California Court of Appeal Sep 3, 2008 No. F051027Published
Before: Gomes
Opinion
GOMES, J.
Douglas William Warner commenced a romantic relationship with his next-door neighbor while she was engaged in bitter child custody litigation with her husband, who later accused Warner of abusing the couple’s child. His arrest at his apartment in front of his friends infuriated him. The court dismissed the charges against him for lack of evidence, but he felt depressed and distraught at losing his chance to have his day in court. Weeks later, he killed her husband with a shotgun blast to the chest.
After trial by jury, the court imposed an aggregate sentence of 50 years to life (a 25 year-to-life term for first degree murder (Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a)
1
) consecutive to a 25 year-to-life term for personal and intentional discharge of a firearm proximately causing great bodily injury or death (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)) and imposed and stayed a consecutive four-year (middle) term for personal use of a firearm (§§ 654, 12022.5, subd. (a)). On appeal, Warner argued (1) that CALCRIM No. 226 impermissibly lightened the prosecution’s burden of proof and (2) that the court should have stricken, not imposed and stayed, the lesser firearm use enhancement.
On Warner’s appeal in 2007, we disagreed with him on the first issue, agreed with him on the second issue, ordered the enhancement stricken, and otherwise affirmed the judgment, after which the California Supreme Court ordered a grant and hold (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.512(d)(2)) pending consideration and disposition of the following issue in
People
v.
Gonzalez
(review granted, Mar. 14, 2007, S149898): “When separate firearm enhancements under Penal Code section 12022.5 and subdivisions (b), (c), and/or (d)
[656]
of section 12022.53 are found true and the longest enhancement is imposed, should the lesser enhancements be stricken, stayed or simply not imposed at all?” (See
the Supreme Court ordered a transfer without decision (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.528(d)) for reconsideration of the cause in light of
Gonzalez.
Having done so, we now affirm the judgment in full.
DISCUSSION
1.
CALCRIM No. 226
Warner argues that the last paragraph of CALCRIM No. 226 impermissibly lightens the prosecution’s burden of proof not only by using the word “should” (as opposed to the “relatively more neutral” word “may” in CALJIC No. 2.21.2) so as to create a pernicious permissive inference but also by short circuiting the jury’s process of contrasting and comparing the evidence with the word “ignore” so as to allow “an early discard of some portions of the evidence.” The Attorney General argues the contrary.
Both words that Warner challenges appear in the last paragraph of CALCRIM No. 226 (Witnesses). Modified to delete paragraphs irrelevant to the evidence, the court gave the instruction as follows:
“You alone must judge the credibility or believability of the witnesses. In deciding whether testimony is true and accurate, use your common sense and experience. The testimony of each witness must be judged by the same standard. You must set aside any bias or prejudice you may have, including any based on the witness’s gender, race, religion, or national origin. You may believe all, part, or none of any witness’s testimony. Consider the testimony of each witness and decide how much of it you believe.
“In evaluating a witness’s testimony, you may consider anything that reasonably tends to prove or disprove the truth or accuracy of that testimony. Among the factors that you may consider are:
“How well could the witness see, hear, or otherwise perceive the things about which the witness testified?
[657]
“How well was the witness able to remember and describe what happened?
“What was the witness’s behavior while testifying?
“Did the witness understand the questions and answer them directly?
“Was the witness’s testimony influenced by a factor such as bias or prejudice, a personal relationship with someone involved in the case, or a personal interest in how the case is decided?
“What was the witness’s attitude about the case or about testifying?
“Did the witness make a statement in the past that is consistent or inconsistent with his or her testimony?
“How reasonable is the testimony when you consider all the other evidence in the case?
“Did other evidence prove or disprove any fact about which the witness testified?
“Do not automatically reject testimony just because of inconsistencies or conflicts. Consider whether the differences are important or not. People sometimes honestly forget things or make mistakes about what they remember. Also, two people may witness the same event yet see or hear it differently.
“If you do not believe a witness’s testimony that he or she no longer remembers something, that testimony is inconsistent with the witness’s earlier statement on that subject.
“If you decide that a witness deliberately lied about something significant in this case, you
should
consider not believing anything that witness says. Or, if you think the witness lied about some things, but told the truth about others, you may simply accept the part that you think is true and
ignore
the rest.” (Italics added.)
Warner argues that the words “should” and “ignore” in the last paragraph of CALCRIM No. 226 “invited the jury here even more forcefully than does CALJIC No. 2.21.2 [(Witness Willfully False)] to reject all of [his] testi
[658]
mony”: “A witness, who is willfully false in one material part of his or her testimony, is to be distrusted in others. You
may
reject the whole testimony of a witness who willfully has testified falsely as to a material point, unless, from all the evidence, you believe the probability of truth favors his or her testimony in other particulars.” (CALJIC No. 2.21.2, italics added.)
Warner candidly acknowledges the California Supreme Court’s consistent rejection of similar challenges to the analogous CALJIC witness instruction, CALJIC No. 2.21.2. (See, e.g.,
(1989) 49 Cal.3d 991, 1023-1024 [264 Cal.Rptr. 386, 782 P.2d 627].) Nonetheless, he contends that CALCRIM No. 226 encourages the jury, even more than CALJIC No. 2.21.2 does, to reject a defendant’s entire testimony and that on the record here of “clear conflict in the evidence as to [his] state pf mind” and of his credibility as “the essential component of the defense case” CALCRIM No. 226 impermissibly lightens the prosecution’s burden of proof.
Warner aptly characterizes the record. In his own defense, he testified that he could recall only some of the events of the fatal day but remembered firing three shots into the floor in front of his next-door neighbor’s husband, who arrogantly responded, “You know you could have done it.” At that moment, he testified, “Everything just exploded.” He remembered pulling the trigger, driving to the police station, and turning himself in. A defense psychiatrist diagnosed him as suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder, which can cause a dissociative depressive state characterized by significant memory loss and interference with the ability to make rational judgments.
Nonetheless, our comparison of CALCRIM No. 226 and CALJIC No. 2.21.2 persuades us that both are facially neutral instructions that apply to all witnesses who testify at trial and that focus no more on the defendant’s testimony than on that of any other witness. (See
People
v.
Allison
(1989) 48 Cal.3d 879, 895 [258 Cal.Rptr. 208, 771 P.2d 1294].) CALCRIM No. 226 states that the jury “should
consider
not
believing”—not
that the jury
should not
believe—anything in the testimony of a witness who lied about something significant. (CALCRIM No. 226, italics added.) The authorization in CALJIC No. 2.21.2 that the jury
“.may
reject the
whole testimony
of a witness who willfully has testified falsely as to a material point” is analogous. (CALJIC No. 2.21.2, italics added.) So is the part of CALCRIM No. 226 informing the jury that “if you think the witness
lied about some things, but told the truth about others,
you may simply accept the part that you think is true and
ignore the rest.”
(CALCRIM No. 226, italics added.)
[659]
Since Warner fails to persuade us that semantic differences between CALCRIM No. 226 and CALJIC No. 2.21.2 are even material, let alone prejudicial, we reject his challenge to the former by deferring to a long line of California Supreme Court cases rebuffing analogous challenges to the latter. (See, e.g.,
Warner argues that the court should have stricken, not imposed and stayed, the section 12022.5, subdivision (a) enhancement. The Attorney General argues the contrary.
People
v.
Bracamonte
(2003) 106 Cal.App.4th 704 [131 Cal.Rptr.2d 334] answered “yes” to the question of first impression whether a court must strike a section 12022.5, subdivision (a) enhancement after imposition of a section 12022.53, subdivision (d) enhancement.
(Bracamonte, supra,
at pp. 709-713.) In reliance on
Bracamonte,
our 2007 opinion agreed with Warner but noted; “The issue whether, after true findings on personal firearm use allegations under subdivision (a) and subdivision (d) and after imposition of the enhancement with the longest term of imprisonment, the sentencing court should strike, stay, or simply not impose the lesser enhancement is pending before the California Supreme Court.
(People v. Gonzalez,
review granted Mar. 14, 2007, S149898.)”
Gonzalez
expressly disapproved
People
v.
Bracamonte
and held that “after a trial court imposes punishment for the section 12022.53 firearm enhancement with the longest term of imprisonment, the remaining section 12022.53 firearm enhancements and any section 12022.5 firearm enhancements that were found true for the same crime must be imposed and then stayed.”
(Gonzalez, supra,
43 Cal.4th at pp. 1123, 1130, fn. 8.) Here, the trial court did just that, imposing a 25-year-to-life term for personal and intentional discharge of a firearm proximately causing great bodily injury or death (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)) and imposing and staying a consecutive four-year (middle) term for personal use of a firearm (§§ 654, 12022.5, subd. (a)).
[660]
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
Vartabedian, Acting P. J., and Levy, J., concurred.
1
Later statutory references are to the Penal Code except where otherwise noted.
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that CALCRIM No. 226 does not impermissibly lighten the prosecution's burden of proof and that, pursuant to People v. Gonzalez, a trial court must impose and stay lesser firearm enhancements when a longer enhancement is imposed.
Issues
Does CALCRIM No. 226 impermissibly lighten the prosecution's burden of proof?
Should a trial court strike or stay lesser firearm enhancements when a longer enhancement is imposed under Penal Code section 12022.53?
Disposition. affirmed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“our comparison of CALCRIM No. 226 and CALJIC No. 2.21.2 persuades us that both are facially neutral instructions that apply to all witnesses who testify at trial”