TRAYNOR, J., Concurring. The city council did not reserve the power to revoke licenses at its discretion. It reserved the power to revoke, if it adjudged, after a hearing on the law and the facts, that a legal ground for revocation was established. The ordinance vested the ■ adjudicating function in the council and prescribed that it should be exercised only after a hearing. It is sufficient to hold that the hearing intended was an adversary hearing, at which evidence was to be taken and a decision made, based on that evidence. The city had the burden of establishing its case, and until it introduced evidence the defendant licensee rightly took the position that there was no evidence to rebut. The majority opinion correctly characterizes the letter read by the police officer as a recital of the charges. The case may be disposed of simply on the ground that no hearing on these charges was had. If, however, the paper is to be regarded as evidence, it is clearly hearsay that would be inadmissible in a court trial if proper objection were made. In administrative hearings hearsay commonly is admissible even over objections (Wigmore, Evidence [3d ed.], vol. 1, §§ 4-b, 4-c), and the court does not now decide that it is not. What the court decides is that, in the absence of statutes to the contrary, there is no substantial evidence to support an administrative decision if the only evidence is hearsay. Accordingly, the majority opinion assumes that in reviewing the decision of a local administrative tribunal with respect to a disputed issue of fact the trial court can go no further [883]than to inquire if the administrative tribunal had before it any substantial evidence to support its decision, whether the review is by mandamus or by certiorari.
The opinion cites with approval Dierssen v. Civil Service Commission, 43 Cal. App. (2d) 53 [110 P. (2d) 513]; and Naughton v. Retirement Board of San Francisco, 43 Cal. App. (2d) 254 [110 P. (2d) 714]. The first case held that anyone attacking the decision of a local adjudicating board by petition for mandate must allege that the board acted fraudulently, capriciously, or arbitrarily, and that a charge against the board’s decision of issues of fact is not sustained if the board had any substantial evidence before it to sustain, its decision. The second case cited followed the same rule. The majority voted to annul the decision of the board on the ground that there was no evidence in the record to support the board’s finding. Peters, J., concurring, said: “If mandamus is used, the extent of the ‘review’ is to determine, as pointed out in the main opinion, whether ‘the local board has acted arbitrarily and clearly in abuse of its discretion.’ So far as the evidence is concerned, that means that the superior court’s power is limited to determining whether there is any substantial evidence to support the findings of the board. There is no doubt that the cases hold, as stated in the main opinion, that mandamus may be used by the aggrieved party. Whichever remedy is used, so far as the evidence is concerned, the extent of the ‘review’ is exactly the same.”
Why permit mandamus to be extended to reach a result that would have been reached by certiorari? It would be better to preserve the traditional distinctions between the two writs. In this instance certiorari was clearly the applicable writ. (Garvin v. Chambers, 195 Cal. 212 [232 Pac. 696]; Legault v. Board of Trustees, 161 Cal. 197 [118 Pac. 706, 39 L. R. A. (N. S.) 519]; Murray v. Supervisors, 23 Cal. 492, 493; Nider v. City Commission, 36 Cal. App. (2d) 14 [97 P. (2d) 293]; Rigdon v. Common Council, 30 Cal. App. 107 [157 Pac. 513]; Great Western Power Co. v. Supervisors, 21 Cal. App. 146 [131 Pac. 88].) On certiorari the court would have directed the council to certify up the record of its proceedings, and would readily have determined whether that record showed that the council had before it any substantial evidence to support its decision. Instead, the court, proceeding by mandamus, permitted persons who [884]were present at the council meeting to testify as to what occurred there and to give oral evidence as to what evidence was presented at the council meeting. Counsel for the city objected that the best evidence rule was thereby violated, but the objection was overruled. If the record of the hearing before the council had been introduced, as it should have been, the court would then have been in the same position as if it had proceeded by certiorari.
While the law thus seems to be settled in this state that local agencies may exercise adjudicating powers and that their decisions are respected by courts if there is substantial evidence to support them, it is anomalous that the Legislature is without power to put the decision of state boards on the same footing. In Laisne v. California State Board of Optometry, 19 Cal. (2d) 831 [123 P. (2d) 457], a majority of this court held that it would be an unconstitutional vesting of judicial power in a state board to give any degree of finality to its decision of issues of fact in the revocation óf a professional license. In consequence, there must be a complete judicial retrial of its fact decisions. The objections to that doctrine are set forth at length in the dissenting opinion in the Laisne case. The majority opinion there concluded that such constitutional judicial power could be vested in local administrative bodies and that the exercise of such power could be controlled, as to local boards, by the writ of certiorari. (Laisne v. California State Board of Optometry, supra, p. 847.) The inconsistency in characterizing the revocation of a license by a state-wide board as ministerial and reviewable by mandamus, while the same function when performed by a local board would be judicial and reviewable by certiorari, has been pointed out in the Laisne dissent and elsewhere. (Laisne v. California State Board of Optometry, supra, p. 869; see Elliott, Certiorari and the Local Board [1941], 29 Cal. L. Rev. 586, 598; McGovney, Court Review of Administrative Decisions [1942], 15 So. Cal. L. Rev. 391, 409; Turrentine, Restore Certiorari to Review the Acts of State-Wide Administrative Bodies in California [1941], 29 Cal. L. Rev. 275; [1937] 25 Cal. L. Rev. 694, 704.)
If the writ of certiorari lies to review the revocation of petitioner’s license by the local board in the present ease, it would follow under the majority opinion in the Laisne case that an exercise of constitutional judicial power is involved. Upon what ground, then, can it be held consistently [885]that the writ of mandate is available? There is no refusal to perform a ministerial duty or absence of an adequate remedy, as in Drummey v. State Board of Funeral Directors & Embalmers, 13 Cal. (2d) 75 [87 P. (2d) 848]. (See Laisne v. California State Board of Optometry, supra, p. 833.) The only plausible explanation for the extension of mandate to review the acts of local boards seems to be the unexpressed recognition that it is irrational to hold that a particular activity, the revocation of licenses, is nonjudicial and reviewable exclusively by mandate when the revocation is by a state-wide board and still adhere to the older doctrine that it is a judicial function and reviewable by certiorari exclusively when the revocation is by a local agency.
If it were contended that the record of the city council’s ' hearing disclosed that it had before it other evidence supporting its decision than that disclosed by the testimony in the trial court, there would be no alternative but to remand the case to the trial court, with instructions to issue a writ of certiorari. Since it appears, however, that in the trial court counsel for the city did not contend that the city council had before it any other evidence, it seems that the result^ would have been the same had the case been tried on certiorari. Consequently, it is unnecessary to dissent from the judgment.
Gibson, C. J., and Edmonds, J., concurred.