FINLEY, J. pro tern.* This appeal is from a judgment entered upon the verdict of a jury in favor of plaintiff as administratrix, awarding damages on account of the death of her husband.
In the early morning of October 28, 1949, the severed body of Ralph J. ICeiper, a welder employed by appellant Northwestern Pacific Railroad Company, was found lying just outside of the westerly rail of the company’s main line track at a siding south of Ukiah known as Echo. Near that point a narrow raised roadway of dirt or gravel crossed the track at approximate right angles, and also the siding track lying just to the west of it. There was a gate on each side of the tracks where this road intersected the right of way fences. [704]The upper part of the severed body was found lying just on the southerly edge of this dirt or gravel roadway, while the lower part lay to the north and on the other side of the roadway about 20 feet from the upper part. On the siding which parallels the main track on the westerly side there had been spotted two so-called “outfit cars,” the south end of the most southerly car being from 16 to 20 feet north of this raised dirt roadway. The lower part of the body lay nearly opposite the said south end of this car which had been allocated to the deceased as living quarters while working at Echo. In the middle portion of this car, on either side, there was a door below which had been permanently attached two steps leading to the ground, and along one side of each doorway was a metal handle or “grabiron” to assist one in using the steps. A short distance to the west of the car on the opposite side thereof from the main track, there had been placed a privy for the use of the deceased, and a path leading to it had been cut through the grass growing between it and the car.
There is no material conflict in the evidence. Plaintiff offered no direct proof of how the tragedy occurred. The factual situation was developed almost entirely by the defense. According to the testimony of his immediate superior, called as a defense witness, the deceased, a lead welder in the employ of appellant, had been sent to Echo to build rail jetties where an adjacent creek had washed out a portion of the right of way. He had moved into the outfit car assigned to him “the day before.” He was the only one who used it. It was not necessary for him to live there. He could have lived at home and driven back and forth had he chosen to do so. Outside of an emergency his assigned hours of work were from 7 to 11 a. m. if on daylight saving time, or 8 a. m. to 12 noon, and from 12:30 to 4:30 p. m. if on standard time. These assigned hours are not changed but the welding gangs have no specified hours due to the heat. If it was exceptionally hot they worked early. The work deceased was assigned to do was not of an emergency nature.
This same witness also testified that deceased would take an occasional drink; that he had never seen him intoxicated ; and that deceased was a careful man around trains. He further testified that there was blood on the west rail of the main track approximately 90 feet south of the outfit car occupied by deceased; that there was what looked like a foot[705]print near the entrance to this ear between the two main line rails, and that about opposite the south end of this car there was also a scraping such as might have been made by the side of a foot. There was blood on the rails nearly opposite.
According to this same witness, from four to six trains passed over this area between 6:30 on the evening of October 27, 1949, and daylight the next morning.
In addition to this witness, defendant also called Harvey 0. Peters, a special agent; Roy J. Connors, the locomotive engineer on the train that passed Echo about 10 o’clock on the night of October 27, 1949; and also W. J. Egan, the roundhouse foreman at Santa Rosa. The fireman who served with engineer Connors on the night in question had died before the date of trial.
Connors testified that his train consisted of 47 freight cars, 41 loaded and six empty. As he approached the outfit ears at Echo the speed of the train was about 18 miles per hour or less. The headlight was on high beam and illuminated the track 20 ear lengths away; the track could be seen clearly for approximately 15 car lengths, but beyond that it would not appear distinctly. The locomotive whistle was sounded at the mile board, one mile from Echo and also as he came around the turn when he observed the outfit cars on the siding. He sounded the whistle a second time as he approached them. The locomotive bell was ringing. As he approached the outfit cars he saw nothing on the tracks and the fireman gave him no warning of any sort. He, Connors, had a full view of the entire width of the main track and was carefully observing conditions within the range of his headlights. He did not strike anyone, and when he was informed the next morning that a man had been killed at Echo, he looked the locomotive over but found no blood on it, and no one pointed out any blood to him. He would not be able to say whether there was any there.
W. J. Egan, the roundhouse foreman, testified that about 9 a. m. on October 28, 1949, he inspected this locomotive and found no blood on the pilot but did find eight or ten drops of blood on the No. 3 driver wheel which would be back approximately 25 feet from the front of the locomotive on the right side. He did not know whether it was human blood.
On rebuttal plaintiff recalled plaintiff’s witness Reno Bartolomei who was a deputy sheriff and deputy coroner of Men[706]docino County at the time of the accident, but who at the time of trial was an investigator for the district attorney and an automobile salesman. He testified from a memorandum contained in the sheriff’s file and made by him of a telephone conversation allegedly held by him with a Henry P. Dohring who, at the time of the accident was in charge of defendant’s station at Ukiah. He asked Dohring to check the engines. Dohring later called him back and said that engine 2625 was checked and that blood was found on the right side of the cowcatcher, on the pilot and on the front wheel on the right side. Dohring, also called by plaintiff as a rebuttal witness, could not recall this conversation or incident.
This in substance is all of the relevant testimony appearing in the record of any probative value to indicate what happened. No one saw the accident, nor was there any evidence to explain what the deceased was doing on or about the track. His body was found apparently run over and severed by a train, and that is all.
So far as we are concerned here, the only question to be answered is whether the verdict of the jury in the sum of $37,500 in favor of plaintiff can be sustained by this evidence under the provisions of the Federal Employers’ Liability Act. The appeal is from the judgment entered upon this verdict and from the order denying defendant’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict.
The Federal Employers’ Liability Act, so far as relevant here, provides in substance that a common carrier engaged in interstate commerce shall be liable to those designated in the act for injury to or death of any employee “resulting in whole or in part from the negligence of any of the officers, agents, or employees of such carrier, or by reason of any defect or insufficiency, due to its negligence, in its cars, engines, appliances, machinery, track, roadbed, works, boats, wharves, or other equipment.” The act also provides that contributory negligence of an employee who meets death or is injured shall not bar recovery, but that damages suffered shall be diminished in proportion to the amount of negligence attributable to the employee, provided however that such diminution shall not apply nor shall any doctrine of the assumption of risk apply in any case where there has been a violation by such common carrier of any statute enacted for the safety of employees and where this violation contributed to the occurrence of injury to or death of an employee.
All questions of substance presented in actions under [707]this statute are federal questions upon which the decisions of the federal courts are conclusive and binding upon all state courts. (Atlantia Coast Line R. Co. v. Dixon, 207 F.2d 899, 903; Dice v. Akron, C. & Y. R. Co., 342 Ü.S. 359, 361 [72 S.Ct. 312, 96 L.Ed. 398]; Bailey v. Central Vermont R. Co., 319 U. S. 350, 352 [63 S.Ct. 1062, 87 L.Ed. 1444] ; Garrett v. Moore-McCormack Co., 317 U. S. 239, 244 [63 S.Ct. 246, 87 L.Ed. 239].) This being so it is quite obvious that as an intermediate appellate state court our function here is not to attempt any interpretation of the act itself but to ascertain if possible the applicable rule from the existing federal decisions. We cannot resolve conflicts, and we speak with but little authority in attempting to select from among the federal decisions an applicable rule. Thus without authority, but speaking with little fear of contradiction, we concur with the trial judge in his observation that “the propositions of law applicable hereto are in such a state of confusion in the decisions of the higher courts, including the highest court of the land, that it [the trial court] is unable to determine just what the law applicable to the case is. ’ ’
Counsel have filed excellent briefs and have discussed the cases at some length. In the light of our inability to establish precedent or resolve conflicts or to announce a rule with any perceptible authority, we see but little virtue in discussing here in any detail the maze of cases referred to in the briefs. About all we can do is weigh the evidence appearing in the record and announce our opinion as to whether giving to it all the weight to which it is entitled the evidence is legally sufficient to support the jury’s implied finding of negligence on the part of defendant. In making such a determination we are satisfied that we must rely more upon what, in our opinion, would in the light of common, everyday contemplation and experience appear to amount to ordinary care, rather than upon any attempt to fit the facts before us into an indeterminate mold fashioned by the federal decisions.
First it may be said that there is not even a scintilla of evidence to indicate or support a finding that the decedent was engaged in any act connected with his employment at the time he met his death. In respondent’s brief there appears this statement: “The evidence indicates that the deceased was on the railroad track at 10 o’clock P. M. on October 27, 1949, between the rails of the main line track, opposite to the entrance to his bunk car. This is indicated by the following: A. A foot print was found at this point, 18 inches inside [708]the west line, of the same size as the shoe worn by Mr. Keiper at the time of his death. It was deeper on one side than the other, and was headed in an easterly direction. ’'
There is no evidence to the contrary. This appears then as an admission that the death apparently did not occur before 10 p. m. It was not even suggested by anything in the evidence or otherwise that it did, or that the deceased was welding or otherwise working at that time of the night, or that he was engaged in any activity of any nature on the tracks at that hour which could be considered as being even remotely connected with his employment. The record is absolutely silent, and no plausible theory has been suggested, as to why he was there or what he was doing.
Respondent urges the following circumstances as constituting evidence of negligence under the act on the part of appellant:
“I. The bunk car furnished to deceased as living quarters had an entrance on the side next to the main line track, less than five feet from passing cars. '
“II. The bunk cars were dark red, making them difficult to observe at night.
“III. No warnings were given by signs or otherwise to warn trainmen on the main line track of the fact that there were workmen living in these cars.
“IV. No precautions were taken by the defendant to protect workmen, living in bunk cars, against passing trains. ’ ’ Taking these specifications in order, the only evidence in the record is that the “bunk” or “outfit” car furnished to deceased had a similar entrance on both sides, and that when the body of deceased was discovered the doors to both these entrances were locked. There is no evidence that the deceased was, at the time, using the east entrance with the car spotted as it was on the siding west of the main track, or that the entrance on the west side was out of order or that there was any condition whatsoever that made it any less usable than the entrance on the east side. This leads us to the rule that if a choice of two equally usable doorways lay open to the decedent and he, of his own choice and volition, chose the dangerous way, particularly in light of his familiarity with bunk cars, tracks, trains and railroad practices in general (which must be logically assumed after, as the evidence shows, at least three years of railroad employment), it cannot be other than logically considered that he assumed any additional risk in using the more dangerous way. We do not see how appellant, [709]as his employer, could be held liable unless it were in some manner responsible for his malting a choice of using the more dangerous of the two doors. The reason for two doors is obvious, for it is a matter of common knowledge that sidings occur on both sides of railroad main tracks, and the obvious purpose of having a door on each side is so that whether a car is spotted on one side or the other those having occasion to enter or leave such a car may do so on the side away from the main track.
Next respondent states that the ears were red and hence were difficult to see at night. We fail to see how this fact has any bearing on the situation. None of the cars was struck by the train. There is no evidence that the cars were not seen by all train crews as they approached and passed the cars, or that the conduct of any train crew would in the exercise of ordinary care have been any different had the cars been luminous or painted any other color. Also it is a matter of common knowledge that red is, and for many years has been, a color quite generally used on box cars, and it would be hardly logical to say that all of a sudden and for no especial reason, the spotting of bunk cars so painted should amount to negligence. Connors, the engineer of the locomotive on which the blood was found, testified that he knew the ears were there; that he sounded the whistle at the mile board one mile from Echo; that the headlight was on high beam and that the track could be seen clearly for approximately 15 ear lengths ahead; that the whistle was sounded again as he came around the turn and observed the outfit cars on the siding, and a second time as he approached them; that also the locomotive bell was ringing. As appellant has pointed out, even though this testimony be entirely discounted and disbelieved, still there is no evidence in the record to support any inference or even a speculation that the color of the cars had any causal connection whatever with the death of deceased.
The above reasoning can in general be applied to respondent’s third specification of negligence. There is no evidence that respondent violated any common or generally recognized custom or practice among railroads or acted in any manner without ordinary care and prudence in not posting special signs or otherwise to warn trainmen on the main track that there were workmen living in these cars. There is no evidence in the record to indicate that the absence of any warning “signs or otherwise” had any causal connection with the [710]death. As pointed out above, Connors, the locomotive engineer, stated that he observed the cars and blew the whistle ; that he had blown it twice before, once at the mile board and once as he rounded the bend which was estimated by plaintiff’s witness Bartolomei to be about a mile north of the bunk car. Connors also testified that the bell was ringing ; that it had been turned on approximately 10 car lengths from where it was supposed to be heard, and that it rang automatically. He also testified that the speed of the train vas 18 miles per hour or less.
There is nothing in the record to indicate that the operation of the train would have been any different had warning been “given by signs or otherwise to warn trainmen on the main line tracks of the fact that there were workmen living in these cars.” Even if all defense testimony be disbelieved entirely, there is no evidence of any negligent operation of the train, unless it is to be inferred or presumed from the fact alone that because deceased was found dead and his body severed that the operation of the train was negligent.
The record contains no evidence at all to indicate any departure by appellant or any of its agents, servants or employees, from common and established practices in railroading, or the violation of any statute or any departure from what common experience would dictate as a standard of ordinary care. This tragedy happened at night. There was no evidence of any light in or about the bunk car or anything at all to indicate that deceased was, or had any occasion to be, on or perilously near the main line track. Had he been in the bunk car provided for him there is nothing to indicate that he would not have been perfectly safe. Why he was on or about the main line track at or about 10 o’clock at night no one knows. There is no evidence from which even an inference may be logically drawn that he was there for any purpose in connection with his employment. There is no evidence that he had any tools or equipment with him or even a light of any kind. There is no evidence that there was anything connected with his employment or personal needs to draw him at that time of night to any point at all on or east of the main track or indeed to any point east of the easterly wall of his bunk car. His privy was on the west side, away from the main track, and his bed presumably in the car. There is no evidence of any town, store, building, place of habitation, person or thing that might have drawn him across the track at that hour. Indeed there is not even evidence [711]that he met his death by being run over by a train. There was testimony by plaintiff’s witness Bartolomei that when he found the body the door on the east side of the bunk car was locked. There was other testimony that the doors on both sides were locked. It seems strange that a man, at least one experienced around railroads, in possession of his faculties and under normal circumstances, would at that time of night be, for no fathomable reason, where deceased must have been for his body to have been run over and severed by the train. Any hypothesis must of necessity be based upon pure speculation. It is true that respondent is entitled to the presumption that deceased was exercising due care for his own safety, but as a corollary it does not follow that indulgence in this presumption leads to the conclusion or presumption, or even inference, that appellant was negligent or that this negligence was the proximate cause of death. (Looney v. MetropoUtan R. Co., 200 U. S. 480, 488 [26 S.Ct. 303, 50 L.Ed. 564, 569].) If we are to speculate, it might as well be said that deceased fell on the rails as the result of a heart attack or some other organic or functional failure, or that someone killed him and placed his body on the track to lend the appearance of accident. In answer to this it might be said that even so the locomotive engineer or fireman, if they were maintaining a proper lookout, should have seen the body on the track. We do not feel that the law or reason binds appellant to any such degree of care under the appellation of ordinary care. Had the engineer or fireman known, or if in the exercise of ordinary care they should have known, or even if they had had any reason to anticipate anyone on the track at that point at that time of night, it might in reason be said that they should have been vigilant in maintaining a most careful scrutiny of every foot of track. But here we can think of nothing which, under the circumstances, might in reason have caused them to anticipate the presence of anyone on the track, or dangerously close to it, at that point, at that time of night, even though they were chargeable with knowledge that workmen were quartered in the bunk cars. We do not think that in order to comply with the standard “ordinary care” an engineer or fireman of a locomotive can be charged with the duty of carefully watching every foot of a track from point of departure to destination excepting those points where they know, or in the exercise of ordinary care, should have reason to know or anticipate that the passage of the train might create a hazard to persons or property. A right of way
We hold that under the circumstances here there was, at the time and place involved and in the exercise of ordinary care and prudence, no reason for the engineer or fireman to maintain a constant and intense vigil over each and every foot of the track ahead, for even though if charged with knowledge of the presence of workmen in the bunk cars, there appears no fathomable reason to expect the presence of any one of them on or perilously near the main track at that time of night.
In view of the salient points of similarity involved and persuaded by the reasoning and conclusions reached in Lenz v. Union Pac. R. Co., 128 Neb. 99 [258 N.W. 33] ; Lammers v. Pacific Elec. Ry. Co., 186 Cal. 379 [199 P. 523] ; and Greene v. Atchison, T. &. F. Ry. Co., 120 Cal.App.2d 135 [260 P.2d 834, 40 A.L.R.2d 873]; and guided by the rules announced in Moore v. Chesapeake & O. R. Co., 340 U.S. 573 [71 S.Ct. 428, 95 L.Ed. 547] ; Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. Co. v. Thomas, 198 F.2d 783, 788; Kansas City So. R. Co. v. Jones, 276 U.S. 303 [48 S.Ct. 308, 72 L.Ed. 583] ; Looney v. Metropolitan R. Co., 200 U.S. 480, 488 [26 S.Ct. 303, 50 L.Ed. 564, 569] ; and Davis v. Alabama Great So. R. Co., 324 U.S. 846 [65 S.Ct. 676, 89 L.Ed. 1407], we hold that as a matter of law the record is- totally devoid of evidence to support a finding of negligence on the part of defendant, and that the trial court should have granted appellant’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict..
The judgment is reversed with directions to the trial court to enter judgment for appellant notwithstanding the verdict.
Van Dyke, P. J., and Sehottky, J., concurred.
Eespondent’s petition for a hearing by the Supreme Court was denied September 21, 1955. Gibson, C. J., and Carter, J., were of the opinion that the petition should be granted, and Carter, J., filed the following opinion:
Assigned by Chairman of Judicial Council.