Opinion
SCHWEITZER, J. Defendant, Employers Liability Assurance Corporation, Ltd., appeals from a judgment for $75,000 and $100,000 in favor of plaintiffs, Walter C. and Florence White Richardson respectively, entered on general jury verdicts. The judgment is based upon the refusal of Employers, insurer, to settle in good faith, without arbitration, the claim of the Richardsons, Employers’ insured, for the policy limits of $10,000 apiece under the uninsured motorist provisions of the policy.
[237] Facts
On January 30, 1968, Michael Squalls drove an automobile through a boulevard stop sign at an intersection in Los Angeles and struck a vehicle driven by Carmella Cook. The Cook vehicle was forced into the Richardson car. The Richardson car, driven by Walter Richardson, went out of control and struck an adjoining gas station. Both Richardsons sustained very severe injuries and their car was heavily damaged.
The accident was reported within a week to Employers by the agent who had sold the Richardsons their insurance policy. In his report the agent stated that Richardson had told him that Squalls had no insurance. An investigation of the accident for Employers was promptly begun. It was completed by March 21, 1968. It indicated that the three-car accident had been caused solely by the negligence of Squalls and that Squalls represented that he was uninsured at the time of the accident.1 About this time the Richardsons’ attorney wrote the local office of Employers and stated that Squalls was uninsured at the time of the accident.
The home office of Employers would not accept these conclusions. It took the position that uninsured motorist claims should be assumed and paid “only as a last resort,” that further investigation should be made of whether Squalls was insured and of possible liability on the part of either Carmella Cook, who was insured, or of Employers’ own insured, Walter Richardson, and that upon the completion of such investigation the Richardson claim, should be immediately referred to Employers’ local counsel. The further investigation and the reference to counsel were made. Toward the end of April 1968 the local office of Employers reported to the home office that further investigation indicated “a valid uninsured motorist claim.”
The home office immediately rejected this conclusion under its “last resort” policy and suggested that the Richardsons’ attorney be advised “that this is not a case of uninsured motorist” and that he should sue Carmella Cook. This advice was given to the attorney by the local office of Employers.
By letter dated May 28 the Richardsons’ attorney notified Employers that since Mrs. Richardson’s medical expenses exceeded $10,000 and Mr. Richardson’s totaled over $3,000, the settlement demand for each, was $10,000, and that if this demand was not met by June 12, they would initiate arbitration proceedings under the policy. The settlement demand [238]was refused and the Richardsons’ attorney took the claim against Employers to arbitration on June 12.2
By letter dated July 31 the Richardsons’ attorney renewed his demand that Employers pay the policy limits ($10,000 apiece) under the uninsured motorist coverage, threatened litigation if payment was not made, and stated that the settlement offer would remain open only until August 31; the date was later extended to September 23. On August 8 Richardsons’ attorney sent Employers a copy of Mrs. Richardson’s hospital bill in the amount of $13,616.47.
By memorandum dated September 11 ■ the local office of Employers advised the home office that “our counsel thinks plaintiff’s theory of bad faith may be a good one.”
By letter dated September 17 counsel for Employers advised counsel for the Richardsons that Employers could not accede to the settlement demand because it had no proof that Squalls was uninsured at the time of the accident. Richardsons’ attorney furnished Employers with a requisite DMV certificate of noninsurance and on September 27 the local office of Employers recommended to the home office that the claim be settled for the policy limits. The home office rejected this recommendation on the baseless ground that negligence on the part of Cook contributed to the accident.
An arbitration hearing was held on October 7; the Richardsons presented a full and documented case on both liability arid damages; Employers presented no evidence. On November 6 the arbitrator awarded the Richardsons the full policy limits. Notwithstanding this fact, the home office was still unwilling to pay the award in full; it authorized the local office “to make best possible settlement up to $20,000.” The Richardsons’ attorney thereupon initiated proceedings to have the award judicially confirmed; a judgment was obtained on January 24, 1969. Employers made full payment of the award on or about February 6, 1969—a little over a year after the accident.3
The foregoing facts disclose the Employers’ investigation of the circumstances of the accident was essentially completed by the end of March 1968, some two months after the accident.
[239]Employers’ local claims supervisor, who supervised the investigation of the claim, testified that his opinion was that a full settlement of the claim ($20,000) was justified. An attorney who specialized in personal injury litigation testified that the Richardsons’ case was one “of clear liability under the uninsured motorist’s protection” and that the reasonable settlement value for Mrs. Richardson’s injuries was $30,000 to $50,000 and that for Mr. Richardson’s injuries was $60,000 to $80,000.
The actual damages occasioned the Richardsons by the failure of Employers to settle their claims without arbitration, without allowance of interest for late payment, amounted to $1,996.93 in increased contingent attorney’s fees and their share of the cost of the arbitration proceeding.
The Nature of the Action.
In every insurance policy there is implied by law a covenant of good faith and fair dealing. (See Comunale v. Traders & General Ins. Co., 50 Cal.2d 654, 658 [328 P.2d 198]; Fletcher v. Western National Life Ins. Co., 10 Cal.App.3d 376, 401 [89 Cal.Rptr. 78], hg. den.) This implied obligation requires an insurer to deal in good faith and fairly with its insured in handling an insured’s claim against it. Here, Employers deliberately, willfully and in bad faith withheld payment of the Richardson claim months after it knew the claim to be completely valid; it forced an arbitration hearing on a claim against which it already knew that it had no defense; even after the award was made, it instructed its local office to attempt “to make the best possible settlement,” and forced plaintiffs to resort to litigation to have the award judicially confirmed. This conduct toward its own insured was unconscionable, and constituted a tortious breach of contract. (See Comunale Traders & General Ins. Co., supra, 50 Cal.2d at p. 663; Crisci v. Security Ins. Co., 66 Cal.2d 425, 432-433 [58 Cal.Rptr. 13, 426 P.2d 173].) The duty violated—that of dealing fairly and in good faith with the other party to a contract of insurance—is a duty imposed by law, not one arising from the terms of the contract itself. In other words, this duty of dealing fairly and in good faith is nonconsensual in origin rather than consensual. Breach of this duty is a tort.(See In re Bongfeldt, 22 Cal.App.3d 465, 468-469 [99 Cal.Rptr. 428]; Laczko v. Jules Meyers, Inc., 276 Cal.App.2d 293, 295 [80 Cal.Rptr. 798].)
Jury Instructions
Employers contends that certain instructions misled the jury as to the nature of the action and set forth improper items of damages.
[2401]. Nature of Action. Employers refers to modified BAJI instruction No. 2.60, numbered by the court as 14, on the burden of proof and to two instructions requested by the Richardsons (plaintiffs’ instructions 4 and 6), numbered by the court as 17 and 18.4 The word “injuries” appears twice in BAJI No. 2.60; since this action is not predicated upon personal injuries but on a tortious breach of contract, the reference to injuries was not proper. We note that the instruction was discussed in chambers and that defense counsel confined his objection to the provisions in the instruction relating to good faith. As we have pointed out, good faith was a proper issue and the instruction properly referred thereto. Apparently defense counsel considered the reference to injuries as insignificant; we agree and conclude that neither the jury was misled nor the defendant prejudiced by the reference therein to injuries.
Instructions 17 and 18 are based on Crisci, supra, 66 Cal.2d 425, and Comunale, supra, 50 Cal.2d 654, and each instruction was objected to by defense counsel on the ground that each applies to third party situations, where an insured is exposed to liability in excess of his policy limits because an insurer violates its implied obligation to act in good faith in protecting its insured. Although we hold that the insurer has an analogous duty in an uninsured motorist case, such as that presented here, we agree with defense counsel that the instructions were inappropriate. However, since the contents thereof contained a correct statement of law in referring generally to the applicable principle of good faith, we conclude that the jury was not misled thereby and that defendant suffered no prejudice as a result.
[2412]. Damages. Pertinent parts of the court’s instructions on damages are quoted, in the sequence given:
“Compensatory damages . . . shall include [BAJI 14.00 as modified] . . . [Reasonable compensation to plaintiffs for additional attorney’s fees, costs . . . and similar additional expenses . . . [BAJI 14.10 as modified], . . . [i]nterest . . . [BAJI 14.22] . . . [Reasonable compensation . . . for any fears, anxiety and other mental and emotional distress . . . [BAJI 14.13] . . . . [Y]ou should compensate [them] for loss or harm which is reasonably certain to be suffered by [them] in the future as a proximate result of the injury in question.” [BAJI 14.60.]
BAJI No. 14.60, as it relates to future loss or harm, should not have been given; there was no evidence of such damage. However, this instruction was requested in its entirety by defense counsel; it was therefore invited error and Employers cannot complain with reference thereto on appeal. (See 4 Witkin, Cal. Procedure (2d ed. 1971) Trial, § 243, p. 3057.)
The serious question raised relates to BAJI No. 14.13, requested by plaintiffs, insofar as it allowed the jury to include in its award compensation “for any . . . fears, anxiety, and other mental and emotional distress. . . .” The only evidence relating thereto was testimony by Mrs. Richardson that as a result of defendant’s conduct, various creditors pressed the Richardsons about unpaid bills, and that at times they had to borrow funds to pay taxicab fares and parking expense in obtaining medical treatment for their injuries. To support an award of damages for anxiety and emotional distress, there must be evidence of “severe emotional distress” (Fletcher v. Western National Life Ins. Co., supra, 10 Cal.App.3d at pp. 396-397), or as indicated by Crisci, supra, 66 Cal.2d at pp. 433-434, there must be evidence of “substantial damages” therefrom. The evidence in this case does not meet these standards. The court erred in giving the instruction. The error was prejudicial because it cannot be determined from the general verdicts what, if anything, was awarded to plaintiffs as a result of the instruction. It would appear from the size of each verdict that some award was made for these items of damage.
We cannot say that defendant acceded to this instruction. It was discussed in chambers; defense counsel stated several times that he objected to the instruction. Instructions requested by an adverse party “are deemed to have been excepted to” (Code Civ. Proc., § 647) even though the complaining party made no objection thereto. (Rivera v. Parma, 54 Cal.2d 313, 316 [5 Cal.Rptr. 665, 353 P.2d 273].)
[242] The Admissibility of Certain Evidence
Employers repeatedly proffered a stipulation that the injuries and damages suffered by the Richardsons in the accident warranted payment by Employers to them of the policy limits. On appeal defendant contends that in view of this offer it was unnecessary and prejudicially improper for the trial court to admit medical and hospital records 'and bills of the Richardsons, photographs of each after their injuries and of their damaged car, and the testimony of the expert witness as to the reasonable settlement value of their claims. We do not agree.
All of the challenged documentary evidence came from Employers’ file. In deciding the basic issue of the case—whether Employers acted in good faith in refusing ta settle the Richardson claim, without arbitration, for $20,000—the jury was entitled to be advised as to exactly what information was in defendant’s file, aside from the privileged communications with Employers’ counsel. How else could they have properly determined whether Employers acted fairly and in good faith in its handling of the claim?
Furthermore the evidence of the expert witness, an attorney, as to the reasonable settlement value of the claim was clearly relevant to the good faith issue. If this value had approximated the policy limits, the jury might’ very well have concluded that Employers’ refusal to settle the claim for the policy limits without arbitration, was in fact a good faith refusal.
Prejudicial Misconduct of Counsel
During the afternoon session of the second day of trial, outside the presence of the jury, counsel for Employers moved for a mistrial on the ground that plaintiffs’ counsel had exposed to jurors a Xerox copy of an article with headlines:
“Didn’t Settle in Policy Limits; OK Mental Suffering Award.”
Defense counsel represented that the article was on the counsel table, in front of his adversary’s seat prior to the court reconvening for the afternoon session, while the jurors were returning to the jury room following the noon recess, and remained on the table after the jurors were in the jury box. These facts were not denied by counsel for plaintiffs; he denied any intentional wrongdoing, stating that it was only one of the numerous documents and files he had on the counsel table, and that “the document to which he [defense counsel] refers is a case citation which I have along with other case citations to discuss jury instructions . . . and other lead[243]ing points.” He later stated that it was an article from a legal newspaper on the Crisci v. Security Insurance case.
Under the court’s supervision, with the consent and assistance of counsel, physical observations were noted and photographs were taken.5 The physical observations recorded indicate that each letter of the headline was capitalized; the first letter of each word, except for the preposition “in,” was three-fourths of an inch in height; the remaining letters were one-half inch in height; the body of the article was in regular type, approximately one-sixteenth inch in height; the headline was 80 to- 88 inches from the front of the jury box, Í12V2 inches from the back of the seats in the front row of the jury box (it was estimated that jurors’ eyes would be one foot closer), 124 inches from “eye position” in the second row, and 121 ¥2 inches from the bar. The photographs indicate that chairs were placed immediately in front of the bar and that jurors, returning from the noon recess to the jury room, would enter through a gate in the bar, pass between the chairs in front of the bar and the chair occupied by counsel for plaintiffs; no measurement was taken of the distance from this passageway to the article. A photograph taken from this passageway indicates to us that the headline was clearly legible.
Defense counsel stated that he could read the headlines from the rear row of the jury box; counsel for plaintiffs took issue with this assertion; each counsel conceded that the visual acuity of the jurors would vary. The record does not indicate that the trial judge left the bench to- personally test the legibility of the headlines from locations that had been occupied or traversed by jurors.
After the measurements were made and the photographs taken, counsel for defendant moved that the jurors be individually examined as to whether they had read the headline; this motion and the motion for mistrial were denied. The jury was then returned to- the courtroom and at the request of counsel for plaintiffs the court gave the following admonition: “Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, you are instructed that you, should not consider [244]as evidence any statement of counsel made during this trial, nor any document upon the counsel table unless such statement was made as an admission or stipulation conceding the existence of a fact or facts or such document or documents have been introduced into evidence.”
As heretofore stated, counsel for plaintiffs stated he had the article on the table for use in discussing jury instructions “and other leading points.” This excuse is incredible. Crisci was decided over three years before trial of this action. The decision covers eight pages in the official reports. The article appears on one sheet only; although not in the record, it would appear to be only a synopsis at most, a poor source of information for the purposes advanced by counsel. We cannot help but conclude that the article with prominent headlines was exposed fo'r the purpose of influencing the jury. No one knows whether any jurors saw the headlines, and if so, what, if any effect they had on the jury in its deliberations. It would appear from the size of the verdicts that the headlines might have influenced the jury. Under such circumstances we hold that the trial court abused its discretion in not granting defendant’s motion for mistrial.
We conclude that the combination of this misconduct and the erroneous inclusion of the portion of the instruction authorizing an award for “fears, anxiety and other mental' and emotional distress” constituted prejudicial error and requires a reversal of the judgment.
Although unnecessary for our opinion, for the guidance of the court and counsel on retrial we comment briefly on defendant’s remaining contentions.
Punitive Damages
Defendant contends that this is an action for damages for breach of contract and that puniitve damages are not authorized. As we have already pointed out, this is an erroneous assumption; the suit rests upon, the tortious breach by the insurer of an obligation imposed by law, to deal fairly and in good faith with its own insured. An insurance policy is a contract of adhesion; and, therefore, the reasonable expectations of the weaker party, the insured, must be taken into account. (See Gray v. Zurich Insurance Co., 65 Cal.2d 263, 269-271 [54 Cal.Rptr. 104, 419 P.2d 168].) Limited monetary protection of the insured from bodily injury occasioned by the negligence of an owner or operator of an uninsured vehicle is a mandatory provision in, all policies of motor vehicle bodily injury liability insurance issued or delivered in this state. (Ins. Code, § 11580.2.) A reasonable expectation of the insured under such protection is that his claim will be handled by the insurer promptly, fairly and in good faith.
[245]This expectation was not realized in this case. Unlike the Crisci situation, however, the result of the insurer’s breach of this duty of dealing with its insured fairly and in good faith was not to make the protection of the policy inadequate (it already was), but was instead to oppress and harass the insured needlessly and unjustifiably by refusing payment of an indisputably valid claim for the policy limits without arbitration and without judicial confirmation; it thereby created a needless uncertainty as to its ultimate payment and deferred payment from a few months after the accident to over a year thereafter.
Civil Code section 3294 provides that “In an action for the breach of an obligation not arising from contract, where the defendant has been guilty of oppression, fraud, or malice, express or implied, the plaintiff, in addition to the actual damages, may recover damages for the sake of example and by way of punishing the defendant.” The fact that the conduct constituting the tort also involves the breach of a covenant, implied by law in the insurance policy, does not prevent the recovery of punitive damages under section 3294 by the insured from the insurer. (See Eads v. Marks, 39 Cal.2d 807, 811 [249 P.2d 257]; Fletcher v. Western National Life Ins. Co., supra, 10 Cal.App.3d at p. 400; Wetherbee v. United Insurance Co. of America, 265 Cal.App.2d 921, 927-929 [71 Cal.Rptr. 764], hg. den.; Sharp v. Automobile Club of So. Cal., 225 Cal.App.2d 648, 651-653 [37 Cal.Rptr. 585], hg. den.)
Employers argues that an award of punitive damages was not justified because there was no evidence of fraud, malice or oppression, as required by section 3294. Although bad faith conduct, involving deceit, has often been regarded as fraudulent (see Fletcher v. Western National Life Ins. Co., supra, 10 Cal.App.3d at p. 405), we will limit our consideration of the basis for these damages to malice and oppression, the only grounds for an award of punitive damages that were mentioned in the instructions.
Actual malice must be shown in order for punitive damages to be awarded, but this malice, including malicious intent, may be inferred from the circumstances of the case. (See Walton v. Anderson, 6 Cal.App.3d 1003, 1009-1010 [86 Cal.Rptr. 345], hg. den.; Parrott v. Bank of America, 97 Cal.App.2d 14, 24-25 [217 P.2d 89, 35 A.L.R.2d 263], hg. den.) Certainly, a motive and willingness on the part of the home office of Employers to vex and annoy the Richardsons (see Haun v. Hyman, 223 Cal.App.2d 615, 620 [36 Cal.Rptr. 84]; BAJI (5th ed. 1969) No. 14.71) by forcing the claim into arbitration when the persons involved with the claim knew that it was completely valid, was established. We hold, therefore, that malice was proved.
[246]We further hold that oppression on the part of Employers was also proved. “Oppression” has a well established meaning. (See Fletcher v. Western National Life Ins. Co. supra, 10 Cal.App.3d at p. 405.) It means subjecting a person to cruel and unjust hardship in conscious disregard of his rights. (See Roth v. Shell Oil Co., 185 Cal.App.2d 676, 682 [8 Cal.Rptr. 514], hg. den.)
Employers contends that the award of punitive damages was excessive. Since the case must be retried, we refrain from expressing our approval or disapproval of the size of the verdicts. It is clear that the bulk thereof was exemplary in nature, but as we have indicated, it is reasonable to believe that an undetermined portion thereof resulted from the erroneous instruction and the misconduct of counsel. We do note a few principles for guidance on retrial.
Evidence of Employers’ wealth was properly admitted. (2 Witkin, Summary of Cal. Law (1960) Torts, § 400, p. 1607.) Juries have wide discretion in determining an award of punitive damages. (Scott v. Times-Mirror Co., 181 Cal. 345, 367 [184 P. 672, 12 A.L.R. 1007].) There is no fixed ratio by which to determine the proper proportion between compensatory and punitive damages. (Finney v. Lockhart, 35 Cal.2d 161, 164 [217 P.2d 19]; Wetherbee v. United Ins. Co. of America, 18 Cal.App.3d 266, 270-272 [95 Cal.Rptr. 678]; Prosser, Law of Torts (4th ed. 1971) p. 14.)
Liability of defendant was clearly established and was unaffected by the errors committed below. No good cause appears to set aside the verdict on such issue. The errors committed related solely to the issue of damages. This court can reverse the judgment and remand the cause for a new trial on limited issues. (Brewer v. Second Baptist Church, 32 Cal.2d 791, 801-802 [197 P.2d 713]; 6 Witkin, Cal. Procedure (2d ed. 1971) Appeal, § 559, pp. 4498-4499.)
The judgment is reversed and the cause is remanded for a new trial solely upon the issue of the amount of compensatory and exemplary damages, with directions to the trial court to render judgment in favor of plaintiffs for the amount of damages so found upon a determination of that issue.
Ford, P. J., concurred.
On the basis of this investigation Employers posted reserves for the full policy limits. (Ex. 2, p. 28; Ex. 21.)
The uninsured motorist endorsement portion of the insurance policy provided that the existence and the amount of .the liability of Employers thereunder was to be determined by agreement between Employers and its insured and, if they failed to agree, by arbitration. (Ex. 1.)
Employers prepared drafts in full payment of the award initially on December 3, 1968, but these were refused by the Richardsons’ attorney because they contained a statement that they were “in settlement of any and all claims.”
As given, modified BAJI No. 2.60 (5th ed. 1969), in relevant part, was:
“In this action, the plaintiff has the burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence all of the facts necessary to prove the following issues:
“1. That the defendant, Employers Liability Insurance Corporation, Ltd., did not act in good faith.
“2. That such conduct was the proximate cause of plaintiffs’ injuries and damages, if any.
“3. The nature and extent of such injuries.
“4. The amount of damages.”
As given No. 17 was:
“There is an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing in every contract of insurance that neither party will do anything which will injure the right 'of the other party to receive the benefits of the agreement.
“In the case of insurance contracts, such as existed in this case, the implied obligation of good faith and fair dealing requires the insurer to accept reasonable settlements in an appropriate case.’’
As given No. 18 was:
“In determining whether the insurer has acted in good faith in refusing to settle plaintiffs’ claim for bodily injury, the test is whether a prudent insurer without policy limits would have accepted the settlement offer."
The photographs were not received in evidence but were marked only as a “Court’s Exhibit for Identification,” apparently due to an assumption that the jury would be entitled to see all exhibits received in evidence. Since counsel and the trial judge personally observed the document, its location and the physical layout of the courtroom, the photographs served no useful purpose for the trial proceedings. Since the only conceivable purpose for the photographs was to record these facts for possible appellate review of the incident, we assume that counsel intended that they be deemed a part of the record for our inspection. This assumption finds support in respondents’ brief on appeal; counsel relies on the photographs in support of his argument. Under the circumstances we feel justified in overlooking the technicality and considering the photographs as being competent evidence on the issue of counsel’s misconduct.