PEEK, J. I dissent. As I interpret the majority opinion it holds that legitimation of a child under section 230 of the Civil Code does not amount to an adoption in the full sense of that term but merely changes “its status from that of an illegitimate child to that of a legitimate one” and the child thereby becomes “the legitimate child of both of its natural parents.” Prom this premise the majority holds that upon the question of custody (which is the primary issue before this court) “neither of such [natural] parents has a superior right to its custody. ...” In support thereof the majority cites the case of Munson v. Munson, 27 Cal.2d 659 [166 P.2d 268], wherein the Supreme Court stated that the trial court having found upon sufficient evidence that it was for the best interest of the child that custody be awarded to the father, such finding cannot be disturbed. Relying upon the cited case the majority herein then states that “the trial court in this case, having determined that the child’s welfare will be best served, for the present at least, by leaving her with her mother, its determination, if supported by evidence, is conclusive upon this court unless a clear case of abuse of discretion is shown.” The opinion concludes that the determination of the trial court is supported by sufficient evidence, that no abuse of discretion [510]is shown, and that under section 138 of the Civil Code, everything else being equal, the custody of a child of tender years should be given to the mother.
I cannot agree with such conclusion. I believe that section 230 is an adoption as well as a legitimation statute, that it does more than merely change the status of the child from illegitimacy to legitimacy in that it also effects a change in the relationship of the child toward each of its natural parents, conferring upon the father who has received the child into his custody and his wife who has consented thereto a prima facie right to custody and to the retention of that custody unless and until he or she is shown to be unfit, under the rule of Roche v. Roche, 25 Cal.2d 141 [152 P.2d 999], and cases cited therein, as distinguished from the rule in the Munson case, where the contest was between husband and wife over the custody of a child born during their marriage, there being no third person involved and no change in relationship.
This conclusion is fortified by two recent decisions of the courts of this state which are given only passing mention in the majority opinion, namely, Jenkins v. City of Los Angeles, decided by Division 3 of the Second District, July 1943, and reported in 60 Cal.App.2d 50 [140 P.2d 45], and Estate of Lund, decided by the Supreme Court, May 1945, and reported in 26 Cal.2d 472 [159 P.2d 643, 162 A.L.R. 606], It is true, as observed by the majority opinion herein, that the first of these cases relates to the right of a child to a pension upon the death of its father, that the second case relates to the right of a child to inherit from its father, and that in neither case was the precise question here in issue considered. However, inasmuch as the present case is one of first impression in this state, those decisions which announce or discuss the basic principles which necessarily must govern the disposition of the present case, should not be disregarded.
The Jenkins case, in dealing with a particular right which flows from a legitimation under section 230, discusses generally the rights which said section confers, and declares that those rights are the same as in the case of any other adoption. Thus the court therein, after referring to what it terms the “forceful and all-inclusive” wording of said section, states: “We do not doubt that the section was intended to mean just what it says.” Additionally, after indicating some of the rights flowing from the legal relation of parent and child which an adoption by court order establishes, dec[511]lares; “An adoption under section 230 of the Civil Code is no less potent.” Throughout its opinion said court treats the legitimation as a species of adoption effectuated by the acts of adoption and the force of a self-executing statute. Thus the court says: “But at the time of the death of Charles S. Jenkins, respondent herein was his legitimate child by virtue of acts of adoption as found by the court and the force of the statute.” (60 Cal.App.2d pp. 52-53.)
The case of Estate of Lund, supra, while dealing primarily with a question of inheritance, nevertheless contains an exhaustive and well considered discussion which encompasses virtually the entire subject of the operation and effect of section 230. Therein, among other things, are emphasized the liberal policy which the Legislature and courts of this state have established with regard to adoption by legitimation, and also the integral nature of the family relationship which such an adoption creates.
It appears to me that the comprehensive opinion in the Lund ease makes unnecessary the strong reliance which the majority opinion places on the dictionary definitions which it quotes from the case of Blythe v. Ayres (1892), 96 Cal. 532 [31 P. 915, 19 L.R.A. 40], The majority by so doing, I feel, has failed to appreciate what to me is the true significance of the interpretation which the Supreme Court in the much later Lund decision gave to such language, when, after carefully analyzing the same, it stated in summation:
“So considered, it becomes the more obvious that it is reasonable to conclude that the Legislature by declaring in section 230 that ‘The foregoing provisions of this chapter do not apply to such an adoption, ’ i. e., to legitimation, meant to confer the broad benefits of that procedure without the limitations express or implicit in ordinary adoption proceedings. ’ ’ (26 Cal.2d 492-493.)
Another result of the failure of the majority to construe our statute as it has been interpreted in the Lund and Jenkins eases is that it thereby is compelled to rely upon authorities from other jurisdictions which concededly are predicated on statutes different from our own and which, therefore, may not be relied upon. In so doing the opinion must perforce disregard the matter of local public policy, cogently expressed in the Lund decision in connection with this very subject as follows:
[512]“We deem it incontestable that each state may formulate its own public policy in respect to legitimation and can enact laws to carry out its policy.” And, quoting with approval from Blythe v. Ayres, supra, “ ‘Legitimation is the creature of legislation. Its existence is solely dependent upon the law and policy of each particular sovereignty. The law and policy of this state authorize and encourage it. . . .’ ” (26 Cal.2d pp. 485-486, 490.)
A similar sentiment is voiced in the Jenkins case, wherein the court, after quoting the language of section 230, says:
“This has been the law for three-quarters of a century and it is not to be presumed that in adopting their charter the people of Los Angeles held an unsympathetic attitude toward this humane policy of the state.” (60 Cal.App.2d 52.)
Specifically, then, in holding that section 230 is not an adoption statute and does not confer on the legitimating father the broad benefits which adoption proceedings generally confer on the adoptive parents, namely, the prima facie right to the custody of the child, the majority opinion runs directly counter to the unmistakable language previously quoted from the Lund case to the effect- that the Legislature by the wording of said statute meant to confer by the acts of adoption by legitimation the broad benefits of that procedure “without the limitations express or implicit in ordinary adoption proceedings.”
In other words, the majority opinion, by differentiating adoption by legitimation under section 230 from adoption by a court proceeding, relying upon the language in the Blythe case which, as previously mentioned, was quoted and analyzed in the Lund case, proceeds to determine that the rights of and the correlative duties toward, a child that has been adopted by legitimation are less comprehensive than those which attach where a stranger to the blood has been adopted. Yet the Supreme Court in the Lund case arrived at precisely the opposite conclusion in considering the same language quoted from the Blythe case, namely, that the difference between adopting a blood relative and a stranger to the blood should militate more liberally in favor of the legitimated child and without the restrictions imposed in the case of an adoption of a nonrelative. Thus the limitation that an adult child may not be adopted by court proceedings was held not to apply to a natural child adopted by legitimation under said section 230. However, the result of the rule of [513]the majority opinion would be that a father who wished to adopt his illegitimate minor child into his family and have at least the prima facie right to custody which a stranger adopting the child would have, would be required to follow the formal procedure outlined by the sections of the Civil Code preceding section 230—which is the very thing that section 230 says does not have to be done.
By other language in said section 230, the wife of the child’s father is expressly made a party to the legitimation to the extent that her consent must be given before the child may become a part of the family, which provision thereby makes the wife a definite member of the family unit. The majority opinion disregards the presence of this essential requisite entirely, for, if she is not. to share in the duties, responsibilities and rights, including that of custody of the child who has become a part of her household, it is difficult to understand the reason for making mandatory her acquiescence, and consequently the language of the statute becomes meaningless.
The majority opinion likewise—and this seems to me particularly noteworthy—fails to take into consideration the fact that the reception of a minor child (in this case a child of seven and one-half years) into a family necessarily contemplates the taking over of the custody of such child, and that it is the intendment of section 230, as construed by the Supreme Court in the Lund case, that such reception—and therefore such custody—shall be permanent and continuing and not merely temporary and transient.
“Once a child had been unconditionally received into the family, he was received permanently and continuingly unless and until such reception was revoked (if in its nature it could be revoked) ...” (Estate of Lund, supra, at pages 495-496.)
“The biological relationship of father and son, and the de facto family relationship which the father had established, are not transient or volatile things which may exist one moment and be nonexistent the next, or which depend for their continuance upon repetitions of the original words or acts. Once proclaimed and established they exist as facts for all times and in all places.” (Estate of Lund, supra, at p. 496.)
Indeed, the language of section 230 which makes the child legitimate “for all purposes”—which, as has been seen should [514]be interpreted as meaning likewise “adopted for all purposes,” would seem to comprehend the taking of custody as one of the purposes or incidents of an adoption by legitimation.
It must be conceded to be the law that in the case of ordinary adoption proceedings, upon the adoption of the child the rights of the natural parents cease and the adoptive parents become in the eyes of the law the only parents whose rights must be considered. (Estate of Jobson, 164 Cal. 312, 316-317 [128 P. 938, 43 L.R.A.N.S. 1062] ; Younger v. Younger, 106 Cal. 377, 379-380 [39 P. 779] ; Mitchell v. Brown, 18 Cal.App. 117, 125 [122 P. 426].) Therefore, it would seem to follow that any question between parents that may now arise would be solely between petitioner and his wife, and not between petitioner and respondent. Since an adopted child becomes the child not of one but of both adoptive parents, and since in the case of an ordinary adoption one of the rights that a natural parent loses or relinquishes in favor of the adopted parent or parents is the right to the custody of the child, therefore, “From the time of the adoption, the adopting parent is, so far as concerns all legal rights and duties flowing from the relation of parent and child, the parent of the adopted child. From the same moment, the parent by blood ceases to be, in a legal sense, the parent. His place has been taken by the adopting parent.” (Estate of Jobson, supra, at pp. 316, 317. See, also, Civ. Code §§ 228, 229.)
That the same result follows from an adoption by legitimation was in effect decided in the early case of Graham v. Ben-net, 2 Cal. 503, 506-507, wherein the court declared that legitimation pursuant to a void marriage under section 2 of the Act to Regulate Descents and Distributions, which is now section 85 of the Civil Code, gives to the father “the unquestioned right to their custody, control and obedience.”
The entire tenor of the opinion in the case of Estate of Lund, supra, strongly points to a like result in the case of a legitimation pursuant to section 230 of the Civil Code. For instance, the court in that case observed: " Here the petitioner was received into the intimate family circle, the household itself; he became as much a member of the family as was his half-brother Frank or his half-sister Blanche.” (26 Cal.2d 494.) If therefore in the present ease Josephina became a part of petitioner’s'family pursuant to the procedure taken under section 230, as the trial court in effect found she did, it was because the law invested petitioner with the right to treat [515]her as a part of his family which in the case of a minor child includes the right to custody.
There appears to be nothing in sections 197 and 200 of the Civil Code which militates against the application in the present ease of the general rules governing custody in cases of adoption. Section 200 has no bearing on the question, as Josephina is not an illegitimate child, but, as found by the trial court, a legitimate child. Likewise, section 197 has no application, because there is here no controversy between the father and his wife, who stands in loco parentis as the child’s mother.
If it be insisted that the term “mother” as used in said section 197 refers to the natural mother, then it must be held that the case comes within the exception " If either the father or mother be dead or unable or refuse to take the custody or has abandoned his or her family, the other is entitled to its custody, services and earnings.”
Moreover, even if the rule rather than the exceptions stated in section 197 were otherwise applicable to the situation in the present case, still the result would be that such general rule must be deemed to be modified by the provisions of the special statute governing adoption by legitimation—a matter that will be discussed hereinafter.
The majority opinion states: “Certainly the statute does not mean that the child becomes the child of the wife of its father when the father has married one other than its mother. ’ ’ However, the authorities cited do not support the statement. Estate of Flood, 217 Cal. 763, 780 [21 P.2d 579], carries an implication to the contrary, it being said that “Flood, a married man, maintained a family consisting of Ms wife and petitioner (the child), and to this family and to persons who visited and associated with it, he declared the relationship.” (Italics added.) Also, it does not appear that the cited ease of Keith v. Ault, 144 Ind. 626 [43 N.E. 924], is in point, for in that case the marriage of the child’s father took place after the adoption. Obviously, where the adopting father afterward marries a woman who was not a party to the adoption proceedings, the new wife does not incur the responsibilities or acquire the rights of an adoptive parent. The same essential difference in factual situation appears to have existed in the case of Barnes v. Allen, 25 Ind. 222. (See Paul v. Davis, 100 Ind. 422, 426, also cited in the majority opinion and included in a quotation from the opinion in Allison v. Bryan, [51626] Okla, 520 [109 P. 934, 138 Am.St.Rep. 988, 30 L.RA.N.S. 146].) However, the Indiana Supreme Court in the Keith case, supra, recognizes the fact that a different rule might obtain in a case where the adopting father was married prior to the adoption. Thus said court stated:
“Had James H. Lemmon been married before his marriage to Mary A. Lemmon, had appellant been adopted by him and his former wife, and had Mary A. Lemmon been a second and childless widow, as was the case in Markover v. Krauss, supra, [132 Ind. 294 (31 N.E. 1047)], then we should have another question, and one not under the statute here under consideration, but under section 2644, Rev.St. 1894 (section 2487, Rev. St. 1881).” (43 N.E. 925.)
The last case cited by the majority opinion on this point, Serway v. Galentine, 75 Cal.App.2d 86 [170 P.2d 32], does not appear to touch any of the questions involved herein. As far as implications therein are concerned, they are all to the effect that the family into which the child may be received under section 230 may consist of the adopting father and the woman with whom he is living without having been legally married, and who is not the natural mother of his child. (See Estate of Gird, 157 Cal. 534, 545 [108 P. 499, 137 Am.St.Rep. 131], quoting from Garner v. Judd, 136 Cal. 394 [68 P. 1026], cited in the Serway case at p. 90.)
Neither do I believe that the foregoing eases support the further statement in the majority opinion: “nor does such child legitimated by its father acquire rights of inheritance from its father’s wife.-” This question is one which appears not to have been answered in this state. (See 29 CaLL.Rev., pp. 187-191.) Moreover, if the answer should be the one which the dictum in the majority opinion declares, this would result solely from the operation of a special statute, namely, section 255 of the Probate Code, and not from the general provisions of the legitimation or adoption laws.
The majority opinion does not mention the comparatively recent case of Fladung v. Sanford, 51 Ariz. 211 [75 P.2d 685], which factually bears a close resemblance to the present case and which involves a statute substantially identical with section 230 of the Civil Code. On the other hand, the opinion gives undue weight to the decision in Allison v. Bryan, 26 Okla. 520 [109 P. 934, 138 Am.St.Rep. 988, 30 L.R.A.N.S. 146], which is based on a narrower statute and appears to be out of harmony not only with the liberal policy established in [517]this state but also with that which now obtains generally in the majority of jurisdictions.
This is pointed out in the annotation in 114 A.L.R. 271, wherein the author says:
“It has been held that the mother of an illegitimate child, by consenting to a deed of adoption by its natural father which relates solely to the child’s right of inheritance from its father, and which is by its terms limited according to the provisions of a statute which does not undertake to establish the relation of parent and child further than to give the child a right of inheritance, does not thereby yield her rights under a statute providing that an illegitimate child cannot be adopted without the consent of its mother, and hence she is entitled to an order enforcing her right to visit the child, and to have the child visit her. (Allison v. Bryan (1910), 26 Okla. 520, 109 P. 934 [138 Am.St.Rep. 988, 30 L.R.A.N.S. 146].)
“Adoption statutes are not generally regarded as intended to make a complete change in the common law; and the prevailing tendency at the present time is in the direction of a liberal construction. 1 Am.Jur. Adoption of Children, p. 625. And it is a general principle that a statutory proceeding of adoption, when legally conducted, terminates absolutely all legal relations between the minor and his natural parents or former legal guardian. 1 Am.Jur. Adoption of Children, p. 650.” (Italics added.)
It may be observed in passing that preceding the footnote referred to in the American Law Reports, volume 114, supra, is a report of the interesting decision of Spencer v. Franks, 173 Md. 73 [195 A. 306, 114 A.L.R. 263], which holds that without giving a right to general custody a provision in a decree permitting a right of visitation is prejudicially erroneous. This holding, if followed in the ease at bar, would make the decree herein invalid, and at least require a modification thereof.
If I am correct in concluding that an adoption by legitimation carries with it the benefit of all the incidents of an adoption by court order, and the prima facie right to custody in the adopting parent is one of those incidents, then it follows as between petitioner, as the legitimating and adopting father, and respondent, as the erstwhile parent from whom the child has been adopted and who is now in contemplation of law a stranger to the family of which the child has become a member, petitioner must be recognized as having the prima facie [518]right to such custody, in the absence of a showing of unfitness to assume it.
This is clearly the rule in the case of an ordinary adoption. As the Supreme Court stated in the case of In re Santos, 185 Cal. 127, 132 [195 P. 1055] :
“The persons adopting the child acquire the paramount right to the custody of the child, for, after the adoption, they occupy the position of parents and shall ‘have all the rights and be subject to all the duties of that relation.’ (Civ. Code, § 228.) The right of parents to the care and custody of their child yields only for the most cogent and compelling reasons, to wit, in case the parents are shown by clear evidence not to be fit or proper persons to have such custody. (Guardianship of Akers, 184 Cal. 514 [194 P. 706] ; Ex parte Brown, 98 Kan. 663 [159 P. 405].)”
And again in Bell v. Krauss, 169 Cal. 387, 391 [146 P. 874], it was said:
“Prima facie a parent is presumed competent and he is entitled to have the custody of his child unless found by the court to be incompetent. (In re Campbell, 130 Cal. 383 [62 P. 613].)”
In fact, the rule is not confined to cases of adoption, but extends to all cases where the question of the custody arises as between a parent and one who does not sustain a parental relation to the child. (Roche v. Roche, 25 Cal.2d 141, 143 [152 P.2d 999] ; Stever v. Stever, 6 Cal.2d 166,169 [56 P.2d 1229] ; Newby v. Newby, 55 Cal.App. 114 [202 P. 891].) In the Roche case the court stated:
“In the case of Stever v. Stever, 6 Cal.2d 166 [56 P.2d 1229], this court held that section 197 of the Civil Code should be construed with subdivision 1 of section 246 of said code (now section 1406 of the Probate Code) and they contemplate that the natural right of a parent to the care of a minor child, if a fit and proper person, shall prevail as against an entire stranger, the law presuming, in the absence of other evidence or findings showing the contrary, that either parent is a proper person to whom the minor’s care should be awarded. ...”
If, then, the provisions of section 197 which the majority opinion purports to follow must be read with and deemed modified by the code provisions relating to guardianship, as was held in the Stever case, supra, at page 169, and if the provisions of said section 197 must be read with and deemed [519]modified by the code provisions relating to adoption by court order—specifically section 228 of the Civil Code—as was held in the ease of In re Santos, supra, at page 132, then logically it would seem to follow that the provisions of section 197 must be read with and deemed modified by the provisions of section 230 of the Civil Code relating to adoption by legitimation.
As so read and so modified, said provisions invest petitioner as the natural father of the child with the presumption of competency and fitness, or, as stated in the Roche and Stever cases, supra, of being a proper person to whom the minor’s care should be awarded, in the absence of either evidence or finding showing the contrary.
This I believe is the principle that should have been applied herein, and not the rule of the case of Munson v. Munson, supra, which obtains as between divorced or separated parents where there has been no change in the relationship of the child toward either of them. But where there has been a change in such relationship, as in the case of a guardianship, an adoption by court decree, or an adoption by legitimation, the rule of the Roche and Stever cases should be applied and not that of the Munson case.
On the hearing below the trial court did not find that the petitioner was unfit or incompetent to have the custody of his child. To the contrary, the court granted him “the right . . . to visit the child at reasonable times and possibly to have the child with him occasionally at such times as would not interfere with the welfare and best interest of the child. Likewise, the court was of the opinion that “Prom the moral aspects of the situation as disclosed by the evidence, there is little choice as between the father and the mother. ’ ’
It follows that the trial court was not warranted in endeavoring to apply the rule of the Munson case of balancing conveniences or supposed advantages to the child and then depriving petitioner of the right of custody to which as an adoptive parent he is entitled unless found to be unfit. Instead, said court should have determined whether the petitioner is a fit and proper person to have the custody of his daughter Josephina and to retain her as a member of the family into which she had been received.
Therefore, I believe the judgment should be reversed and the cause be remanded to the trial court with instructions to re[520]ceive further evidence directed to said issue and to make a determination thereon.
Appellant’s petition for a hearing by the Supreme Court was denied January 27, 1947.