[686]PEEK, J. Joseph Rosoto was convicted of murder in the first degree of one Leslie Simpson, conspiracy to commit burglary and robbery, burglary, two counts of kidnaping with intent to commit robbery, perjury, and conspiracy to obstruct and pervert justice. John Frank Vlahovieh, a codefendant, was convicted of the murder of Simpson, perjury, and conspiracy to obstruct justice. Donald Glen Franklin, also a eodefendant, was convicted of Simpson’s murder and conspiracy to obstruct justice. The jury fixed the penalty at death as to all defendants, and this court affirmed the judgments. (People v. Rosoto, 58 Cal.2d 304 [23 Cal.Rptr. 779, 373 P.2d 867].)
By petition for writ of coram nobis or other appropriate relief, defendants seek to set aside the judgments of conviction of murder, claiming that a key prosecution witness perjured himself at trial and that the prosecuting authorities were aware of the perjured testimony. By petition for writ of habeas corpus they seek reversal of the judgments as to penalty on the basis that errors occurred of the type condemned in People v. Morse, 60 Cal.2d 631 [36 Cal.Rptr. 201, 388 P.2d 33]. This court ordered a reference as to the alleged perjured testimony, and the referee’s findings were against the defendants as to all issues relating to those allegations. Since the referee’s conclusions appear to be correct, we deny the request for relief from the judgments of conviction for murder. The judgments as to penalty must be reversed, however, since the argument and instructions to the jury were prejudicially erroneous according to the rule of People v. Morse, supra, 60 Cal.2d 631, and cases following.
In March 1957 a bar in Anaheim was robbed by armed men. Defendant Joseph Rosoto and his half-brother Michael Rosoto were involved in the robbery. On February 7, 1959, the owner of the bar, Leslie Simpson, who had observed the bandits and was to be a witness at the forthcoming trial of Joseph Rosoto for that offense, was shot and killed early one morning as he returned home from his bar. Simpson’s wife, also a witness to the robbery, was seriously wounded and permanently injured.
Michael Rosoto (hereafter Michael) was the principal witness for the prosecution at defendants’ trial for Simpson’s murder. He testified to admissions by all defendants made at various times which placed responsibility upon them for Simpson’s death. Michael’s testimony and additional evidence corroborating defendants’ guilt is set forth in detail in People v. Rosoto, supra, 58 Cal.2d 304.
[687]Defendants point to the fact that Michael was under indictment for numerous robberies at the time he testified against them, and they suggest that he testified falsely at the direction of and with the knowledge of the prosecuting authorities in order to bring about their convictions and thus lighten or escape punishment for his own misdeeds.
As the basis for relief in the instant petition for writ of coram nobis, defendants submit the transcript of a tape-recorded telephone conversation between Michael and his half-sister Della Rosoto Kline (defendant Rosoto’s sister), wherein Michael contradicts in certain respects his trial testimony as to defendants’ admissions of guilt.
Following the People’s request for a reference in order that the disputed issues of fact be resolved, this court directed that evidence be taken responsive to the following questions: “ (1) Did Michael Rosoto commit perjury at the trial of petitioners? (2) If so, how long have petitioners or their representatives known of such perjury? (3) If Michael Rosoto committed perjury, did any representatives of the State of California cause or suffer such testimony to be introduced, knowing such testimony as given was perjured? (4) What, if any, new evidence has been discovered that undermines the case presented by the prosecution at the trial?”
After extensive hearings, the referee found that Michael did not commit perjury at defendants’ trial. The referee stated that Michael gave substantially the same testimony he gave at the trial, and that his trial testimony “was not convincingly impeached” at the reference hearing. It was also found, contrary to defendants’ allegations, that the convictions were not based entirely upon Michael’s testimony, since there “was substantial corroborative evidence of their guilt.” As to the tape recording of Michael’s conversation with Della Rosoto Kline, the findings state that it (as well as a corresponding affidavit) was “part of a calculated effort to reverse the results of the petitioners’ trial through corrupt means.”
In support of that conclusion the referee points out that the affidavit and the conversation which was recorded “were carefully rehearsed to provide Della with spurious admissions of perjury.” Michael, it was found, was at the time unemployed and thus falsely admitted perjury partly for money and partly because he “ ‘felt guilty’ because Joseph was going to die as a result of his truthful testimony and because he had helped trap him.” The referee also found that Della [688]threatened Michael on numerous occasions.
As to the issue of how long defendants or their representatives knew of Michael’s alleged perjury, the referee found that defendants’ attorneys were in possession of the evidence of the alleged perjury since March 6, 1961. He detailed the history of the appellate proceedings in this court, the applications for post-conviction relief in the federal courts, and the clemency hearing before the Governor, during which proceedings the instant evidence was not formally presented. Prom the fact that Michael’s recantation of his trial testimony was not set before a judicial body until May 3, 1963, shortly before the scheduled execution of two of the defendants, the referee concludes: “As a matter of strategy, petitioners, through their attorneys, deliberately chose to gamble their lives to a point within several hours of the time set for their execution, by withholding from any court the charges herein presented of perjury, and of perjury knowingly being used by law enforcement officials in obtaining their conviction.”
Defendants state that the tape recording and affidavit were withheld in an attempt to corroborate those items with further evidence, but the explanations do not appear convincing in view of the long delay wherein no other competent or persuasive evidence was produced by way of corroboration. Thus the very delay in presenting the evidence as well as the manner and time of its presentation further undercuts defendants’ allegations as to Michael’s perjury and lends additional support to the referee’s adverse findings.
The third issue submitted to the referee, whether representatives of the State of California caused or suffered perjured testimony by Michael to be introduced, is necessarily answered in the negative by this court’s adoption of the referee’s findings that Michael did not perjure himself at trial. The referee additionally found, on the basis of testimony of investigating personnel, that such representatives of the state “at all times in question believed the trial testimony of Michael to be true,” since most of his testimony was corroborated by other evidence (see People v. Rosoto, supra, 58 Cal.2d 304, 323, 324). It was also found that representatives of the People did not coerce Michael into testifying as he did at the trial. As to the fourth issue the referee found that “no material new evidence has been discovered that undermines the ease presented by the prosecution at the trial. ”
Thus, although this court it not required to adopt the findings of a referee (see In re Mooney, 10 Cal.2d 1, 17 [73 [689]P.2d 554]), they are entitled to great weight. (In re Riddle, 57 Cal.2d 848, 853 [22 Cal.Rptr. 472, 372 P.2d 304].) Because of the inherent weight of the findings and since defendants have not seriously challenged them,1 the referee's conclusions are adopted. Accordingly we hold that no new evidence has been presented which may be allowed to impeach the judgments convicting defendants of the murder of Leslie Simpson.
In the course of arguments to the jury concerning the penalty to be imposed upon defendants, the district attorney argued that sentence of death or life imprisonment can be reduced by the Governor, and that a prisoner serving a life sentence for murder is eligible for parole after seven years. The prosecutor asked the jury: “Can you afford to take that chance, to run that risk? I think that is a factor that you ought to consider.” The trial court also instructed the jury as to the possibilities of pardon or reduction of sentence by the Governor, and parole after seven years of an inmate serving a life term for murder.
In People v. Morse, supra, 60 Cal.2d 631, we held that such matters should not be submitted to a jury asked to determine whether a defendant convicted of a capital offense should receive a life sentence or the penalty of death, since considerations of parole tend to invite that body to impose the stronger and irrevocable penalty in order to prevent the Adult Authority or the Governor from mistakenly allowing convicted murderers their freedom while they yet remain a danger to society. (People v. Treloar, 61 Cal.2d 544, 549-550 [39 Cal.Rptr. 386, 393 P.2d 698].) In re Jackson, 61 Cal.2d 500, 503-505 [39 Cal.Rptr. 220, 393 P.2d 420], held that such questions may be reached by habeas corpus in cases, as herein, which were tried prior to our decision in the Morse case. [4] Notwithstanding the state of the record as to guilt and penalty, the presence of such argument and instructions requires reversal. (People v. Hines, 61 Cal.2d 164, 168-170 [37 Cal.Rptr. 622, 390 P.2d 398].)
The petition for writ of coram nobis is denied. The writ of habeas corpus is granted; the remittitur issued in Crim. No. 6862, People v. Rosoto, 58 Cal.2d 304 [23 Cal.Rptr. 779, 373 [690]P.2d 867], is recalled and the judgments reversed insofar as they relate to the death penalties imposed. In all other respects the judgments are affirmed. Petitioners are remanded to the custody of the Superior Court of Orange County for a new penalty trial.
Traynor, C. J., Peters, J., Tobriner, J., and Dooling, J.,* concurred.
Petitioners were granted an extension of time within which to file objections to the referee’s report and findings. They filed no objections, but chose instead to file the instant petition for writ of habeas corpus, attacking only the judgments insofar as they imposed the death penalty, on the basis of People v. Morse, supra, 60 Cal.2d 631.
Retired Associate Justice of the Supreme Court sitting under assignment by the Chairman of the Judicial Council.