CARTER, J. I dissent.
No factual questions are here presented by reason of the stipulation of the parties and the findings of fact by the trial court. The stipulation was made on the assumption that all the facts were agreed to. There remained nothing for the trial court to do except apply the law to the facts, a process involving matters of law, not fact. That is the whole tenor of the reporter’s transcript. For example, in discussing the stipulation defendant’s counsel said: “[T]here was no great dispute between us as to the facts involved in the ease. ’ ’ This is particularly true as to the two questions discussed in the majority opinion, whether the public was confused and whether defendant acted in good faith.* This is further evinced by the trial court in its memorandum opinion. It may be noted that such opinion, although relied upon by the majority, was not made a part of the record in this case. A purported copy of it is attached to defendant’s brief and answer to petition for hearing by this court., It appears therein that the court was not weighing evidence. Rather it misconceived the law. It thought competition was necessary (the majority concedes it is not). It said: “From the foregoing it will appear that the parties are not in competitive businesses, not even operating in the same field.” Even if competition is a factor, there is competition here, for both were appealing to the same segment of the public, stout women, and to cater to the wishes of that segment. Further, it is said: “It is not the use of the name that is condemned, [115]it is the dishonesty practiced in the use of it.” That is not the law as will later appear.
On the question of confusion it was stated at the trial by counsel that they offer “a stipulation as to the facts” (emphasis added) concerning that question. Those facts are: “[S]ince inception of the defendants’ business in California under the trade name Slenderella, the following incidents have occurred:
“1. Employees in plaintiff’s establishment have received numerous telephone calls intended for the defendant.
“2. That the said misdirected telephone calls have continued since the listing of the defendant’s name in the Central Telephone Directory of Los Angeles.
“3. That many of the plaintiff’s customers and prospective customers have inquired as to plaintiff’s ownership or connection with defendant’s establishments which require the taking of time in the explanation by the plaintiff and his employees to these inquiries.
“4. That certain of plaintiff’s customers and prospective customers have gone to the defendant’s locations in Hollywood and Beverly Hills believing that the plaintiff had operated women’s clothing shops at the said locations.
“5. That customers and prospective customers have stated to plaintiff and his employees that since defendant is in the weight-reducing business, they would rather first reduce their weight before purchasing large or half-size apparel from the plaintiff.
“6. That the plaintiff and his employees have been asked on recurring occasions to quote prices for reducing treatments, necessitating taking of time to make explanations.
“7. That the plaintiff is considering opening a branch store in Beverly Hills upon the termination of his lease of the Hollywood store.
“8. That some mail, not including numbered street addresses, intended for the defendant’s establishments, have been received by plaintiff; and, conversely, I don’t think Mr. Cox would have any objection to saying there is a possibility, which we don’t know of, that some of our mail may have been delivered to the defendant.”
There is no escape from the proposition that those facts show that the public was confused and misled; that it thought plaintiff’s and defendant’s businesses were the same; that it thought a reducing product of or treatment by defendant had its source in plaintiff’s business and plaintiff was re[116]sponsible for it. There are no facts contradicting those stipulated facts. The trial court found (it had no choice in the matter or need not have found at all on the stipulated matters) similarly. It found: “That by reason of the similarity in names plaintiff has received some misdirected mail and telephone calls; certain of plaintiff’s customers have gone to defendant’s places of business in Hollywood and Beverly Hills in the belief that plaintiff operated women’s clothing shops in said locations. That some customers and prospective customers of plaintiff’s have stated to plaintiff and his employees that since he is in the weight reducing business they would rather first reduce their weight before purchasing large or half size apparel from plaintiff.” Of course, insofar as this finding is not as comprehensive as the stipulation, the latter controls. The statement in the findings following the foregoing finding that ‘ ‘ Such confusion arises from the similarity of names and is the result principally of inattention and carelessness on the part of persons so confused” is not only a conclusion of law rather than fact but is an incorrect conclusion of law. It is clear, therefore, from the stipulation of the parties that the public has been confused and misled and there is no basis whatsoever for concluding that it will not be confused in the future. That the public may be educated to the point where they will not be confused is no justification for refusing an injunction to prevent the confusion.
The law on the question of confusion clearly points to confusion in this case. As seen, the public now believes that defendant’s activities are attributable to plaintiff. Any wrongful or questionable business practices of defendant will be blamed on plaintiff. These conclusions are not negatived by the suggestions in the majority opinion that the two businesses are inconsistent, that the public did not buy the product of one on the reputation of the other, and that the confusion was merely carelessness on the part of the public. Both businesses are catering to the same consuming public. The public, plaintiff’s customers, did believe plaintiff was operating a reducing business and it was because of their knowing plaintiff’s business and trade name that they had such belief. That is a reliance upon plaintiff’s reputation.
The suggestion that the inconsistency of the two businesses. is a factor is not only based upon facts contrary to the record but is also nothing more than another way of saying that there can be no actionable infringement of a trade-mark [117]unless there is actual market competition. That is not the law. Although the law may have been to the contrary at one time it is now settled that actual market competition between the plaintiff and defendant either geographically or with respect to the character of the commodity or service sold, is not a necessary requisite to injunctive relief from use by another of one’s trade name because the protection afforded is to the good will and reputation of plaintiff which can be damaged by a noneompetitor defendant using the same name. (Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences v. Benson, 15 Cal.2d 685 [104 P.2d 650]; MacSweeney Enterprises, Inc. v. Tarantino, 106 Cal.App.2d 504 [235 P.2d 266]; Winfield v. Charles, 77 Cal.App.2d 64 [175 P.2d 69]; Johnston v. 20th Century-Fox Film Corp., 82 Cal.App.2d 796, 818 [187 P.2d 474]; Wood v. Peffer, 55 Cal.App.2d 116, 123 [130 P.2d 220] ; California Prune etc. Assn. v. H. R. Nicholson Co., 69 Cal.App.2d 207 [158 P.2d 764]; Stork Restaurant, Inc. v. Sahati, 166 F.2d 348; 148 A.L.R. 12; 40 Cal.L.Rev. 571; Derenberg, Trademark Protection, § 36; Nims, Unfair Competition and Trade-Marks (1947 ed.), §§275, 374; Callman, Unfair Competition and Trade-Marks (2d ed.), §51.) The broad statements and intimations to the contrary in Nolan Bros. Shoe Co. v. Nolan, 131 Cal. 271 [63 P. 480, 82 Am.St.Rep. 346, 53 L.R.A. 384] ; Alhambra Transfer etc. Co. v. Muse, 41 Cal.App.2d 92 [106 P.2d 63]; Yellow Cab Co. of San Diego v. Sachs, 191 Cal. 238 [216 P. 33, 28 A.L.R. 105] ; Dunston v. Los Angeles Van & S. Co., 165 Cal. 89 [131 P. 115]; Scutt v. Bassett, 86 Cal.App.2d 373 [194 P.2d 781] ; and Weatherford v. Eytchison, 90 Cal.App.2d 379 [202 P.2d 1040], cannot be considered as correctly stating the law.
The general rules with respect to actionable confusion have been stated as follows:
“Where the public is deceived ‘into believing that good will, or investment, of another, are enjoyed by or is a part of another’s business, so that the ordinary public would be led to believe that, in dealing with such person, it was also dealing in some way with the other’ we have an evident confusion of businesses. This, it will be seen, is a confusion with respect to source and origin alone, for, while the products of the litigants may actually differ in make, purpose and function, it is conceivable that the confusion will be such that the defendant’s goods might be supposed to have come from the plaintiff, or that the business of the plaintiff might be supposed to have a connection with the business [118]of the defendant, which sometimes is called ‘confusion as to sponsorship.’ ”
“The effect of this type of confusion is that the defendant’s goods are attributed to the plaintiff, the true owner of the infringed trade-mark; the latter is entitled to demand action to insure ‘that its reputation shall be of its own making alone,’ and that the quality of his product ‘lies within his own control.’ In such cases, the defendant, user of the infringing trade-mark, may not merely deprive the plaintiff of immediate trade but ‘may indirectly do so by tarnishing his reputation, or it may prevent [the plaintiff] from extending his trade to the goods on which the infringer is using the mark.’ The plaintiff’s reputation may further be endangered in various respects, e. g., the quality of his goods may be brought into disrepute, ...”
“While confusion of goods can only be evident where the litigants are actually in competition, confusion of business may arise between noncompetitive interests as well.”
“In a suit for an injunction, as distinguished from an action for recovery of damages or profits, actual confusion need not be shown.”
“Proof of actual confusion can be ignored only when it is clear that the confusion was attributable to extraordinary circumstances or that it only occurred, and could only occur, in a single instance. In rare eases, the extent to which the confusion can be traced, in whole or in part, to the similarity of the marks or to other considerations may be open to doubt. If, however, the plaintiff is able to produce a substantial number of witnesses to attest to actual confusion, that, of course, will indicate the degree of confusion that there really may be.” (Emphasis added; Callman, Unfair Competition and Trade-Marks (2d ed.), vol. 3, p. 1361.) Proof of actual confusion requires the conclusion that confusion is probable. (See Grocers Baking Co. v. Sigler, 132 F.2d 498; Standard Oil Co. v. Michie, 34 F.2d 802; S. S. Kresge Co. v. Winget-Kickernick, 96 F. 2d 978.) In the Kresge ease it was said at page 987: “While trademark infringement issues may be presented and determined on the basis of a bare comparison of the marks, yet it is evident that an entirely different situation is presented where the court has not only the marks before it but evidence of actual experience in the trade in the use thereof. ■ Whatever the conclusion of the Judge might be upon merely a comparison of the marks, clearly he must be governed by what he believes the evidence shows as to [119]actual experience in the trade. It is the view of and effect upon the purchasing public which is determinative.” (Emphasis added.) In the case at bar there is no question that confusion existed in the public mind over the similarity of the name because such confusion was stipulated to. Hence the trial court “must be governed” thereby and find probable confusion and deception of the public. In addition, however, we have a coined word, ‘1 Slenderella, ’ ’ and the identical word is used by both plaintiff and defendant. Both appeal to the same segment of the public, stout women. The leading case of Aunt Jemima Mills Co. v. Rigney & Co., 247 F. 407 [159 C.C.A. 461, L.R.A. 1918C 1039], cert, denied, 245 U.S. 672 [38 S.Ct. 222, 62 L.Ed. 540], is in point There the trademark was used by plaintiff in the sale of flour. Defendant was using it in the sale of syrup. The court reversed the trial court’s refusal of relief, stating at page 409: “To use precisely the same mark, as the defendants have done, is, in our opinion, evidence of intention to make something out of it—either to get the benefit of the complainant’s reputation or of its advertisement or to forestall the extension of its trade. There is no other conceivable reason why they should have appropriated this precise mark. The taking being wrongful, we think the defendants have no equity to protect them against an injunction, unless they get it from a consideration now to be examined.
“It is said that even a technical trade-mark may be appropriated by anyone in any market for goods not in competition with those of the prior user. This was the view of the court below in saying that no one wanting syrup could possibly be made to take flour. But we think that goods, though different, may be so related as to fall within the mischief which equity should prevent. Syrup and flour are both food products, and food products commonly used together. Obviously the public, or a large part of it, seeing this trade-mark on a syrup, would conclude that it was made by the complainant. Perhaps they might not do so, if it were used for flatirons. In this way the complainant’s reputation is put in the hands of the defendants. It will enable them to get the benefit of the complainant’s reputation and advertisement. These we think are property rights which should be protected in equity.” These principles are in line with the legion of cases holding that in an action for an injunction actual confusion need not be established; probability is enough. (See eases collected Callman, Unfair Competition and Trademarks (2d [120]ed.), vol. 3, pp. 1372-1373; Nims, Unfair Competition and Trade-Marks (4th ed.), vol. 2, p. 1049 et seq.) Certainly if proof of actual confusion is not necessary then when we have a stipulation of actual confusion plus identical trade names the only conclusion tenable is that plaintiff must be given relief. Other illustrations include granting injunctions to a restaurant against a cocktail sauce business (MacSweeney Enterprises, Inc. v. Tarantino, supra, 106 Cal.App.2d 504); by a maker of automobile carburetors and camshafts against a maker of jacks and wrenches (Winfield v. Charles, 77 Cal.App.2d 64 [175 P.2d 69]); by a large and famous restaurant in New York against a small indescribable place in San Francisco (Stork Restaurant v. Sahati, supra, 166 F.2d 348).
The cases relied upon by the majority opinion are not in point. In Palmer v. Gulf Publishing Co., 79 F.Supp. 731, there was no stipulation of actual confusion nor were the names used identical. The same is true of Lerner Stores Corp. v. Lerner, 162 F.2d 160, and in addition the court was dealing with persons’ surnames rather than coined words. Similar comment applies to American Auto. Ins. Co. v. American Auto Club, 184 F.2d 407, and in addition, the names were common words and the public was not familiar with plaintiff’s trade name.
Much space is devoted to an endeavor to establish that defendant' did not act in bad faith—-did not intend to inflict injury on plaintiff. How that is of any avail to support the judgment does not appear. The undisputed fact remains that defendant, knowing plaintiff was using the trade name “Slenderella” in his business, deliberately launched its business in the same area and used the identical name. Hence defendant was not acting with justifiable ignorance or mistake. Moreover, the factor of good or bad faith is not significant. To make it a factor would be contrary to the law that an intent to deceive or defraud is not necessary to justify an injunction. That is conceded by the majority and is clearly the law. Our statute. provides that unfair competition includes “unfair or fraudulent business practice.” (Civ. Code, §3369(3).) (See McCord Co. v. Plotnick, 108 Cal.App.2d 392 [239 P.2d 32] • Wood v. Peffer, supra, 55 Cal.App.2d 116, which deals with a noncompetitive situation; Weatherford v. Eytchison, supra, 90 Cal.App.2d 379; Hoover Co. v. Groger, 12 Cal.App.2d 417 [55 P.2d 529].) To argue that the judgment denying plaintiff relief is supportable because defendant did not intend to deceive, when under the law, [121]deception is not an essential factor to the granting of such relief, is to endeavor to lift oneself by one’s own bootstraps.
On the record before this court plaintiff is clearly entitled to injunctive relief against defendant, and the judgment should, therefore, be reversed.
Traynor, J., concurred.
The latter is not really a factor in the ease as I will later point out.