Opinion
CLARK, J. Appeal from judgment denying petition for writ of mandate directing, inter alia, the respondent Long Beach Municipal
[727]Court to allow petitioner, Merco Construction Engineers, Inc., a corporation (Merco), to appear in a civil action through a corporate officer not an attorney.1 Merco relies on Code of Civil Procedure section 90, purporting to authorize such an appearance.2 We conclude the Legislature cannot constitutionally vest in a person not licensed to practice law the right to appear in a court of record in behalf of another person, including a corporate entity. We therefore affirm the judgment.
Both the municipal court and Sully-Miller contend the Legislature is precluded by the separation of powers clause from designating those persons who are authorized to practice law.3 The exclusive right to determine who is qualified to practice law is claimed to be an inherent power of the judiciary.4 Statements of our courts have consistently supported such contention.
In Brydonjack v. State Bar (1929) 208 Cal. 439 [281 P. 1018] we noted that “[a]dmission to practice is almost without exception conceded everywhere to be the exercise of a judicial function . . . .” (Id., at p. 443.) [728]More than three decades later we stated that “[historically, the courts, alone, have controlled admission, discipline and disbarment of persons entitled to practice before them.” (Brotsky v. State Bar (1962) 57 Cal.2d 287, 300 [19 Cal.Rptr. 153, 368 P.2d 697, 94 A.L.R.2d 1310].) We have also dealt directly with the compulsion of legislation purporting to set standards for admission to practice law. In the case of In re Lavine (1935) 2 Cal.2d 324 [41 P.2d 161, 42 P.2d 311], a “pardon statute” purported inter alia to restore to an attorney disbarred upon conviction of a crime, the right to practice law following an executive pardon of the offense. Prior to enactment of the statute, granting a full pardon had been judicially held insufficient of itself to entitle the attorney to reinstatement. The statute, accordingly, purported to overturn a judicial rule governing admission to practice law.
While recognizing “that the legislature may prescribe reasonable rules and regulations for admission to the bar” we held such “legislative regulations are, at best, but minimum standards unless the courts themselves are satisfied that such qualifications as are prescribed by legislative enactment are sufficient. ... In other words, the courts in the exercise of their inherent power may demand more than the legislature has required. [Citations.]” (In re Lavine, supra, 2 Cal.2d 324, 328.) (See fn. 5.) We concluded “that in so far as the . . . ‘pardon statute’ purports to reinstate, or to direct this, or any other, court to reinstate, without any showing of moral rehabilitation, an attorney who has received an executive pardon of the offense upon the conviction of which his disbarment was based, the same is unconstitutional and void as a legislative encroachment upon the inherent power of this court to admit attorneys to the practice of the law and is tantamount to the vacating of a judicial order by legislative mandate.”5 (Id., at p. 329; see also Stratmore v. State Bar (1975) 14 Cal.3d 887, 889-890 [123 Cal.Rptr. 101, 538 P.2d 229]; Emslie v. State Bar (1974) 11 Cal.3d 210, 225 [113 Cal.Rptr. 175, 520 P.2d 991]; In re Bogart (1973) 9 Cal.3d 743, 750 [108 Cal.Rptr. 815, 511 P.2d 1167]; Brotsky v. State Bar, supra, 57 Cal.2d 287, 300.)
We deem it established without serious challenge that legislative enactments relating to admission to practice law are valid only to the extent they do not conflict with rules for admission adopted or approved [729]by the judiciary. When conflict exists, the legislative enactment must give way. Merco in the instant case does not challenge this concept. It states in its brief that the issue presented “is not . . . whether the legislature has the power to confer the privilege of practicing law upon lay persons,” and acknowledges that the “inherent power of the Supreme Court to admit persons to practice law is not in dispute.”
The issue according to Merco is whether a corporation can appear in court in propria persona in the same way as a natural person. Prior to enactment of section 90 it was well established that a corporation could not so appear. “A corporation cannot represent itself in court, either in propria persona or through an officer or agent who is not an attorney.” (Vann v. Shilleh, supra, 54 Cal.App.3d 192, 199; see also Roddis v. All-Coverage Ins. Exchange (1967) 250 Cal.App.2d 304, 311 [58 Cal.Rptr. 530]; Himmell v. City Council (1959) 169 Cal.App.2d 97, 100 [336 P.2d 996]; Paradise v. Nowlin (1948) 86 Cal.App.2d 897, 898 [195 P.2d 867].) Merco contends the established rule is inapplicable because, for the first time, section 90 expressly provides for representation in propria persona. A party appearing in propria persona, Merco contends, is not engaged in the practice of law contrary to the dictates of the Constitution and this court, because such party is not appearing in a representative capacity.
Merco recognizes that it, while being a corporation and a person within many legal concepts, nevertheless lacks attributes and rights of natural persons.6 It thus acknowledges that prior to enactment of section 90 it lacked the right to make a court appearance except through a member of the bar, but claims this was so only because the Legislature had not declared a corporation to be a person for purposes of self-representation. According to Merco’s reasoning, the Legislature by passing section 90 at long last expanded the legal “personhood” of a corporation, and the courts should respect that expansion of corporate rights against charges of infringing on the court’s authority to control the practice of law.
Merco’s argument requires further examination of corporate existence. It is fundamental, of course, that a “corporation is a distinct legal entity separate from its stockholders and from its officers.” (Maxwell Cafe v. Dept. Alcoholic Control (1956) 142 Cal.App.2d 73, 78 [298 P.2d 64].) “A corporation ... in its corporate . . . rights and liabilities ... is as distinct [730]from the persons composing it, as an incorporated city is from an inhabitant of that city.” (Curtiss v. Murry (1864) 26 Cal. 633, 634-635; see also Miller v. McColgan (1941) 17 Cal.2d 432, 436 [110 P.2d 419, 134 A.L.R. 1424]; Erkenbrecher v. Grant (1921) 187 Cal. 7, 9 [200 P. 641]; Jacques, Inc. v. State Bd. of Equalization (1957) 155 Cal.App.2d 448, 460 [318 P.2d 6]; Dandini v. Dandini (1953) 120 Cal.App.2d 211, 217 [260 P.2d 1033]; 6 Witkin, Summaiy of Cal. Law (8th ed. 1974) p. 4316.)
To presume, as we must if we are to follow Merco’s reasoning, that a corporation can act without representation, is a fiction we cannot accept. (See American Center for Education, Inc. v. Cavnar (1972) 26 Cal.App.3d 26, 36 [102 Cal.Rptr. 575]; Roddis v. All-Coverage Ins. Exchange (1967) 250 Cal.App.2d 304, 311 [58 Cal.Rptr. 530].) A corporation cannot in fact appear in court except through an agent. (See Brooks v. Small Claims Court (1973) 8 Cal.3d 661, 669 [105 Cal.Rptr. 785, 504 P.2d 1249].) Section 90 does not even purport to grant to a corporation a right to represent itself—it purports only to change the identity of the representative through whom it may appear. If we were to hold that a corporation represents itself when appearing through a “director, an officer, or an employee” (Code Civ. Proc., § 90), then it would necessarily follow that the corporate “self’ is comprised of directors, officers, or employees, contrary to the authorities we have noted.
The qualifications of the human representing a corporation—or for that matter any other person or entity—in court is one of vital judicial concern. Such person is clearly engaged in the practice of law in a representative capacity. The practice of law “is the doing and performing services in a court of justice in any matter depending therein through its various stages . . . .” (People v. Merchants Protective Corp. (1922) 189 Cal. 531, 535 [209 P. 363]; see also Bluestein v. State Bar (1974) 13 Cal.3d 162, 173-174 [118 Cal.Rptr. 175, 529 P.2d 599]; Baron v. City of Los Angeles (1970) 2 Cal.3d 535, 543 [86 Cal.Rptr. 673, 469 P.2d 353].)
We recognize, of course, that corporations are represented in small claims court by persons who are not members of the State Bar. Such representation is authorized by statute (Code Civ. Proc., § 117 et seq.) as interpreted and approved by court decision (Prudential Insurance Co. v. Small Claims Court (1946) 76 Cal.App.2d 379 [173 P.2d 38, 167 A.L.R. 820]). Merco quotes from Prudential for the proposition that “the common law rule that prohibits a corporation from appearing in legal proceedings in propria persona may be modified by the Legislature.”
[731]Representation in small claims court raises special problems for corporations. Section 117g (now § 117.4) provides that no “attorney at law or other person than the plaintiff and defendant shall take any part in the filing or the prosecution or defense of such litigation in the small claims court.” Thus, under a literal construction of the statute a corporation, although it could be sued in small claims, could not defend because it was incapable of defending except through a natural person, and an appearance by such “other person” was prohibited. Even though suggested due process denials might have been resolved in favor of the literal application of the statute (id., at pp. 382-383, but see p. 384), the court in Prudential concluded that “[s]ince corporations can only appear through some natural person it is obvious that the proper natural person may appear to prosecute or defend . . . and that such a proper person is not an ‘other person’ excluded by section 117g.” (Id., at p. 385.)
Prudential stands for two propositions which are important to our determinations here. First, a corporation not itself being a natural person, can make a court appearance only through a natural person—obviously a person other than the corporate person. Second, because the statute cannot be construed as intending to deny to a corporation the right to sue or defend in small claims court, it can appear in such court through a natural person as an exception to a literal reading of former section 117g.
Prudential is not to be extended to courts other than small claims courts even when, as here, the Legislature has expressly provided for such extension. As stated, it is this court and not the Legislature which exercises ultimate control over admissions to practice law. The fact that we have approved lay representation of corporate parties in small claims courts does not require that we do so for other courts. The special circumstances which were deemed necessary for such representation in small claims proceedings do not exist in the municipal court.
In net effect our holding today is to deny the Legislature’s invitation to permit a person with no demonstrable skills as an attorney to represent a corporation in municipal court merely because such person may be a director, officer or employee of the corporation. We are not authorized, of course, to reject in the usual course of our judicial function a legislative enactment merely because we deem it serves no desirable purpose. But when the matter at issue involves minimum standards for engaging in the practice of law, it is this court and not the Legislature which is final policy maker.
[732]In our view there are many reasons why the legislative invitation must be rejected. Unlike the problems in Prudential, there is no rule preventing Merco from being represented in the municipal court by a member of the bar. Moreover, unlike proceedings in small claims court, formal rules of procedure and evidence are to be observed by representatives of the parties, and the court is entitled to expect to be aided in resolution of the issues by presentation of the cause through qualified professionals rather than a lay person. (Gordon v. Justice Court (1974) 12 Cal.3d 323, 327 [115 Cal.Rptr. 632, 525 P.2d 72, 71 A.L.R.3d 551]; City of Downey v. Johnson (1968) 263 Cal.App.2d 775, 779 [69 Cal.Rptr. 830].)
We deem, also, Code of Civil Procedure section 90 not to serve the general welfare in that it would authorize the appearance, in behalf of a corporation, of almost any person selected by a corporation regardless of the length of his association or employment, his position with the corporation, or his training, character and background. Thus an “employee” could be a disbarred attorney who becomes employed solely for the purpose of bill collection, moving in and out of court and from corporation to corporation. Or he could be a paraprofessional who, while having failed to pass a bar examination, is nevertheless not precluded from practicing law so long as he confines his client/employer to corporations and his practice to justice and municipal courts.7 8Such persons could hire themselves out on a part time basis to a number of corporations, creating a cadre of unprofessional practitioners. Unlike members of the State Bar, they would not be subject to professional rules of conduct nor be required to adhere to ethical standards established by any governmental or professional agency. Because corporations could be represented by persons not subject to ethical restraints they would be afforded an opportunity to take unfair advantage in particular situations —as in debt collections on claims of little or no merit against persons of low income who are inclined to default even against such unmeritorious claims. (See Barquis v. Merchants Collection Assn. (1972) 7 Cal.3d 94, 109 [101 Cal.Rptr. 745, 496 P.2d 817]; Ferraro v. Pacific Fin. Corp. (1970) 8 Cal.App.3d 339, 353 [87 Cal.Rptr. 226].)8
[733]Code of Civil Procedure section 90 (now § 87) thus constitutes a legislative attempt to provide for those persons who may engage in a limited practice of law. Because we deem those persons not qualified for even such limited practice, we conclude the statute offends the separation of powers clause of our Constitution and is of no force and effect.
The judgment is affirmed.
Mosk, J., Richardson, J., and Manuel, J., concurred.
The basic civil action was commenced in municipal court by real party in interest, Sully-Miller Contracting Company (Sully-Miller) against petitioner Merco for damages resulting from an alleged breach of contract. Merco filed an answer and cross-complaint, purporting to appear in propria persona through Phil Rotblatt, Merco’s treasurer, not a member of the State Bar. Sully-Miller demurred to both the answer and the cross-complaint on the ground a corporation could not appear in propria persona. (See Vann v. Shilleh (1975) 54 Cal.App.3d 192, 199 [126 Cal.Rptr. 401].) The demurrer was sustained as to the cross-complaint, but for procedural reasons was overruled as to the answer. Merco then commenced the instant proceedings, filing in superior court petition for writs of certiorari and mandamus seeking an order directing the municipal court to set aside its order sustaining the demurrer, to overrule the demurrer, and to permit Merco to appear in propria persona. In denying the petition the superior court concluded Code of Civil Procedure section 90 (see fn. 2, post), in purporting to authorize a nonattomey to appear in behalf of a corporation, offends the separation of powers clause of the state Constitution (see fn. 3, post) and the equal protection clauses of the state and federal Constitutions. (See U.S. Const., Amend. XIV, § 1; Cal.Const., art. I, § 7.) The instant appeal followed.
Section 90 provided at times pertinent herein: “Where a corporation is a party in the municipal court it may appear through a director, an officer, or an employee, whether or not such person is an attorney at law.”
Section 90 was subsequently repealed and reenacted as Code of Civil Procedure section 87, identical to former section 90 except that it applies also to proceedings in justice courts. (Stats. 1976, ch. 1288, § 6.)
California Constitution, article III, section 3, provides: “The powers of state government are legislative, executive, and judicial. Persons charged with the exercise of one power may not exercise either of the others, except as permitted by this Constitution.”
Such contention is also urged by amici curiae, the State Bar of California and the Legal Aid Foundation of Los Angeles, in support of the municipal court as respondent.
The “inherent power” of the judiciary to govern admission to the practice of law is not expressly dealt with in any constitutional provision. It is provided in article VI, section 1 that the “judicial power of this State is vested in the Supreme Court, courts of appeal, superior courts, municipal courts, and justice courts. All except justice courts are courts of record.”
The words of the controlling statute (“. . . the word ‘person’ includes a corporation as well as a natural person” (Code Civ. Proc., § 17)), make it clear a corporation is not deemed to be a natural person in legal contemplation. (See also Corp. Code, § 207.)
While the appeal was pending herein the Legislature enacted and the Governor signed Assembly Bill No. 2192 increasing the limitation on civil action recoveries in municipal courts from $5,000 to $15,000. (Stats. 1978, ch. 146, § 1.) The amendment thus provides added inducement to engage in the type of practice purportedly authorized by section 90.
The situation which might thus develop in municipal court could be similar to that which now exists in small claims court. (See Brooks v. Small Claims Court, supra, 8 Cal.3d 661.) In Brooks we noted a study which indicated only 35 percent of plaintiffs but 86 percent of defendants in small claims were individuals, and that almost 90 percent of all [733]judgments entered were in favor of the plaintiff. We stated: “[I]n many instances, the institutional creditor has a large and constant volume of claims, repeatedly invokes the jurisdiction of the small claims courts, and inevitably becomes proficient in this type of litigation. It is only natural, then, that such a claimant will have a decisive advantage over the individual defendant participating in perhaps his first and only courtroom proceeding. This advantage may be compounded if the institutional creditor is a corporation. Since a corporation must appear by someone, it is possible for it to do so by a proper representative . . . who may have legal training but at the same time will not fall within the statutory restriction on appearance by attorneys.” (Id., at p. 669; fn. omitted.)