California Court of Appeal Apr 14, 1959 No. Civ. 18214Published
Before: Wood (Fred B.)
WOOD (Fred B.), J.
Plaintiffs brought, this action for the wrongful death of their son who was killed while" riding as "a gúést' ih a'ear owned'by defendant California Mbetfife Supply Company and driven by defendant Chambers.'"'
'The first trial, resulted in a nonsuit which was reversed in Fuller v.
Chambers,
142 Cal.App.2d 377 [298 P.2d 125], to which reference is made for a summary of. the evidence. In its essential features the evidence was substantially the jsame upon the second trial, as upon the first. The second, judgment awards plaintiffs.damages in the sum of $20,000....
■■Defendants claim (1) the verdict is not supported by substantial evidence,' (2) errors occurred in the giving and refusing of instructions, and (3) failure of proof that Chambers was' Operating the company’s "ear with" its'permission. " j "■ G
"-' (1)
Defendants predicate their claim' of irisüjficiency of the evidence
upon evidence adduced,at the.second trial,, to the "effect that none of "Chambers’ guest riders, protested! |lje
[605]
manner in which.'he-had been driving, nor observed anything unusual about Mg’driving. ’That wad for the jury to appraise.One - of the guests was -asleep -.part- -of the tiiné and the deee-dent' may have been; 'Tile 'absence'of protests and the failure of ’ some of thenguests to note anything unusual about "the' manner, of driving did not- preclude the jury from believing the'evid'encepwhich-was1 substantial, that Chambers, drndtig1 oh"1 a two-lané highivay at night, entered a cufve in the road' close'the heels of a truck-trailer, passed the trailer'hh the curve hy veering "into the left lane and then weht off the' road ’to the left through h barrier, making skid marks for 90 febt if rom theif starting'point to the barrier and éÜtendih'g’to avpóiht'abbut 165 feet- béyond thebárfier.- The driver had becit drinking-whiskey en route arid 'a Witness'smelled the odor -oí liquor bh Ms breath- sliortlyafter the- accident. ? ']’ "‘'j- v]];
Defendans claimthere were inconsistencies in the t'es-timóñy of plaintiffs* Avitnesses. We have examined the evidence and find there is no substance to this claim. Moreover, reconciliation of inconsistencies in the evidence is the work of the triers of thfe*’factS)_ not the function of a reviewing court.
Defendants "also claim that the imbibing of alcohol wás a quiíb’ ifréréVaSt factor because this action is based upon, “wilful- rniitebiiduqt;” not “intoxication,” of the driver, as those words aré "used in section 403 of the Vehicle Code. ¡Such a criticism'“is wide of the mark. The imbibing of alcohol by Cliamb’erfe-while; driving the automobile upon this very occasion Aims one óf a number of factors proper for the jury to, consider and Aveigh Avheih. ascertaining' and deciding Avhether of'not’the decedent’s death “proximately resulted from'the ... . Avilful misconduct” of Chambers. as such driver (Veh. Code, §..403.)
" The-parties have cited and discussed" a number of decisions] bearing upon the sufficiency of the eAddenee. We see no pur.P,ose. to be served by an extended discussion of the case'kvw. In regard to sufficiency of the eAÚdence, each case must be; drfeided upon its óavu facts.' ’ ’The'.applicable principles of Íuaa’ Awre adequately expounded upon the former appeal. We con-mu; therein'and adopt that exposition for the purpose of this] appeal/' ' ... ,, ’.']./. ' / ......
(2)
Did prejudicial error, occur in tile giving and refusing óf'Hnsiríi
Cíions
Defendants elaim- that the•;court emasculated their.-ins’tfúctid is defining “wilful'misconduct.”
[606]
A sentence
1
which the court deleted from defendants’ instruction Number 1 was in substance contained in defendants’ Numbers 3, 4, and 5, as given by the court in modified form.
2
Defendants complain of the deletion of the following from their instruction Number 4: “. . . the misconduct must be something more than intentional and wrongful; it must be done under circumstances which show either knowledge that serious injury to the guest probably will result, or wanton and reckless disregard of the possible results,” and substitution of the following: ‘‘But in order to be a basis for liability to a guest under our law it [wilful misconduct] is the intentional doing of something either with the knowledge that it is likely to result in serious injury or with a wanton and reckless disregard of its possible consequence ...” We see no substantial change. As given, it had the sanction of
Meek
v.
Fowler,
3 Cal.2d 420, 426 [45 P.2d
194];
and
Mercer-Fraser Co.
v.
Industrial Acc. Com.,
40 Cal.2d 102, 118 [251 P.2d 955],
It was not error to instruct that “ [i]t is unlawful for any person who is under the influence of intoxicating liquor to drive a vehicle upon any highway,” (Veh. Code, § 502, subd. (a)) particularly in view of the following instruction given: “. . . the pleadings made by the plaintiffs are not based on the ground that the driver of the automobile was intoxicated. Therefore, the sole ground on which plaintiffs seek recovery is for wilful misconduct; however, the question of liquor being consumed by the driver of the automobile can be considered in your determination of whether there was wilful misconduct on the part of the driver under the definitions of wilful miscon
[607]
duct as the Court has defined,” showing that the use of intoxicating liquor was only one of the factors to he considered.
Defendants mistakenly declare that the court gave an instruction which flatly declared that defendant Chambers was “driving into the lane set aside for opposite traffic at night while negotiating a curve allegedly in order to pass a large vehicle ...” This phrase was preceded by the statement that “you may consider certain special circumstances
allegedly
[emphasis added] connected with his driving. These special circumstances . . . are . . .” We think the word “allegedly” characterized each set of circumstances as issues, not as established facts.
Finally, defendants complain of the following: “You are instructed that an intent to injure anyone is not a necessary ingredient of wilful misconduct.” Viewed by itself this does not give a helpful explanation of the element of “intent” involved. Viewed in the context in which given the jury, in the midst of adequate definitions of “wilful misconduct,” we find no error in it.
(3)
Was there a failure of proof that the owner of the car was responsible for the driver’s conduct in this easel
Defendant Chambers was in the employ of the defendant company and with its permission used its car in that capacity. He was its field service representative in all of California north of the northern boundary of Kern County. He had a considerable degree of freedom of decision in performing his duties. His time was pretty much his own in calling upon his employer’s customers. On this particular occasion he was en route from the company’s San Francisco office (where he had been until noon) to Fresno, to call upon one of the company’s customers that evening. His most direct route would have been through Gilroy and Pacheco Pass. This time he went via Camp Koberts to pick up a cousin who wished to be taken to San Francisco airport. Three of the cousin’s friends came along. From Camp Roberts he drove north along route 101 to San Lucas, thence through the coast range to Lemoore, thence along Route 41 toward Fresno. The accident occurred about 16 miles out from Lemoore.
The facts that Chambers was an employee of the defendant company and was driving a company car with the company’s permission gave rise to an inference that he was acting in the course and scope of his employment
(Westberg
v.
Willde,
14 Cal. 2d 360, 371 [94 P.2d 590] ;
Rosenberg
v.
Berry,
101 Cal.App.2d 526, 529-531 [225 P.2d 620]
; Halbert
v.
Berlinger,
[608]
127 Cal.App.2d 6, 17-18 [273 P.2d 274]
Smith
v. Johe, 154 Cal.App .2d 508, 510 [316 P.2d 688].)
...But for the detour to Camp Roberts, en route to ■ Frespo^we wo.uld have .no.hesitancy,in conejuding-that thp;evidence s¡upT p.orts-.the jury.’s implied finding that upon this.'occasion,Cham,hers was acting in the course and scope of his employment. .The applicable..legal principles we find well expressed
in
Ryan
v. Farrell, 208
Cal. 200, 204 [280 P. 945]: ‘-‘it is thg^ptablished rule in this jurisdiction -that .whgse, -the servant; is -ggpibining his .own, business with that of hjg master,.gr ajtpnding to.both ,ad substantially the same time., no- nice? quiry will be made as to which business the ¡-servant w.§s;,agtualjy -engaged in; when.a third person .was in jqred;.;.bq^af he master .wiy, be held responsible, unless it clearly:.appears '-th§t the servant, could, no.t have been. directly or indireetjy.jggr^igg h'i&Jnaster;” . M ......, . -„f :j
,, ¿Thf^.e principle*; were expressed in these words jn
Westberg v. Willde, supra,
14 Cal.2d 360, 372-373, quoting
Kruse
v.
White Bros.,
81 Cal.App. 86, 92 [253 P. 178] A mere dgyiation from the strict course of his duty do.es.ppt. release the master from liability. In order to.have that .effect it must ,bq so? substantial as to amount to an entire departure. (39 Cor. Jur., p. 1297, Master and Servant, § 1493.) As the rule has bgen stated* “One does not cease to b.e acting, within the epurjse pf the master’s .employment because his most,direcf and- immediate pursuit of the master’s, business is subject, tq pecqspary, usual or incidental personal acts, nor .even by slight and.,immaterial delays or deflections, from the most direct routq for, a .personal or priyate purpose, the pursuit, of-the master [s business continuing to be -the -controlling purpose. Such acts, not amounting to a turning aside cojppjptelyfjom the, master’s business so as to be inconsistent with it^ppysuit, are often only what might be. reasonably expected,-,fe> which, .therefore* th.e master’s assent may be fairly asgqiped; ,or, they ar.q in many instances the mingling .with the pursuit of the master's business-some purpose of the servant’s.own;’’ (Shearman and Redfield on Negligence, 6th ed., p.,362; § 147a.)
“ ‘Whether there has been a. deviation- so material or- subí stantial .as to constitute a complete, departure- is usually a question of fact. In some cases the deviation may-j^-ag marked, and in-others so slight-relatively, that the-court-rcan say,that no conclusion other, than that the .act-.was or.,wa¡? not a departure .could reasonably be supported; while in stjjll others the deviation may be so uncertain in extent §nd .-degree
[609]
in view of the facts and circumstances- as to make the question of what inferences should be drawn from the evidence properly one for the jury
. . ”
These same principles are further expounded in the more recent case of
Loper
v.
Morrison,
23 Cal.2d 600, 604-607 [145 P.2d 1], Particularly significant is the statement that in “deciding the case before us the results reached in other decisions' are helpful but not necessarily controlling! ... In each ease involving scope of employment all of the relevant circumstances must be considered and weighed in relation to one another.” (P. 605 of 23 Cal.2d.)
In the light of these principles, the facts in evidence and the inferences which reasonably may be drawn from-those facts support the implied finding that Chambers .was acting within the course and scope of his employment. We can not say as a matter of law that he was not so acting.
The defendant criticises an instruction given concerning the legal basis for its liability, if any, upon the ground that the court used the words," “acting within the scope of his authority” instead of the" words “acting within the course and scope of his employment.” Technically, the latter is the more precise term to use, but it is not conceivable that the jury was misled. Indeed, defendants say that “standing alone this error may not have been prejudicial.” We see in it no basis for reversal.
The judgment is affirmed.
Bray, P. J., and Hanson, J. pro tem.,
*
concurred.
1
This section has abolished recovery by guests for injuries caused by negligence, whether ordinary negligence or gross negligence, and hence no matter how negligent you may find the defendant Bob Quentin Chambers to have been, negligence alone will not warrant a recovery by these plaintiffs.”
2
Defendants’ Nos. 3, 4 and 5 as given by the court read in part as follows:
No. 3.
“. . .
Wilful misconduct means something different from and more than negligence, however, gross.”
No. 4. “.
.
. The mere failure to perform a statutory duty is not, alone, wilful misconduct as that failure amounts to simple negligence only and, no matter how gross, that negligence is not sufficient to justify a verdict in favor of the plaintiff in this case.”
No. 5. ‘‘The court instructs you that even though you might find that defendant . . . drove the automobile negligently and carelessly, and even though you might find that he was guilty of gross negligence in the operation thereof, such finding in itself would not be sufficient to bring in a verdict against the defendant in this case on a charge of wilful misconduct. ’ ’
*
Assigned by Chairman of Judicial Council.
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that the evidence was sufficient to support a jury finding of wilful misconduct by the driver and that the driver was acting within the scope of his employment, despite a deviation from his direct route.
Issues
Whether the evidence was sufficient to support a finding of wilful misconduct by the driver.
Whether the trial court committed prejudicial error in its jury instructions.
Whether the evidence supported a finding that the driver was acting within the scope of his employment at the time of the accident.