BLEASE, J. I dissent.
The majority opinion, following People v. Espinoza (1979) 99 Cal.App.3d 59,1 and rejecting People v. Cole (1979) 94 Cal.App.3d 854 [155 Cal.Rptr. 892], holds, despite the express language of Penal Code sections 667.5 and 1170, subdivision (a)(2), that a prior prison term is “complete” (Pen. Code, § 667.5, subd. (g)), for purposes of the enhancement of a term for a subsequent offense, notwithstanding that the defendant is still “serving” the prior term (Pen. Code, § 667.5, subd. (h), italics added).
The issue here, as in Espinoza, is whether, for purposes of Penal Code section 667.5, a defendant has “completed” a “sentence” for a pri- or offense when he has been recommitted to “prison custody” upon [165]revocation of parole imposed “as part of the sentence” for the offense. (Italics added.)
As will be shown, a prison term for a prior felony offense is complete when the period, including parole, during which prison custody for the offense may be imposed, has terminated.
The majority opinion blindly follows the result in Espinoza, disregarding the fact that Espinoza fails to consider four of the five statutory provisions which expressly govern the issue. This dissent focuses upon the provisions which Espinoza ignores.
I
Penal Code section 667.5, subdivisions (a) and (b), require that, upon • conviction for a felony, there must be added to the term imposed for the felony an additional term of years2 for “each prior separate prison term served” by the defendant. (Italics added.)
The phrase “prior separate prison term” is defined in Penal Code section 667.5, subdivision (g), as meaning a “continuous completed period of prison incarceration” imposed because of a prior offense or offenses. Espinoza and its progeny, considering only subdivision (g) of section 667.53 and rejecting the reasoning of Cole,4 hold that a “prior.. .prison term” (italics added) is complete, for purposes of section 667.5, at the time the defendant is placed on parole, using the word “term” in the sense used in Penal Code section 3000 which separates a prison “sentence” into a “term of imprisonment” (italics added) and a “period of parole.”
[166]Espinoza states: “The truth is that section 667.5 does not define ‘a continuous completed period of prison incarceration.’ The best indication of what the Legislature meant by that expression is found, we believe, in section 3000 in which the Legislature speaks of the ‘expiration of a term of imprisonment’ in contradistinction to release on parole and ‘completion of parole, or.. .the end of the maximum statutory period of parole.’ The language of section 3000 makes plain the legislative assumption that a term of imprisonment expires prior to release on parole. A term of imprisonment which has expired, has been ‘completed.’ We conclude, therefore, that a term of imprisonment is ‘completed’ at the expiration of the stated term notwithstanding the undoubted legal truism that additional imprisonment on revocation of parole is referable to and in legal theory a part of an original term. .. . ” (People v. Espinoza, supra, 99 Cal.App.3d at p. 72.)
Espinoza here goes wrong by failing to consider the provisions of subdivisions (d), (e) and (h) of section 667.5, and the provisions of Penal Code section 1170, subdivision (a)(2), which expressly include a period of (expired or discharged) parole under Penal Code section 3000, within the phrase “prior separate prison term.” (Italics added.) These provisions use “term” to mean “sentence” and thus include the period of parole.
The determinate sentence law (DSL) establishes a “sentence” for each felony offense consisting of a “term of imprisonment” followed by a period of parole under Penal Code section 3000 “as part of the sentence.” (Pen. Code, §§ 1170, subds. (a)(2) and (c); 3000.) The word “term” in this sense (term (1)) is to be distinguished from the “sentence,” which includes, as well, the period of parole.
Espinoza uses “term” to mean term (1), ignoring the provisions which make the “sentence,” including the parole period, the measure of the prior prison term (term (2)).
[167]Penal Code section 1170, subdivision (a)(2), expressly makes the “sentence,” and with it the parole period, the measure of the period covered by term (2), as used in section 667.5. It provides in part: “In any case in which the amount of preimprisonment credit under Section 2900.5 or any other provision of law is equal to or exceeds any sentence imposed pursuant to this chapter, the entire sentence, including any period of parole under Section 3000, shall be deemed to have been served and the defendant shall not be actually delivered to the custody of the Director of Corrections. However, any such sentence shall be deemed a separate prior prison term under Section 667.5, and a copy of the judgment and other necessary documentation shall be forwarded to the Director of Corrections.” (Italics added.)
It is clear from this provision that term (2) ends (is complete) at least when the sentence ends and that an enhancement may be imposed if the sentence is terminated at any time prior to the imposition of sentence for the new offense. “Prior,” in “prior prison term,” thus means prior to imposition of the new sentence and does not mean prior to the new offense.
Espinoza’s reading failures lead it to a fictitious policy problem. It claims that, if the parole period is considered as part of the term, “harsher treatment [would necessarily occur] for a felon who has faithfully and successfully served his or her parole than for a felon who has committed yet another felony while on parole.” (People v. Espinoza, supra, 99 Cal.App.3d at p. 74; see also People v. Butler, supra, 104 Cal.App.3d 868, 884-885.)
No such necessity arises. An enhancement may be imposed for an offense committed during parole, provided that the parole portion of the “sentence” has expired or been discharged prior to the imposition of the enhancement. Since discharge from parole is within the discretion of the government, an enhancement is a governmental option (other criteria having been met) as to any felony offense committed by a defendant on parole. The apparent legislative policy is to preclude both punishment upon parole revocation and an enhancement arising out of the same new offense. The choice is for the government to make.
II
The sentence marks the outer limits of the prior prison term. But other statutory provisions, within section 667.5, further condition the application of enhanced terms of imprisonment.
[168]The prior prison term must have been served in order to justify an enhancement.
Subdivisions (a) and (b) of section 667.5 provide that an enhancement may be imposed only for a “prior separate prison term served for” a felony. (Italics added.) Subdivision (e) states that enhancements “shall not be imposed for any felony for which the defendant did not serve a prior separate term in state prison.” (Italics added.) (See In re Hawkins (1980) 103 Cal.App.3d 621, 624 [163 Cal.Rptr. 201].) “Served” is defined in subdivision (h) such that “[s]erving a prison term includes any confinement time in any state prison” (italics added), a phrase inclusive of confinement for revocation of parole. (In re Hawkins, supra, at p. 625.)
This provision means that an enhancement may not be imposed if the prior prison term did not result in prison confinement. It also means that whether or not the sentence (term (2)) has ended, if the prison incarceration imposed by virtue of the sentence has been completed, an enhancement may be added, notwithstanding that the period of parole may not have ended.
Penal Code section 667.5, subdivision (g), defines “prior separate prison term” as “a continuous completed period of prison incarceration” imposed for a prior offense or offenses. (Italics added.) Espinoza argues that where, as here, a defendant has been reimprisoned for revocation of parole the prior prison term must have been completed because “[a] term of imprisonment followed by a period on parole, followed by a revocation of parole and reimprisonment for an additional period can hardly be said to constitute ‘continuous’ service of a sentence.” (People v. Espinoza, supra, 99 Cal.App.3d at p. 72.)
Even assuming what is not apparent, that a z/z'scontinuous period of prison incarceration can count as a completed term of imprisonment, under subdivision (d) the parole period counts as prison incarceration upon reimprisonment for revocation of parole.
Subdivision (d) of Penal Code section 667.5 states, in relevant part: “For the purposes of this section the defendant shall be deemed to remain in prison custody for an offense [when he or she] is reimprisoned on revocation of parole.”5 (Italics added.)
[169]There is one last Espinoza argument to address. Espinoza claims that its conclusion is supported by the administrative application of section 667.5 by the Community Release Board, contained in California Administrative Code, title 15, section 2154, subdivision (b)(2).6 But an inspection of the administrative provision shows that it is exclusively concerned with what counts as a separate prior term, not what counts as a term.
The distinction in subdivision (g) of Penal Code section 667.5 between revocation with and revocation without a new commitment is to make it clear that, as the regulation points out, “if the person was returned to prison with a new term, the new term will count as a second prior prison term” (Cal. Admin. Code, tit. 15, § 2154, subd. (b)(2)); i.e., the new commitment may form the basis of a separate prior prison term as to a future offense.
Contrary to Espinoza and its followers, the conclusion is compelled that a defendant, as here, reimprisoned upon revocation of parole, is still “serving” (Pen. Code, §§ 667.5, subd. (h); 1170, subd. (a)(2)) his term (2) “sentence” (Pen. Code, § 1170, subd. (a)(2)) and has been [170]“continuously” incarcerated (Pen. Code, § 667.5, subds. (d) and (g)) in prison during the parole period. Accordingly, such a defendant cannot have completed his continuous period of prison incarceration (Pen. Code, § 667.5, subd. (g)) for the offense, and an enhancement may not be imposed.
The Espinoza reasoning is demonstrably wrong but, rather than grapple with the demonstration, my colleagues take the easy path of error sanctified by precedent.
I would grant the relief sought by petitioners.
A petition for a rehearing was denied August 22, 1980. Blease, J., was of the opinion that the petition should be granted. Petitioners’ application for a hearing by the Supreme Court was denied September 24, 1980. Bird, C. J., was of the opinion that the application should be granted.
Accord People v. Butler (1980) 104 Cal.App.3d 868, 882-885 [162 Cal.Rptr. 913]; People v. Mathews (1980) 102 Cal.App.3d 704, 710-713 [162 Cal.Rptr. 615]; and see People v. James (1980) 102 Cal.App.3d 728, 732-734 [162 Cal.Rptr. 548]; People v. Burke (1980) 102 Cal.App.3d 932, 942-944 [163 Cal.Rptr. 4],
The number of years added turns on whether the new felony is statutorily classified as “violent” (three additional years) or not (one additional year).
Penal Code section 667.5, subdivision (g), provides: “[A] A prior separate prison term for the purposes of this section shall mean [B] a continuous completed period of prison incarceration [C] imposed for the particular offense alone or in combination with concurrent or consecutive sentences for other crimes, [D] including any reimprisonment on revocation of parole which is not accompanied by a new commitment to prison, and [E] including any reimprisonment after escape from such incarceration.” The capital letters are inserted to mark the critical clause breaks.
The capital letters marking the clause breaks in Penal Code section 667.5, subdivision (g) (ante, fn. 3), are used in the following analysis.
Cole assumes that [D] is a member of class [A] and argues that since [D] (revocation of parole without a new commitment) is a member of [A] (prior separate prison term), then the converse not [D] (revocation with a new commitment), the case before us, is not a member of [A], and is therefore not a prior separate prison term. Espinoza faults the Cole logic as a nonsequitur and argues that “[e]ither event [[D] or not [D]] [166]presupposes the existence of a ‘prior separate prison term.’” (People v. Espinoza (1979) 99 Cal.App.3d 59, 70 [159 Cal.Rptr. 894].)
Espinoza here makes the same assumption as Cole but given the Cole assumption, its reasoning is correct. If [D] is a member of [A], then not [D] is, by clear implication, not a member of [A]. This is obviously a stronger argument than expressio unius est exclusio alterius.
But it is the Cole assumption which is wrong, and Espinoza goes wrong in adopting it. Clause [D] is not a member of [A] but modifies clause [C] which is designed to explicate the term “separate” in “prior separate offense.” (Italics added.) (People v. Burke, supra, 102 Cal.App.3d at pp. 943-944.) In other words, [D] is a property of an element [separate] of [A] and not an example or member of it.
It might be argued that subdivision (d) does not apply to subdivision (g) because (d) uses the phrase “prison custody,” while (g) uses “prison incarceration,” and subdivi[169]sions (a) and (b) specifically refer to “prison custody,” thereby implying that subdivision (d) only has application to subdivisions (a) and (b). There are two answers to the argument. First, (d) applies “for purposes of this section” (italics added), not a subdivision of the section. Second, the classification of parole upon revocation as “prison custody” in (d) has no function in (a) and (b). Subdivisions (a) and (b) create exceptions to the section 667.5 enhancement requirements. They preclude (in part) application of an enhanced term if the defendant has been free of prison custody for a specified period.
Since only a single instance of prison custody would nullify the exception, subdivision (d)’s classification of parole as prison custody, when triggered by a single instance of reimprisonment upon revocation of parole, would serve no function. In other words, since the act giving rise to the revocation would itself nullify the exception, nothing is gained by deeming the parole additionally to be prison custody.
Moreover, subdivisions (d) (“prison custody”), (g) (“prison incarceration”) and (h) (“confinement time in...state prison”), although using different words, contain an interchangeable core of custodial meaning. (See In re Hawkins (1980) 103 Cal.App.3d 621 [163 Cal.Rptr. 201].)
““‘Prior prison term" is a prior felony conviction which resulted in a continuous completed period of prison incarceration imposed for the particular crime [alone] or in combination with sentences for other crimes or commitments (whether concurrent or consecutive) received before release on parole. If the person was returned to prison to finish term, for a parole violation or with a new commitment for escape, the period will count as a single prison term. However, if the person was returned to prison with a new term, the new term will count as a second prior prison term, even if parole was incidentally revoked.. . .’ (Cal. Admin. Code, tit. 15, § 2154, subd. (b)(2); italics added.)” (Fn. omitted.) (People v. Espinoza, supra, 99 Cal.App.3d at p. 76.)