Opinion
WERDEGAR, J. When a criminal defendant who has waived his right to counsel and elected to represent himself under Faretta v. California (1975) 422 U.S. 806 [45 L.Ed.2d 562, 95 S.Ct. 2525] (Faretta) seeks, during trial, to revoke that waiver and have counsel appointed, the trial court must exercise its discretion under the totality of the circumstances, considering factors including the defendant’s reasons for seeking to revoke the waiver, and the delay or disruption revocation is likely to cause the court, the jury, and other parties. (People v. Gallego (1990) 52 Cal.3d 115, 163-164 [276 Cal.Rptr. 679, 802 P.2d 169].) Here, the revocation request by defendant, who was being tried jointly with a codefendant, was not heard until after the jury had been selected and sworn and the prosecution’s first witness had begun to testify. We hold that considering all the circumstances, especially defendant’s failure to articulate a compelling reason for revoking his Faretta waiver and the likely delay and disruption that continuing a joint trial after the jury was empanelled would cause, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the revocation request. We reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeal, which held the denial was an abuse of discretion and was prejudicial per se because it resulted in the complete denial of defendant’s right to be represented by counsel.
Factual and Procedural Background
The facts of the offenses are not important to the issues we address here. In brief, a paid police informant testified at trial that he bought two rocks of [189]cocaine from defendant for $20 at a Los Angeles house. A police officer observed the transaction through binoculars, but was unable to see the actual exchange of money or drugs. When the police searched the house and its occupants shortly afterward, they found the $20 bill used to buy the cocaine in codefendant Patricia Broomfield’s sock and found more rocks of cocaine in the house.
Defendant was charged with one count each of sale of a controlled substance (Health & Saf. Code, § 11352, subd. (a)) and possession of a controlled substance for sale (id., § 11351.5). Similar charges were brought against Broomfield and John Evans.
Defendant was initially represented by court-appointed counsel, but during pretrial proceedings he substituted retained attorney Paul Cohen. When the case was called before Judge Wesley on the morning of Wednesday, September 28, 2005, the People and the two codefendants announced they were ready for trial, but Cohen, who had filed for a continuance, explained he was selecting a jury in “a six count attempt[ed] murder case” and would therefore not be ready for “about two weeks.” Cohen informed the court defendant wished to represent himself, and defendant confirmed that desire.
The court told defendant it would expect him to be ready in two weeks, as Cohen would have been, but counsel for codefendant Broomfield, Joseph Walsh, observed that a two-week continuance “runs into my calendar. I have another case right after this. I am available for this two weeks.” After a series of written and oral admonishments, defendant reaffirmed his desire to represent himself.1 On his further statement that he was ready for trial, the court sent the case out for trial before Judge Mooney.
When the parties appeared before Judge Mooney later that morning, they discussed possible plea agreements. The court suggested defendant might wish to offer to plead guilty in exchange for a sentence of five years in prison, a deal the prosecutor (who had previously offered six years) said he would be willing to propose to his supervisors. Defendant, however, indicated he thought he should get diversion or probation, despite several charged prior convictions and despite his having been on conditional release at the time of his arrest. He also facetiously suggested that if he went to trial and won the court should give him $5 million “for wasting my time.” In the afternoon, codefendant Evans made a negotiated plea and the court began jury selection for the joint trial of defendant and codefendant Broomfield.
[190]During jury selection on the afternoon of September 28, Broomfield’s attorney, Walsh, brought to the court’s attention that defendant had been asking him questions. Walsh added that on the basis of “informal” discussions with defendant, “I think he wants to withdraw his pro per status.” Defendant responded: “The only reason is cross-examination. People are saying something and I am not for sure able to, you know.” Addressing defendant, the court noted he had been “advised of all of these problems” before waiving his right to counsel, but continued, “We will see if we can contact your counsel.”2 Walsh pointed out that defendant’s former attorney “is engaged in I believe an attempted murder trial and he will be for two weeks.” The court admonished defendant not to “bother[]” Walsh with questions during the trial. Defendant said nothing more about revoking his in propria persona status, and jury selection continued with defendant representing himself.
On Thursday, September 29, jury selection was completed and the jurors and alternate jurors were sworn. There was no additional discussion on the record regarding appointment of counsel for defendant. Defendant neither raised the issue nor sought a ruling. Proceedings were adjourned until Monday, October 3.
On the morning of October 3, just after the court called for the jurors to enter, defendant told the court: “I talked to my wife and I need a state appointed lawyer or public defender. I am going to have to request a public defender and I am retiring my pro per on the record.” The court responded that it would address that request at the next break. The court gave opening jury instructions, the prosecutor and both defendants presented opening statements, and the prosecution’s first witness began his testimony.
At the first break in trial, the following discussion occurred:
“The Court: The record should reflect that the jurors have exited the courtroom.
“Just as our jurors were walking in, Mr. Lawrence had made the request to have an attorney appointed to represent him in this matter. And, Mr. Lawrence, I will give you a chance to be heard on that request.
[191]“The Defendant: Yes, your Honor. I talked to my wife this weekend and she said I shouldn’t be doing something. And it doesn’t matter to me, but she figured I might get a public defender or state appointed attorney or someone.
“The Court: Well, Mr. Lawrence, the court—
“The Defendant: I haven’t been to the law library or nothing either.
“The Court: The court has considered your request and I am going to deny your request at this time. This was something you were warned about when you got yourself into this, about you would be at a disadvantage choosing to represent yourself in this matter.
“I also consider the fact that, you know, the jury has been selected in this matter, that you also have a codefendant. And it would be disruptive to her case as well to have someone come in. Your previous attorney, Mr. Cohen, as I understand, is still engaged in trial and not available, so for all of those reasons I am going to deny your request.
“And I also note when you filled out this form you were specifically advised and you initialed here on paragraph H if you ask to give up your pro per status the court may deny the request and have you proceed to trial without an attorney and that is where we are now, sir.”
Trial proceeded with defendant representing himself. Defendant was convicted of both offenses and sentenced to seven years in state prison. At sentencing, defendant was represented by retained attorney Denise McLaughlin-Bennett.
The Court of Appeal reversed. The appellate court held denial of defendant’s request to revoke his counsel waiver was an abuse of discretion. Inconvenience to the jury, codefendant, and codefendant’s counsel, the court reasoned, was an insufficient basis for denial given the early stage of trial, the legitimacy of defendant’s reason for seeking appointment of counsel, and defendant’s evident inability to represent himself effectively. The court further held the error had deprived defendant of his right to counsel under the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, requiring reversal without any further showing of prejudice.
We granted the People’s petition for review.
Discussion
In People v. Windham (1977) 19 Cal.3d 121, 128 [137 Cal.Rptr. 8, 560 P.2d 1187], we explained that while a timely, unequivocal Faretta motion [192]invoked the nondiscretionary right to self-representation, a midtrial motion was “addressed to the sound discretion of the court.” In People v. Elliott (1977) 70 Cal.App.3d 984 [139 Cal.Rptr. 205] (Elliott), the Court of Appeal concluded the same was true of a midtrial request to revoke in propria persona status and have counsel appointed. (Id. at p. 993.) Adapting the nonexclusive list of factors to consider mentioned in Windham, the Elliott court opined that a trial court should consider, along with any other relevant circumstances, “(1) defendant’s prior history in the substitution of counsel and in the desire to change from self-representation to counsel-representation, (2) the reasons set forth for the request, (3) the length and stage of the trial proceedings, (4) disruption or delay which reasonably might be expected to ensue from the granting of such motion, and (5) the likelihood of defendant’s effectiveness in defending against the charges if required to continue to act as his own attorney.” (Elliott, at pp. 993-994.)
This court cited Elliott’s discretion framework favorably in People v. Gallego, supra, 52 Cal.3d at pages 163-164, adding, however, that ultimately the trial court’s discretion is to be exercised on the totality of the circumstances, not strictly on the listed factors. Quoting People v. Smith (1980) 109 Cal.App.3d 476, 484 [167 Cal.Rptr. 303], we explained: “ ‘While the consideration of these criteria [listed in Elliott] is obviously relevant and helpful to a trial court in resolving the issue, they are not absolutes, and in the final analysis it is the totality of the facts and circumstances which the trial court must consider in exercising its discretion as to whether or not to permit a defendant to again change his mind regarding representation in midtrial.’ ” (Gallego, at p. 164.) We found no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s denial of the Faretta revocation request, in light of the defendant’s history of counsel change requests, the advanced stage of trial (late in the guilt phase of a capital trial), and the trial court’s inability to find an attorney who would take over at that stage without the need to declare a mistrial. (Gallego, at pp. 164-165; see also People v. Lawley (2002) 27 Cal.4th 102, 148-151 [115 Cal.Rptr.2d 614, 38 P.3d 461] [no abuse of discretion in denial of revocation request at the start of the penalty phase: request appeared to be an attempt at delay].)3
[193]After considering the totality of the circumstances surrounding defendant’s revocation request, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the request.
We note first that defendant’s remark on September 28, that he was having trouble with “cross-examination,” did not amount to an unequivocal request to revoke his in propria persona status. (Cf. People v. Lewis and Oliver (2006) 39 Cal.4th 970, 1002 [47 Cal.Rptr.3d 467, 140 P.3d 775] [“Faretta motions must be both timely and unequivocal. Otherwise, defendants could plant reversible error in the record.”].) On that occasion, during jury selection, codefendant’s attorney, Walsh, raised the issue by telling the court defendant had been asking him questions regarding procedures and “just informal conversations with Mr. Lawrence he has a request now that he wishes the court—I think he wants to withdraw his pro per status.” (Italics added.) Defendant responded: “The only reason is cross-examination. People are saying something and I am not for sure able to, you know.” As appellate counsel acknowledged at oral argument in this court, defendant’s remark was ambiguous. It may have meant, “The only reason I am now requesting reappointment of counsel is cross-examination,” or it may have meant, “The only reason I was asking Mr. Walsh what to do, and am entertaining the idea of having counsel reappointed, is cross-examination.” The record reflects no other comments on the topic by defendant until October 3, when he did unequivocally request revocation.
To the extent the trial court took the September 28 exchange as a request, the reporter’s transcript reflects the court intended to accommodate defendant if possible, rather than to deny the request, for the court (after taking defendant briefly to task for changing his mind) said, “We will see if we can contact your counsel.” Walsh informed the court that defendant’s prior counsel (Cohen) was in another trial, but after that the court and parties had no additional discussion of the putative request on the record. There is thus no record of whether the court did try to reach prior counsel Cohen or the attorney, alluded to but unnamed in the record, who had been appointed as standby counsel, much less whether either attorney was actually contacted or what, if anything, either told the court regarding his or her availability.
This record does not establish an abuse of discretion. The trial court was faced with a defendant ambivalent about his in propria persona status, who earlier the same morning had executed a valid waiver of counsel, insisting he [194]had “no choice” but to dismiss Cohen because he “ain’t doing nothing.” The court was not required, simply because defendant indicated he was having trouble cross-examining prospective jurors, to suspend jury selection and other trial proceedings until it could be determined whether defendant truly wanted to revoke his waiver of counsel, whether he was willing to accept Cohen again, or whether another attorney could be located, and when either attorney could begin trial. The court did not abuse its discretion in allowing proceedings to continue while the availability of counsel was explored. Defendant, if he did not want to proceed without counsel, should have made an express request to revoke his waiver and pressed for a final ruling at some point during jury selection. The record thus provides an insufficient basis for us to conclude that defendant made a request to revoke his in propria persona status, that the trial court denied it, or that the circumstances rendered any denial an abuse of discretion.4
On October 3, when defendant did make an unequivocal request to revoke his Faretta waiver, the jury had been sworn and the court, jury, prosecutor, codefendant’s attorney, and witnesses were ready to start the trial. By the time of the first recess, when the court could hear defendant’s request, the court had given its opening jury instructions, defendant and the other parties’ attorneys had made opening statements, and the prosecution’s first witness had begun his testimony. Attorney Cohen, who had previously represented defendant, was in another trial and would not be available for about two weeks. To grant defendant’s request at that point would have required a lengthy continuance. Keeping the jury together for that time would have been difficult at best and would likely have resulted in significant inconvenience to the jurors.
The trial court, in denying the request, noted the disruption it would cause in codefendant Broomfield’s case. This was indeed significant. Broomfield’s [195]attorney, Walsh, had another trial starting in two weeks; he was unlikely to agree to recommend that Broomfield consent to a mistrial and continuance. But to dismiss the jury and declare a mistrial without Broomfield’s consent would have precluded a later trial, as she had already been placed in jeopardy. The third alternative, severing the two cases and proceeding immediately with Broomfield’s, would have resulted in the wasteful duplication of holding two trials involving many of the same events and witnesses. The Court of Appeal was thus mistaken in its belief that no significant disruption or untoward delay would have been threatened if defendant’s request had been granted and a continuance or mistrial ordered to permit new counsel to prepare a defense.
Against this potential for serious disruption to the trial and to the administration of justice, the court balanced the reason for defendant’s request. Notable here was the lack of either definiteness or urgency in defendant’s reasons. Although during jury selection defendant had indicated he was unsure how to cross-examine the prospective jurors, at the time of his request to revoke he said only that his wife had told him he “shouldn’t be doing something” and, while it did not “matter” to defendant, his wife thought he should get an attorney. But as the trial court noted, defendant had been extensively warned when he chose to represent himself about the difficulties self-representation would entail. Nothing new or unforeseeable had occurred in the interim; rather, over the weekend his wife evidently had expressed concern that representing himself would be more difficult than he had anticipated and suggested he reverse his decision. Buyer’s remorse may not be an illegitimate reason for wanting to revoke a Faretta waiver, but neither is it a compelling one.
Defendant argues the trial court’s references to the fact he had been fully advised before choosing self-representation show the court took an improper “assumption of the risk” approach to the revocation request. We disagree. That defendant was told of—and affirmed his understanding of—the risks and disadvantages of self-representation before he waived counsel reflected on his reasons for later seeking to revoke the waiver. The colloquy tended to show not that he had suddenly learned he would be at a disadvantage in the trial, but that with additional input from his wife he had simply reweighed the pros and cons of self-representation and changed his mind as to the best course. That a defendant’s motion to waive counsel was incorrectly handled has been held to weigh in favor of allowing revocation of the waiver. (See People v. Hill, supra, 148 Cal.App.3d at pp. 761-762 [trial court’s errors in addressing the defendant’s previous motions for substitution of counsel and self-representation led to error in denying his request to revoke his counsel waiver].) Here, there was no mishandling. Because defendant had been fully advised before he chose self-representation, his later [196]change of mind properly bore less weight in the trial court’s discretionary decision on the revocation request.
The trial court also erred, defendant contends, in failing to consider on the record two additional factors mentioned in Elliott, supra, 70 Cal.App.3d 984: defendant’s history regarding assertion of the right to counsel, and the likelihood he would effectively represent himself. The record, defendant further argues, shows he was consistent (except for his single Faretta motion) in wanting representation, and he was clearly unable to competently represent himself at trial. But we do not agree with either of the argument’s premises that the trial court must review on the record each factor mentioned in Elliott or that any one factor is necessarily determinative. The standard is whether the court’s decision was an abuse of its discretion under the totality of the circumstances (People v. Gallego, supra, 52 Cal.3d at p. 164), not whether the court correctly listed factors or whether any one factor should have been weighed more heavily in the balance.
While a defendant’s proclivity to seek changes in counsel status will generally weigh against finding an abuse of discretion, for example, “the fact that a defendant has no such history does not preclude the court from denying the request if other factors [militate] against it.” (People v. Smith, supra, 109 Cal.App.3d at p. 484.) As far as the record shows, defendant was not trying to manipulate the system or create an issue for appeal in making his request to revoke in propria persona status. Nevertheless, he had no compelling reason to do so, and granting his request would likely have caused serious disruption to the administration of justice, considerations strongly supporting denial.
Similarly, defendant’s asserted ineffectiveness at self-representation does not demonstrate an abuse of discretion. Defendant was untrained in the law and may not have been especially experienced in court procedures, but the same could be said of many, if not most, in propria persona criminal defendants. That defendant’s defense would have been more effectively presented (or a better sentence obtained through a negotiated plea) had he been represented is likely. But if that fact were determinative, virtually all self-representing defendants would have the right to revoke their counsel waivers at any time during trial. That is not the law. (People v. Lawley, supra, 27 Cal.4th at p. 149; People v. Gallego, supra, 52 Cal.3d at p. 164.)
Considering all the circumstances before the trial court, we conclude the court did not abuse its discretion in denying defendant’s midtrial request to revoke his Faretta waiver. Accordingly, we need not decide whether an error in denying the request would have deprived defendant of his constitutional right to representation by counsel or whether such a deprivation would require reversal without consideration of prejudice.
[197]Disposition
The judgment of the Court of Appeal is reversed.
George, C. J., Baxter, J., Chin, L, Moreno, J., and Corrigan, J., concurred.
One of the advisements defendant initialed as part of his written Faretta waiver read: “I understand that depending on the stage of my case, if I ask to give up my pro per status and request counsel to handle my case, the Court may deny this request and I may have to proceed with trial without an attorney.”
Whether Judge Mooney was referring to Cohen, defendant’s former attorney, or to some other attorney appointed as standby counsel is unclear. In the clerk’s minutes for September 28, 2005, after Judge Wesley granted defendant’s motion for self-representation, appears the note: “The Bar panel is notified and stand by counsel is to report to Department 134,” which was Judge Mooney’s courtroom. When Walsh referred to defendant’s having been given advisory counsel, Judge Mooney corrected him: “Stand-by counsel, not advisory counsel. And counsel did check in if there was a need for him and was on call. Another counsel will be on call, but there is a difference between stand-by counsel and advisory counsel.”
Courts of Appeal have found no abuse of discretion in People v. Smith, supra, 109 Cal.App.3d at pages 483-486 (request made after presentation of People’s case, necessary two-week continuance would have inconvenienced witnesses, and record suggested the defendant was trying to create an issue for appeal), and People v. Smith (1980) 112 Cal.App.3d 37, 48-51 [169 Cal.Rptr. 108] (request made on third day of trial would have required a substantial delay and would have greatly inconvenienced witnesses). They have found abuses of discretion in Elliott, supra, 70 Cal.App.3d at pages 994-998 (request made before presentation of evidence began, prompted by prosecutor’s offer of proof regarding an uncharged offense, and no showing was made that the necessary continuance would disrupt the court’s calendar or prejudice the prosecution); People v. Cruz (1978) 83 Cal.App.3d 308, 319-322 [147 Cal.Rptr. 740] (request made before assignment to trial department; no showing [193]of disruption from continuance needed); People v. Hill (1983) 148 Cal.App.3d 744, 760-761 [196 Cal.Rptr. 382] (request made before jury selection; no showing of disruption from the five-day continuance prior counsel needed to be ready); and People v. Ngaue (1991) 229 Cal.App.3d 1115, 1122-1126 [280 Cal.Rptr. 757] (request made after trial, for purposes of sentencing and new trial motion).
That the clerk’s minutes for September 28 state defendant’s request was denied does not alter our conclusion. “As a general rule, a record that is in conflict will be harmonized if possible. (People v. Smith (1983) 33 Cal.3d 596, 599 [189 Cal.Rptr. 862, 659 P.2d 1152].) If it cannot be harmonized, whether one portion of the record should prevail as against contrary statements in another portion of the record will depend on the circumstances of each particular case.” (People v. Harrison (2005) 35 Cal.4th 208, 226 [25 Cal.Rptr.3d 224, 106 P.3d 895].) We could harmonize the reporter’s and clerk’s transcripts here only by speculating that the trial court instructed the clerk at some point after the reported discussion to note defendant’s request was denied. This is conceivable—the court may have investigated counsel’s availability and concluded the request should be denied—but it would not support a finding of abuse of discretion, as the detailed circumstances that led to the court’s conclusion would be unknown. Speculation aside, we do not consider the clerk’s minutes determinative as a record of what happened in the reported discussion on September 28. Neither whether defendant’s remarks amounted to a cognizable request for reappointment of counsel nor whether the trial court’s actions amounted to a denial is a matter the clerk can determine contrary to the reporter’s transcript.