[427]Opinion
JOHNSON, J. This matter arises from a petition for writ of mandate challenging the denial by the trial court of petitioner’s motion to dismiss the complaint for violation of his right to a speedy trial. The central issue on appeal is whether good cause existed in failing to bring the petitioner to trial before the speedy trial statutory deadline because his counsel was unable to proceed with the trial due to another trial commitment. Because we find good cause lacking, we grant the petition.
I. Statements and Proceedings Below
On April 13, 1984, a complaint was filed alleging the petitioner violated Health and Safety Code section 11550 subdivision (b)—being under the influence of a controlled substance, phencyclidine (PCP), a misdemeanor.
On that same day, the defendant was arraigned. He had been in custody. He entered a plea of not guilty, a public defender was appointed for him, and he was released on his own recognizance.
After having been continued several times, the matter was set for trial on May 14, 1984. This date was the 30th day from the petitioner’s arraignment. Thus, this was the last day on which the trial court commence without violating the petitioner’s right to a speedy trial set forth in Penal Code section 1382.1 There had been no time waivers. The public defender, however, was not prepared to proceed with this matter since she had commenced trial in another matter on May 11, 1984. She estimated that trial would take approximately two weeks. Counsel informed the court she would be ready to try the Gomez case if it were not for her engagement in this other case. The petitioner stated he would not waive time but wanted his speedy trial. He therefore asked the court to appoint another attorney for him.
The petitioner’s attorney argued the trial court was required to relieve her and appoint another attorney to ensure the petitioner’s speedy trial rights were not violated. Counsel cited People v. Johnson (1980) 26 Cal.3d 557 [162 Cal.Rptr. 431, 606 P.2d 738, 16 A.L.R.4th 1255] and Rhinehart v. Municipal Court (1984) 35 Cal.3d 772 [200 Cal.Rptr. 916, 677 P.2d 1206] as authority for this position.
[428]The trial court ruled Rhinehart v. Municipal Court, supra, was inapposite since the focus of that case was on court congestion, a problem not present in the case at bar.2 The court trailed the matter day to day, placed the petitioner on three hours call, and formally placed the petitioner’s case on the May 18 calendar.
On May 15, 1984, the matter was again called. The petitioner’s counsel made a motion to dismiss the case since May 14, 1984, was the last day the case could proceed without violating the petitioner’s speedy trial rights. The court denied the motion.
On June 13, 1984, the petitioner filed a petition for writ of mandate and/ or prohibition with the Los Angeles Superior Court.
On July 5, 1984, an alternative writ of mandate and/or prohibition was issued ordering dismissal of the underlying case or a showing of cause why dismissal should not be ordered.
On September 12, 1984, argument was heard on the matter. On the following day, the court denied the petition and discharged the alternative writ. No explanation was given. The court entered its judgment on November 16, 1984.
On January 8, 1985, the petitioner filed a petition with this court seeking a peremptory writ of mandate and/or prohibition directing the trial court to set aside and vacate its May 15, 1984, order denying the petitioner’s motion to dismiss and to enter a new order granting that motion.
On January 10, 1985, this court issued an order directing real parties in interest to file and serve opposition. Such opposition was filed on January 23, 1985.
On February 11, 1985, this court issued an order and alternative writ of prohibition commanding the trial court to either vacate its May 15, 1984, order denying the petitioner’s motion to dismiss and thereafter make a new order granting that motion or to appear before this court to show cause why it had not so acted and why a peremptory writ of mandate should not issue requiring the court to do so. All proceedings in the trial court on the matter were stayed pending further order of this court.
[429]Additional briefing on this case by both parties was completed on March 7, 1985.
II. The Trial Court Erred in Failing to Apply the Dictates of Johnson and Rhinehart to the Case at Bar
The petitioner argues the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss the case since his right to a speedy trial as set forth in Penal Code section 1382 were violated. The petitioner contends People v. Johnson, supra, and Rhinehart v. Municipal Court, supra, compel this result. We agree.
In People v. Johnson, supra, the defendant appealed his conviction for robbery, contending, in part, he was denied his right to a speedy trial. The defendant was arraigned on February 2, 1977, and trial was set for March 23. On that date, the defendant’s counsel informed the court he was currently engaged in another trial and would not be available to commence the trial until May 6. The defendant objected to this request, yet the trial court found “good cause” to continue the matter. On May 6 the counsel again requested a continuance for the same reason and this request was again granted over the defendant’s objection. The matter was reset for June 14. On May 27 the defendant filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus claiming he had been denied his right to a speedy trial. This petition was denied. The matter was subsequently continued on additional occasions with trial finally commencing on July 12, 144 days after the information was filed against the defendant.
In reviewing this matter, the Supreme Court initially ruled the defendant’s counsel lacked the authority to waive the defendant’s right to a speedy trial over the defendant’s objections since there was a conflict of interest between the counsel and the defendant. As the court stated: “. . . [T]he consent of appointed counsel to a postponement of trial beyond the statutory period, if given solely to resolve a calendar conflict and not to promote the best interests of his client, cannot stand unless supported by the express or implied consent of the client himself. [Fn. omitted.]”3 (People v. Johnson, supra, 26 Cal.3d at p. 567.)
[430]The remaining issue before the court was whether the congested calendar of the public defender could serve as sufficient “good cause” for the continuance beyond the statutory deadline so the trial court could avoid the required dismissal.4
The Supreme Court held this was not sufficient cause. As the court stated:
“A defendant’s right to a speedy trial may be denied simply by the failure of the state to provide enough courtrooms or judges to enable defendant to come to trial within the statutory period. The right may also be denied by failure to provide enough public defenders or appointed counsel, so that an indigent must choose between the right to a speedy trial and the right to representation by competent counsel.
“The state cannot reasonably provide against all contingencies which may create a calendar conflict for public defenders and compel postponement of some of their cases. On the other hand, routine assignment of heavy caseloads to understaffed offices, when such practice foreseeably will result in the delay of trials beyond the 60-day period without defendant’s consent, can and must be avoided. A defendant deserves not only capable counsel, but counsel who, barring exceptional circumstances, can defend him without infringing upon his right to a speedy trial.
“Under these circumstances we think the court should inquire whether the assigned deputy could be replaced by another deputy or appointed counsel who would be able to bring the case to trial within the statutory period. . . . If . . . the court cannot ascertain a feasible method to protect defendant’s right, the court will have no alternative but to grant a continuance; upon a subsequent motion to dismiss, however, the court must inquire into whether the delay is attributable to the fault or neglect of the state; if the court so finds, the court must dismiss.” (Id., at pp. 571-572.)
The real party argues Johnson's requirement of “stricter speedy trial rights” is expressly limited to in-custody defendants and thus inapplicable to the case at bar citing Johnson and Sanchez v. Superior Court (1982) 131 Cal.App.3d 884, 889-890 [182 Cal.Rptr. 703]. While Johnson was indeed limited to this context, and Sanchez adhered to this limitation, Rhinehart v. Municipal Court, supra, subsequently extended the principals of Johnson to noncustody defendants accused of committing misdemeanors.
[431]In Rhinehart, the defendant was charged with driving while under the influence of alcohol, a misdemeanor. On the last day possible to commence the defendant’s trial without violating Penal Code section 1382, the judge told the parties he would impanel the jury on this day, but the trial would not commence until about a week later. The judge stated he was only impaneling the jury on this date to avoid dismissal under section 1382. A major issue on appeal was whether the defendant was “brought to trial” within the meaning of section 1382 by the mere impaneling of the jury.
The Supreme Court ruled the trial court did not bring the defendant to trial in a timely fashion. The court stated: “. . . [A]n accused is ‘brought to trial’ within the meaning of section 1382 when a case has been called for trial by a judge who is normally available and ready to try the case to conclusion.” (Rhinehart v. Municipal Court, supra, 35 Cal.3d at p. 780.) Since the court determined the defendant had not been brought to trial within the meaning of section 1382, the court next decided whether there was good cause for the further delay.5
In assessing whether there was good cause for the delay, the court applied the principles adopted in Johnson. Although recognizing the court in Johnson expressly limited its discussion to cases involving individuals in custody awaiting trial, the court stated: “. . . \\T\\here is no sound reason why its reasoning should not apply to individuals who are not in custody. The constitutional and statutory guarantees to a speedy trial are not limited to incarcerated individuals.” (Id., at p. 782) (Italics added.)6 The court held absent exceptional circumstances, a trial court’s congested calendar does not constitute good cause under section 1382. The court found there were no such exceptional circumstances in the case before it since the delay was caused by a shortage of judges due to one judge being on vacation. Furthermore, the court stated, even assuming a delay for these reasons consti[432]tuted an exceptional circumstance, it was error for the trial not to proceed immediately upon the return of the vacationing judge. (Id., at p. 783.)
We are compelled by the decisions reached in Johnson and Rhine-hart to apply the principles established in those cases to the case at bar. Thus, unless there were exceptional circumstances which brought about the crowded calendar of the petitioner’s public defender, there was not good cause for the delay and the trial court erred in not granting the petitioner’s motion to dismiss. No such showing was made. In fact, the real party was not required even to attempt to make such a showing since the trial court deemed the Johnson-Rhinehart principles inapplicable. The court erred in this regard and we have to assume no such exceptional circumstances existed.7 Real party has not argued otherwise.
The real party in contending there was good cause for the delay, argues the decision to trail the petitioner’s case day to day rather than appoint another counsel who was unfamiliar with the case was actually for the benefit of the petitioner. It argues since the petitioner’s current counsel had represented the petitioner for several weeks and was fully prepared, the delay ensured he would have effective assistance of counsel. While the Johnson court acknowledged delay for the benefit of the defendant constitutes good cause, it specifically rejected the argument raised by the real party. The court held a delay which is requested by a public defender due to his commitment to another client is not for the benefit of the defendant but for the benefit of the other client. The public defender is subordinating the defendant’s right to a speedy trial to the needs of the other client. The defendant not only deserves competent counsel, but he also deserves counsel who will not infringe the defendant’s right to a speedy trial. (People v. Johnson, supra, 26 Cal.3d at p. 572.)8
The real party also relies on People v. Superior Court (Lerma) (1975) 48 Cal.App.3d 1003 [122 Cal.Rptr. 267] to support its current position. In Lerma, a defendant’s trial was not commenced within the 60-day statutory period, in part, because his appointed counsel was tied up in another trial and other public defenders were not available to try his case. The trial court granted a motion to dismiss the case due to this violation of [433]section 1382. The appellate court reversed, however, holding the fact counsel was engaged in another trial and no other counsel could be appointed constituted good cause for the delay. (Id., at p. 1010.)
In Johnson, the court expressly questioned this case and other cases which held excessive public defender caseloads necessarily constitute good cause to deny dismissal. (People v. Johnson, supra, 26 Cal.3d at p. 570-571.) It is clear in light pf the Supreme Court decisions in Johnson and Rhinehart, delay caused by the crowded calendars of public defenders will only be deemed for good cause when exceptional circumstances brought about the congested calendars. Lerma can no longer be read to establish any broader principle.
The real party also argues the guiding principle established in Johnson and subsequent decisions is the state, through the trial court, will only be held responsible for the delay caused by an attorney’s congested calendar when the court has been made aware of such congestion well in advance of the statutory deadline and failed to act to prevent the delay. In Johnson, for instance, real party points to the fact the trial court knew nine days before the defendant’s statutory deadline that the defendant’s counsel intended to continue the matter beyond the deadline, yet took no action to prevent the delay. While this is indeed factually correct, the real party cites to no specific language in Johnson which demonstrates the court found this factor critical to its decision.9
[434]The real party also cites Rhinehart v. Municipal Court, supra, to support this alleged principle. However, in Rhinehart, real party’s contention isn’t even factually correct. In that case, as real party acknowledges, the trial court did not know of its calendar congestion until two days before the defendant’s last day. It is difficult to understand how this fits the suggested requirement of being aware of the necessary delay “well in advance.”
The real party also cites Lewis v. Superior Court (1981) 122 Cal.App.3d 494 [176 Cal.Rptr. 80] to support its position although we are at a loss to understand how it provides such support. In that case, the defendant’s trial was delayed beyond the statutory limits due to a trial judge training session attended by a large number of judges whose absence resulted in court congestion. However, contrary to real party’s contention, the appellate court held this conference was not the cause of the delay, it was the failure of the trial court to recall judges from the conference once the delay was apparent that was the cause. Having isolated the cause, the court stated this was not good cause for the delay. The trial court reached this conclusion even though the congestion resulting from the training session was not foreseeable. As the court stated: “For, while it could be foreseen that the problem that developed might arise, it could not be foretold that it would arise.” (Id., at p. 498.) (Italics in original.)
In the case at bar, as in Lewis, the trial court failed to take any action to ensure the petitioner’s speedy trial rights would not be infringed. Even after counsel informed the court of her other trial commitment, the court made no attempt to substitute counsel who could bring the case to trial within the statutory period. Lewis, rather than strengthening real party’s position, in fact demonstrates its major weakness.
Real party also cites People v. Superior Court (Lerma), supra. In that case, however, the court knew of the problem seven days in advance of the defendant’s last day. While indeed this constitutes knowledge “well in advance”, in that case the appellate court stated the defendant’s speedy trial rights were not violated.10
[435]In the case at bar, upon learning of counsel’s inability to represent the petitioner due to other trial commitments, the trial court, pursuant to the decisions in Johnson and Rhinehart, should have inquired whether counsel could be replaced by another counsel. The court failed to do this. In fact, it did nothing to ensure the petitioner’s speedy trial. The trial court incorrectly justified its position by holding Rhinehart inapplicable to the case before it.[11] When the petitioner subsequently made his motion to dismiss, the court perpetuated its error by denying the motion for the same reasons. No showing of exceptional circumstances was made and none apparently existed.
The record of the proceedings does not demonstrate good cause to avoid dismissal of the charges and the petitioner’s motion to dismiss should now be granted.
Disposition
Let a peremptory writ of mandate issue requiring the trial court to vacate its order denying the petitioner’s motion to dismiss the complaint and to make a new order granting that motion.
Thompson, J., concurred.
Penal Code section 1382 provides in relevant part: “The court, unless good cause to the contrary is shown, must order the action to be dismissed in the following cases: 3. . . . when a defendant in a misdemeanor case in an inferior court is not brought to trial within 30 days after he is arraigned if he is in custody at the time of arraignment.” As stated above, the petitioner in the case at bar was arraigned in custody on April 13, 1984. Because May 13, 1984, was a Sunday, the last day within which trial was required to be commenced under this section was May 14, 1984, unless good cause to the contrary was shown.
The trial court in two other cases that morning did appoint new counsel for defendants who wanted to exercise their rights under People v. Johnson, supra, 26 Cal.3d 557. These defendants were in custody at the time of their request. As discussed in more detail infra, the court in Johnson expressly limited the decision in that case to in-custody defendants while Rhinehart subsequently rejected this limitation.
The real party, in its response to the petition for writ of mandate and/or prohibition before the trial court, argued the public defender in the case at bar never attempted to continue this case over the petitioner’s objection and thus there was no conflict of interest as occurred in Johnson. We disagree. The lack of a formal request for a continuance is of no consequence since such a continuance was required if the court refused counsel’s request to withdraw from the case. When counsel informed the court she was presently engaged in another trial, this meant counsel was unavailable to conduct the current trial and ipso facto required a delay or continuance of this case if she was to remain the attorney of record. Moreover, in Johnson itself, when the defendant’s counsel first informed the court he would not be available until May 6, 1977, he never formally requested a continuance, yet the trial court recognized this was his implicit request. (People v. Johnson, supra, 26 Cal.3d at p. 563.) It is the unavailability of counsel to try the defendant’s case within the statutory limits because of counsel’s obligations to another client which creates the conflict.
As stated earlier, the Supreme Court expressly limited its discussion on this issue to the case of an incarcerated defendant. (Id., at p. 569.)
In attempting to distinguish Rhinehart from the case at bar, the real party argues the sole issue in Rhinehart was whether the defendant was “brought to trial” within the meaning of Penal Code section 1382. Yet once the court determined this initial issue, the court was squarely faced with the “good cause for further delay” issue.
In attempting to avoid the ramifications of this extension of Johnson, the real party argues Rhinehart at all times limited its discussion to whether court congestion constituted good cause for delay and thus did not extend Johnson beyond that factual context. However, this position is simply unsupportable. Rhinehart, in eliminating the in-custody requirement, cannot be read as limiting this extension of Johnson to a particular factual context, court congestion, but must be read as extending Johnson beyond the particular factual context from which the guiding principles in Johnson arose. As the Rhinehart court expressly stated: “Johnson involved whether appointed counsel’s congested calendar constituted good cause under section 1382. (Johnson, supra, 26 Cal.3d at p. 569.) However, this court did not limit its analysis to only that type of congestion, but also discussed whether court congestion could excuse compliance with the time limits of the statute.” (Id., at p. 781, fa. 15.) Thus Rhinehart found the overbooked lawyer to be simply one form of congestion and overloaded courts another. It did not hold either justified denial of a defendant’s speedy trial rights.
It should also be recalled this was not the case of one lone public defender having a burdensome caseload. As stated earlier, on the same day the petitioner sought to substitute counsel, other defendants were granted this same request because their counsels were overloaded with cases. The state is responsible for denials of defendants’ speedy trial rights which are the result of the failure to provide enough public defenders.
This is not a case in which it can be argued counsel properly waived the defendant’s rights to a speedy trial because counsel used the delay to prepare his defense or to secure witnesses, i.e., the delay was truly for the benefit of the defendant and not for some other client. (See People v. Johnson, supra, 26 Cal.3d at pp. 567-568 and discussion of Townsend v. Superior Court (1975) 15 Cal.3d 774 [126 Cal.Rptr. 251, 543 P.2d 619] therein.)
ln Johnson, as in subsequent cases addressing this issue, the critical question is whether the delay is caused by exceptional circumstances. An element in this determination would certainly be whether the delay was foreseeable. However, this is only one of the factors to be considered. (Arreola v. Municipal Court (1983) 139 Cal.App.3d 108, 114 [188 Cal.Rptr. 529].) Real party argues that in the case at bar the trial court did not learn of counsel’s engagement in another trial until the last day of the statutory period and as such, the state is not responsible. The petitioner disputes the court’s lack of knowledge and for good reason. Counsel’s other case which conflicted with the instant case was People v. O’Brien. On May 8, 1984, the trial court which heard the case at bar also had O’Brien before it and on that date set both cases for trial for May 11, 1984. In O’Brien, the defendant had been arraigned while in custody on April 12, 1984, for misdemeanor offenses. We can safely assume the court was well aware of the statutory time limitations under which it was operating with respect to both cases and that if either case went to trial on May 11, there would be substantial problems meeting the other defendant’s speedy trial rights unless counsel was replaced. Thus, it is inaccurate to argue the trial court was not aware of counsel’s other obligations until May 14, 1984, and was not able to avert the delay in petitioner’s trial due to the court’s inability to anticipate the problem. Moreover, even assuming real party’s argument were accurate, we still reject it. The issue is whether there were exceptional circumstances which justified the delay. Johnson expressly stated a heavy caseload which is not the result of exceptional circumstances is insufficient by itself to provide good cause for the delay. Thus, if counsel has such a caseload because of routine assignments, the time at which the trial court learns of the need for the delay is not the key factor. Of course, counsel cannot deliberately seek to keep the court uninformed of the necessary delay until the last possible moment when counsel knows such delay is inevitable. (See People v. Johnson, supra, 26 Cal.3d at p. 573, fn. 17.) Furthermore, the possibility some cases might be delayed would have been foreseeable at the time of the case assignments, although it might not have been foreseeable which particular cases would suffer that fate. We think this is all the Supreme Court meant by the concept of foreseeability.
The real party also cites People v. Floyd (1970) 1 Cal.3d 694 [83 Cal.Rptr. 608, 464 P.2d 64], cert. den. Milton v. California (1972) 406 U.S. 972 [32 L.Ed.2d 672, 92 S.Ct. 2418], overruled on other grounds in People v. Wheeler (1978) 22 Cal.3d 258 [148 Cal.Rptr. 890, 583 P.2d 748] and People v. Reed (1982) 133 Cal.App.3d Supp. 7 [184 Cal.Rptr. 606] to support its position unforeseen circumstances constitute good cause to delay a criminal trial. However, both cases are completely inapposite to the case at bar. In Floyd, the delay in the defendant’s trial was caused by the defendant himself—he refused on several occasions to cooperate with his own counsel so his counsel was unprepared for trial. Hence, the Court held the delay was caused by the bad faith actions of the defendant. (People v. Floyd, supra, 1 Cal.3d at pp. 706-707.) In Reed, the defendant filed an affidavit of prejudice under Code of Civil Procedure section 170.6 in the afternoon of his last day to be tried. The defendant thus created the cause for delay. Moreover, once this affidavit was filed, the court tried its best to find another court. (People v. Reed, supra, 133 Cal.App.3d [435]Supp. 10-11.) As the petitioner correctly notes, in the case at bar, the court failed to make any effort to protect the petitioner’s speedy trial rights and thus Reed also demonstrates the major weakness in real party’s position. This is not a case in which the trial court did all it could to protect the petitioner’s speedy trial rights once it learned of counsel’s need for a delay. The court did nothing, and in doing nothing, it violated the petitioner’s rights.
The real party argues there is no evidence in the record there was no other public defender available to try the case. It is hard to understand how this supports real party’s position. If indeed another counsel was available, then this further demonstrates the error of the court in failing to even attempt to substitute counsel who could bring the case to trial within the requisite period. It is only if after the court determines no counsel is available or no counsel can bring the case to trial within the statutory deadline that the court should grant a continuance. Of course, the defendant can still subsequently seek dismissal. The trial court erred in failing to make this initial effort.