanded, or disciplined him about them, is disingenuous given that he avoided meeting with the principal to discuss the grading problem (see “Finding No. 22,” quoted supra). Moreover, he does not contest the trial court’s findings that he made these calls without authorization or any other reason to believe they were appropriate, and that he told students and parents “ ‘substitute work’ doesn’t count.” It is impossible to believe he did not realize his conduct would sabotage the substitute teacher’s efforts or that he did not intend this result.
7. “Finding No. 22”—the missed meeting and the posted memo to the principal.
Since Zuber’s acts on this occasion were the proverbial “final straw” leading to the District’s dismissal action, his complaint that he received no lesser discipline is beside the point. Moreover, he does not contest any of the trial court’s findings about this incident, which amply show his intent to display once again his disrespect for the principal and to hold him up to ridicule, as well as to refuse to cooperate with the principal and the substitute teacher in solving the grading problem in his classes.
Substantial evidence supports the trial court’s finding that Zuber’s unacceptable conduct was likely to recur and was ultimately traceable to a defect in temperament, i.e., the contempt he felt for fellow teachers and the administration. Moreover, contrary to Zuber’s claim, the evidence, taken in the aggregate, shows that Zuber’s retention would pose a significant danger of psychological harm to students and fellow teachers. (See Morrison, supra, 1 Cal.3d at p. 235.)
V
It Was Not Error to Apply the Morrison Factors to the Charges in the Aggregate.
Zuber contends the trial court could not properly apply the Morrison factors to all the charges in the aggregate. However, the contention is
[1457]unsupported by authority. Neither Morrison nor Palo Verde etc. School Dist. v. Hensey, supra, 9 Cal.App.3d 967, the only other authority cited by Zuber on this point, holds any such thing. In Hensey, as Zuber concedes, the reviewing court expressly held that all of the charges, taken in the aggregate, supported the trial court’s finding of evident unfitness for service. (9 Cal.App.3d at p. 976.) However, Zuber contends that because the reviewing court discussed the charges one by one and pointed out that each one showed evident unfitness for service, the trial court here should have done the same. Hensey does not hold that a trial court must follow any such rigid procedure, or that a finding of evident unfitness for service based on a series of charges is unjustified unless every charge in the series would independently justify dismissal.
Moreover, Zuber’s contention defies common sense. When a camel’s back is broken we need not weigh each straw in its load to see which one could have done the deed. We conclude that in determining whether Zuber’s conduct made him unfit to teach under Morrison, the trial court properly considered the totality of his offensive conduct.
Disposition
The judgment is affirmed.
Davis, J., concurred.
Section 44932 provides in relevant part: “(a) No permanent employee shall be dismissed except for one or more of the following causes:
“(1) Immoral or unprofessional conduct.
“(2) Commission, aiding, or advocating the commission of acts of criminal syndicalism, as prohibited by Chapter 188, Statutes of 1919, or in any amendment thereof.
“(3) Dishonesty.
“(4) Incompetency.
“(5) Evident unfitness for service.
“(6) Physical or mental condition unfitting him to instruct or associate with children.
“(7) Persistent violation of or refusal to obey the school laws of the state or reasonable regulations prescribed for the government of the public schools by the State Board of Education or by the governing board of the school district employing him.
“(8) Conviction of a felony or of any crime involving moral turpitude.
“(9) Violation of Section 51530 of this code or conduct specified in Section 1028 of the Government Code, added by Chapter 1418 of the Statutes of 1947.
“(10) Violation of any provision in Sections 7001 to 7007, inclusive, of this code.
“(11) Knowing membership by the employee in the Communist Party.
“(12) Alcoholism or other drug abuse which makes the employee unfit to instruct or associate with children.”
In all, 29 specific acts were charged. The District asserted that all of them showed “evident unfitness for service” and that 18 of them additionally showed “persistent refusal or neglect to obey the school laws of the state and the reasonable regulations of the governing board.”
The trial court reaffirmed and incorporated by reference the findings of the Commission numbered 1 through 9, 11, 13 through 16, and 19, all of which exonerated Zuber. The District does not challenge those findings.
Zuber said, “You are a stupid bitch and a fucking slime ball.”
The trial court found that the remaining Morrison factors—the proximity or remoteness in time of the conduct, the type of teaching certificate held, and the possibility of the disciplinary action causing an adverse impact on Zuber’s or any other teacher’s constitutional rights—were irrelevant or neutral.
The District’s petition for writ of mandate did not ask the trial court to make any findings as to section 44932, subdivision (a)(7) (persistent refusal to follow school laws and regulations), and the trial court did not do so.
The charges alleging evident unfitness for service in Tarquín consisted of acts showing a pattern of abusive or demeaning behavior toward students: insulting students, throwing an eraser at a student, inability to identify a student who had been in his class for 10 weeks, and laying hands on students. (84 Cal.App.3d at p. 261.)
The court in Hensey, as indicated above, also included in its definition the terms “incompetent” and “physically or mentally unsound.” (9 Cal.App.3d at p. 972.) However, in the context of the statute as a whole these terms cannot be part of the definition of “evident unfitness for service” because they are listed as separate causes for dismissal. (§ 44932, subds. (a)(4) and (a)(6); see fn. 1, ante.)
The dissent argues that subdivision (c) of section 44938 does not refer to the charging document. However, subdivision (c) defines “unprofessional conduct” for the purposes of section 44938. The duty to give notice, under subdivision (a) of section 44938, is triggered by the nature of the charges brought: “The governing board of any school district shall not act upon any charges of unprofessional conduct [unless notice is given] ...” Read together subdivisions (a) and (c) of section 44938 suggest that the definition of “unprofessional conduct” in subdivision (c) refers to the charges of unprofessional conduct described in subdivision (a).
The dissenting opinion also relies on De Caristo, supra, 33 Cal.App.2d 666 to support its view that Zuber was entitled to notice even though not charged with unprofessional conduct. However, De Caristo was decided under the former School Code. Insofar as the opinion discloses, that code contained no analog to subdivision (c) of section 44938, which we find dispositive here. Consequently, De Caristo does not change our view that Zuber was not entitled to notice.
Section 44031 provides: “(a) Materials in personnel files of employees that may serve as a basis for affecting the status of their employment are to be made available for the inspection of the person involved.
“(b) Except as otherwise provided in subdivision (e), this material is not to include ratings, reports, or records that (1) were obtained prior to the employment of the person involved, (2) were prepared by identifiable examination committee members, or (3) were obtained in connection with a promotional examination.
“(c) Every employee shall have the right to inspect these materials upon request, provided that the request is made at a time when the person is not actually required to render services to the employing district.
“(d) Information of a derogatory nature, except material mentioned in subdivision (b), shall not be entered or filed unless and until the employee is given notice and an opportunity to review and comment thereon. An employee shall have the right to enter, and have attached to any derogatory statement, his own comments thereon. The review shall take place during normal business hours, and the employee shall be released from duty for this purpose without salary reduction.
“(e) Notwithstanding subdivision (b), every noncredentialed employee shall have access to his or her numerical scores obtained as a result of a written examination.”
In his opening brief Zuber identifies 16 exhibits as improperly admitted before the Commission on this ground. Of these, nine were admitted without objection; six were objected to only on hearsay grounds; one was objected to on grounds of relevance, best evidence, and hearsay. No section 44031 objection was made to any of these exhibits.
Similarly, in his pleadings in the trial court Zuber raised no issue of the District’s noncompliance with section 44031, nor did he contend that any of the above exhibits were improperly admitted on section 44031 grounds.
To the extent Zuber’s brief makes passing allusions to a lack of such evidence, we reject the suggestions.
Zuber was employed as a teacher by the District in 1969. He taught until 1981 at Douglass Junior High School, then returned in 1985 after a four-year medical leave.