Opinion
STEPHENS, J. This is an appeal by the People (Pen. Code, § 1466, subd. 1(a)) from an order dismissing the action pursuant to Penal Code section 1385. The matter, which was transferred to this court from the Appellate Department of the Los Angeles Superior Court pursuant to rule 62(a) of the California Rules of Court, is before us on an “Agreed Settled Statement on Appeal.”
The pertinent facts contained therein are these: defendant was charged with violating subdivision (a) of section 653m of the Penal Code. He pleaded not guilty. At a pretrial conference, counsel for both parties stipulated: “That if the case was tried the evidence would substantially prove that the defendant called the complaining witness on the telephone. The complaining witness was not in his office and the defendant left a message for the complaining witness to return his call. The complaining witness returned the defendant’s call at which time the defendant used language which would constitute a violation of Section 653(m) [sic] of the Penal Code.”
The trial court held, as a matter of law, that defendant did not fall within the purview of the statute because the complaining witness was the one who placed the call in which the offending language was used. For this reason the complaint was dismissed. This appeal followed.1
Section 653m of the Penal Code reads as follows:
“(a) Every person who with intent to annoy telephones another and addresses to or about such other person any obscene language or addresses to such other person any threat to inflict injury to the person or property of the person addressed or any member of his family, is guilty of a misdemeanor.
“(b) Every person who makes a telephone call with intent to annoy another and without disclosing his true identity to the person answering [887]the telephone is, whether or not conversation ensues from making the telephone call, guilty of a misdemeanor.
“(c) Any offense committed by use of a telephone as herein set out may be deemed to have been committed at either the place at which the telephone call or calls were made or at the place where the telephone call or calls were received.”
It is the policy of this state to construe penal statutes as favorably to the defendant as the language and circumstances allow. (Keeler v. Superior Court, 2 Cal.3d 619, 631 [87 Cal.Rptr. 481, 470 P.2d 617, 40 A.L.R.3d 420].) A criminal defendant is entitled the benefit of every reasonable doubt, in questions of statutory interpretation as well as of fact. (Keeler v. Superior Court, supra; In re Tartar, 52 Cal.2d 250, 257 [339 P.2d 553].)
The word “telephones” is a verb meaning to call on the telephone. (Webster’s Third New Internal. Dict. (1966).) It refers to the person who places the call, not to the person who receives it. We have no way of knowing if it was the Legislature’s intent, in enacting section 653m, to exclude the recipients of telephone calls from the stricture of the statute or whether this was done through inadvertence. It makes no difference.
In discussing the subject of statutory interpretation, Mr. Justice Frankfurter commented that “. .. Mr. Justice Holmes was wont to say with courteous downrightness, T don’t care what their intention was. I only want to know what the words meant.’ ” (Frankfurter, Foreward to Symposium on Statutory Construction (1950) 3 Vanderbilt L.Rev. 365.) Mr. Justice Holmes himself, writing for the court, explained why in McBoyle v. United States, 283 U.S. 25 [75 L.Ed. 816, 51 S.Ct. 212], wherein he stated: “Although it is not likely that a criminal will carefully consider the text of the law before he murders or steals, it is reasonable that a fair warning should be given to the world in language that the common world will understand, of what the law intends to do if a pertain line is passed. To make the warning fair, so far as possible the line should be clear. . .. [T]he statute should not be extended .. . simply because it may seem to us that a similar policy applies, or upon the speculation that, if the legislature had thought of it, very likely broader words would have been used.”2
[888]The understanding which the common world would derive from reading section 653m is that it applies only to one who places a telephone call to another. Subdivision (c) of section 653m does not expand the substantive offense, but merely specifies where an action under the statute may be brought, Nor does the fact that the complaining witness was returning defendant’s telephone call alter thé result. In the first place, the complaining witness was under no obligation to' return the call. In the second place, we know nothing about defendant’s state of mind when he placed the first call to the complaining witness. For all we know the hostility which engendered the offensive language may have been triggered by something which the complaining witness said during his conversation with defendant or by something which occurred between the time defendant called the complaining witness and the time the latter returned the call. The interpretation which the trial court placed upon the statute was patently correct.
The judgment is affirmed.
Kaus, P. J., concurred.
Defendant does not dispute the People’s right to appeal under the circumstances.
McBoyle, supra, involved the question of whether the word “vehicle” in the National Motor Vehicle Theft Act applied to airplanes. The court held that it did not.