California Court of Appeal May 21, 2026 No. E085359Published
Filed 5/21/26 CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Appellant, E085359
v. (Super.Ct.No. FVI1002073)
LEROY TYUS JR., OPINION
Defendant and Respondent.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Zahara Arredondo,
Judge. Affirmed with directions.
Jason Anderson, District Attorney, and Sean W. Daugherty, Deputy District
Attorney, for Plaintiff and Appellant.
Ava R. Stralla, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Respondent.
1
At age 15 in 2006, Leroy Tyus, Jr. joined Kevin Roach, who said they would “get
some money” from an individual. Roach shot a man dead with Tyus standing nearby,
unarmed. Charged with murder along with Roach, Tyus pled guilty to voluntary
manslaughter and agreed to cooperate by testifying against Roach.
About 17 years later, Tyus filed a motion for resentencing under Penal Code 1 section 1172.6, which provides relief to some defendants charged as accomplices to
murder who faced theories of imputed malice, including felony murder, that the
Legislature has limited since their convictions. At the evidentiary hearing on Tyus’s
motion, the trial court granted it, finding that the People had not shown that Tyus was
guilty of murder under current law. We conclude that the trial court did not err because
the People lacked sufficient proof that Tyus intended to kill, rather than merely participate
in what he understood to be a debt collection.
The court then erred, however. The court stated that Tyus should be sentenced on
any remaining charges, saw that there were none, and dismissed the case. Instead, the
court was obligated to redesignate Tyus’s manslaughter conviction as an underlying
felony, such as attempted robbery. (§ 1172.6, subd. (e).) Attempted robbery is consistent
with Tyus’s professed intent to take money and could serve as the basis for a felony-
murder conviction, a theory Tyus’s petition asserted he pled guilty to avoid. We remand
this case for redesignation of Tyus’s manslaughter conviction.
1 Undesignated statutory sections are to the Penal Code. 2
The People’s appellate argument focuses on another aspect of the trial court’s
comments. The People argue that the trial court’s statement that there was no underlying
crime means that section 1172.6 relief was improperly granted; absent an underlying
crime, the only possible theory of murder would be that Tyus directly aided the shooter
with intent to kill, a theory unchanged since Tyus’s conviction. As we explain, the
prosecution’s burden at a section 1172.6 evidentiary hearing is to prove the defendant’s
guilt; it is not the defendant’s burden to establish an alternate murder theory.
I. BACKGROUND
Effective January 1, 2019, Senate Bill No. 1437 (2017-2018 Reg. Sess., Stats.
2018, ch. 1015) amended the Penal Code to eliminate or curtail theories of murder
liability based on imputed malice, particularly felony murder. (People v. Patton (2025)
17 Cal.5th 549, 558 (Patton).) It also created a path, now found in section 1172.6, for
convicted defendants to obtain relief if their convictions would not be sustained under the
amended law. (Ibid.)
A. Petition and Prima Facie Case
In 2023, Tyus filed a form petition for resentencing under section 1172.6,
identifying his 2010 voluntary manslaughter conviction, for which he received a 21-year
sentence (including a gang enhancement) run concurrently with another case. Tyus
checked the boxes that make the petition facially sufficient and asserted: “I pled
guilty . . . in lieu of going to trial because I believed I could have been convicted of 1st or
2nd degree murder at trial pursuant to the felony murder rule or natural and probable
3
2 consequences doctrine.” This assertion is central to establishing a prima facie case for
section 1172.6 where the conviction was obtained by plea.
If a conviction was by jury, a defendant would assert in his petition that the jury
convicted him on an imputed malice theory. To assess whether that assertion established
a prima facie case, “the jury instructions will be critical.” (People v. Antonelli (2025) 17
Cal.5th 719, 731; Patton, supra, 17 Cal.5th at p. 565, fn. 8 [prima facie case unless “jury
findings ‘conclusively establish[ed] every element of the offense’ under a valid theory”].)
Where, as here, a conviction was by plea, there are no jury instructions showing
what murder theory it was based on. Rather, a prima facie case is established by Tyus’s
assertion that he believed he could be convicted on a now invalid theory. That assertion
establishes a prima facie case unless “undisputed facts from a record of conviction”
establish the conviction “was under a still-valid theory.” (Patton, supra, 17 Cal.5th at p.
565 & fn. 8.) Undisputed facts might do so if, for instance, statements in the record
showed that the case “was premised on him being the sole shooter.” (Patton, at p. 569;
People v. Rodriguez (2026) 117 Cal.App.5th 1179, 1196.) But where the record contains
“facts that identify someone else as the direct perpetrator,” that normally constitutes a
prima facie case. (Patton, at p. 567; see id. at p. 560, fn. 4 [People agree that prima facie
case “‘“ordinarily would be readily established”’” if the record contains any indication
that an accomplice, rather than the defendant, was the killer].)
2 Tyus used a 2018 version of the form seeking resentencing, so it referred to section 1170.95, which in 2022 was renumbered without substantive change as section 1172.6. (People v. Strong (2022) 13 Cal.5th 698, 708, fn. 2.) 4
Here, there has been no dispute that Roach was the shooter and Tyus was not. The
People agreed that Tyus’s petition asserted a prima facie case for section 1172.6 relief,
and the trial court found that it did. The finding of a prima facie case meant that the case
was set for an evidentiary hearing.
B. Evidence Introduced
At the evidentiary hearing, “the burden of proof shall be on the prosecution to
prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the petitioner is guilty of murder or attempted
murder under California law as amended by the changes made effective January 1, 2019.”
(§ 1172.6, subd. (d)(3).)
The evidence admitted at the evidentiary hearing consisted of two transcripts of
Tyus’s sworn testimony. These were Tyus’s plea allocution and his preliminary hearing
testimony implicating the shooter. For the plea allocution, Tyus was placed under oath
and questioned by the prosecutor. For Tyus’s preliminary hearing testimony, the People
also questioned Tyus, and Roach’s attorney cross-examined him. The People later
introduced Tyus’s testimony into evidence at Roach’s trial after Tyus was declared
unavailable due to noncooperation.
According to Tyus, the relevant events on the day of the killing unfolded quickly.
On April 17, 2006, three people, including Roach, drove to Tyus’s apartment and picked
him up without him knowing they were coming. They drove about five minutes to some
apartments, and during the drive Roach told Tyus they were going to collect some money.
Tyus testified at the preliminary hearing:
5
Q: At what point had he told you you were going to collect money?
A: When I got in the car.
Q: How long did it take to drive [there]?
A: Not long. Like five, ten minutes. Five minutes.
Q: It was during that drive he told you you were going to collect money?
A: Yes.
During the ride, Tyus saw no gun and Roach said nothing about one.
Roach and Tyus got out of the car at some apartments. Roach had a gun but Tyus
did not. As they approached a house, a man came out. When the man emerged, Roach
“sped up,” leaving Tyus behind. The man went to a laundry room, and Roach caught up
to him there. Roach shot the man, Dustin Diaz, while Tyus was 10 to 20 feet away.
Tyus testified at the preliminary hearing as follows:
Q: Did you know that you were going there to shoot somebody?
A: No, sir.
Q: Why did you think you were going there?
A: To get some money.
Q: Okay. So you thought this was a debt collection?
A: Yes, sir.
After the shooting, Roach and Tyus ran back to the car, and the driver drove them
away. Roach never explained the shooting to Tyus.
6
Roach and Tyus were gang members. Tyus also testified that on a date before the
Diaz murder, Roach committed a burglary with Tyus standing lookout. During that
burglary, Roach hopped through a house window and took a gun. Tyus later went with
Roach to a Walmart, where another man with them purchased ammunition for the gun.
Roach used that gun to kill Diaz.
Tyus’s testimony also addressed a crime a month after the Diaz killing, in which
Tyus again joined Roach for a robbery. Roach killed again. Immediately before Tyus
pled guilty to manslaughter in the Diaz case, he also pled guilty to manslaughter as to the
other killing, of victim Peter Roth. Tyus testified that he and Roach discussed robbing
someone to get money, with Roach using the same gun used to shoot Diaz. They
attempted the robbery, during which Roach shot and killed Roth. They took nothing.
Our record shows that Tyus is seeking a section 1172.6 resentencing as to his conviction
for the Roth killing, but that is not before us.
C. Court’s Ruling
At the evidentiary hearing, the People rested on the submission of the transcripts
of Tyus’s plea allocution and his preliminary hearing testimony. Neither party presented
oral argument on the merits.
In ruling, the court stated that under section 189, subdivision (e), malice “should
not be imputed to a person based solely on his or her participation in a crime.” The court
recognized that “a participant in the perpetration or attempted perpetration of a felony
listed in subdivision (a) [of section 189], [in] which a death occurs, is liable for murder
7
only if one” of the three prongs in subdivisions (e)(1) through (e)(3) applies. Those are
that either the defendant was the killer; that the defendant, with intent to kill, aided the
killer in first degree murder; or that the defendant “was a major participant in the
underlying felony and acted with reckless indifference to human life.”
The court then went over the evidence and concluded that it did not fall under
section 189, subdivision (e)(1) to (e)(3). The court therefore found the People had not
met their section 1172.6, subdivision (d)(3) burden “to prove beyond a reasonable doubt
that Mr. Tyus is guilty under California law, as amended.”
The trial court granted Tyus’s petition as follows. The court found Tyus “not
guilty” and vacated his conviction. In doing so, it stated: “Mr. Tyus shall be resentenced
on any remaining charges, to which I believe there are none.” (See § 1172.6, subd. (d)(3)
[“the petitioner shall be resentenced on the remaining charges”].) Neither the court nor
either party referred to section 1172.6, subdivision (e), which states that if the target
offense was not charged, the “conviction shall be redesignated as the target offense or 3 underlying felony.” The court ordered Tyus released with time served and the case
dismissed.
Following that dismissal ruling, the prosecutor asked the court what the underlying
felony or target crime was. The court stated that it did not believe there was one. The
prosecutor argued that this means that “the People could not proceed under a felony
3 “Underlying felony” is the term used for the offense intended in the felony murder context; “target offense” is used in the context of the natural and probable consequences doctrine. (People v. Arellano (2024) 16 Cal.5th 457, 470.) 8
murder theory in a murder trial” and noted that they did not proceed on one at Roach’s
trial. In the prosecutor’s view, “this was straight aider and abettor.” The court responded:
“I do not believe that Mr. Tyus . . . should have pled in the first place. But . . . the law
was different back then. The changes in the law, this case would not even have been filed
against Mr. Tyus.”
II. ANALYSIS
The basic facts here are simple and undisputed. Tyus admitted walking from a car
with Roach to find an individual, falling behind as Roach sped ahead, and that he was
standing 10 to 20 feet away when Roach shot Diaz.
Given these facts, Tyus’s petition presents a choice between two theories of
murder liability for his actions with Roach. Tyus’s intent provides the difference between
them. First, the People argue that he was guilty of directly aiding and abetting a murder.
This theory requires the prosecution to prove that Tyus had the intent to kill. (In re Lopez
(2023) 14 Cal.5th 562, 587.) In contrast, Tyus’s petition claims he pled guilty to
manslaughter because he feared conviction on a felony-murder theory for participating in
a lesser crime where a death occurred. Here, the facts suggest a crime of attempted
robbery because Tyus testified he believed the duo was collecting a debt.
As we will discuss in section A, the evidence supports the trial court’s conclusion
that the People failed to prove direct aiding and abetting a murder beyond a reasonable
doubt. That was the proof the People needed to refute the showing in Tyus’s petition.
9
Because the evidence does not compel a conclusion in the People’s favor, we may not
disturb the trial court’s finding that the People did not meet their burden.
The trial court dismissed the case, with no conviction imposed in place of his
manslaughter conviction. In section B, we will explain that the trial court erred in doing
so. If no underlying crime is charged, section 1172.6, subdivision (e) requires a murder
or manslaughter conviction to be recharacterized as another conviction (here, attempted
robbery) if the prosecution fails in its burden of proof. We remand for Tyus’s
manslaughter conviction to be redesignated as attempted robbery.
A. The Trial Court Did Not Err in Concluding the People Failed to Prove Tyus
Guilty of Murder Beyond a Reasonable Doubt
If a petitioner makes a prima facie case for relief on a section 1172.6 petition, the
matter “proceeds to an evidentiary hearing on the ultimate question of whether petitioner
should be resentenced.” (Patton, supra, 17 Cal.5th at p. 562.) Under section 1172.6,
subdivision (d)(3), the petitioner receives a new sentence unless the People satisfy their
burden of proof. At the evidentiary hearing, “the burden of proof shall be on the
prosecution to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the petitioner is guilty of murder or
attempted murder under California law as amended by the changes to Section 188 or 189
made effective January 1, 2019.” (§ 1172.6, subd. (d)(3).) “A finding that there is
substantial evidence to support a conviction for murder, attempted murder, or
manslaughter is insufficient to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the petitioner is
ineligible for resentencing.” (Ibid.)
10
Tyus was not the shooter, and the only theory the People assert is that he directly
aided and abetted Roach in the murder. They claim that Tyus served as “a lookout or as a
show of force to allow Roach to kill.” The trial court found that the People had not
proven beyond a reasonable doubt that Tyus was guilty of murder.
We generally review a trial court’s ruling after an evidentiary hearing on a section
1172.6 petition for substantial evidence. (People v. Emanuel (2025) 17 Cal.5th 867, 885.)
Nevertheless, as our Supreme Court has explained, that standard differs where, as here,
“the trier of fact has found that the party with the burden of proof did not carry that
burden.” (In re R.V. (2015) 61 Cal.4th 181, 217-218.) Then, “‘it is misleading to
characterize the failure-of-proof issue as whether substantial evidence supports the
judgment. This follows because such a characterization is conceptually one that allows
an attack on (1) the evidence supporting the party who had no burden of proof, and (2)
the trier of fact’s unassailable conclusion that the party with the burden did not prove one
or more elements of the case [citations].’” (Ibid.) Thus, because the issue here “‘“turns
on a failure of proof . . . the question for a reviewing court becomes whether the evidence
compels a finding in favor of the appellant as a matter of law. [Citations.] Specifically,
the question becomes whether the appellant’s evidence was (1) “uncontradicted and
unimpeached” and (2) “of such a character and weight as to leave no room for a judicial
determination that it was insufficient to support a finding.”’” (Ibid.)
Convicting Tyus for murder on a direct aiding and abetting theory requires proof
that Tyus had the intent to kill. (In re Lopez, supra, 14 Cal.5th at p. 587; People v.
11
Amezcua and Flores (2019) 6 Cal.5th 886, 918.) Direct aiding and abetting is “not a
separate offense but a form of derivative liability for the underlying crime.” (People v.
Gentile (2020) 10 Cal.5th 830, 843.) It requires “knowledge of the direct perpetrator’s
unlawful intent and an intent to assist in achieving those unlawful ends.” (People v.
Perez (2005) 35 Cal.4th 1219, 1225.) That is, “‘outside of the natural and probable
consequences doctrine, an aider and abettor’s mental state must be at least that required
of the direct perpetrator.’” (People v. Antonelli, supra, 17 Cal.5th at p. 729.) If Tyus,
with intent to kill, directly aided Roach in the killing, then Tyus would have “malice
aforethought.” (People v. Gentile, supra, at p. 844.) In that way, his conviction would be
unaffected by Senate Bill No. 1437, which required that “a principal in a crime shall act
with malice aforethought. Malice shall not be imputed to a person based solely on his or
her participation in a crime.” (§ 188, subd. (a)(3); see People v. Gentile, supra, at p. 846.)
In Tyus’s memorandum in support of his petition in trial court, he argued that he
did not intend for Diaz to be killed. At the evidentiary hearing, the only direct evidence
bearing on Tyus’s intent during the Diaz murder was Tyus’s testimony in Roach’s
preliminary hearing. Tyus then served as a cooperating witness, with his testimony
elicited by a prosecutor and apparently introduced into evidence by the People at Roach’s
trial. Tyus testified that during a brief drive to some apartments, Roach told Tyus they
were going to collect some money, and Tyus denied that he believed they were going
there to shoot someone. According to his testimony, then, Tyus lacked intent to kill.
12
The People call direct aiding and abetting a “viable theory under which Tyus could
now be prosecuted,” but they do not use the facts to explain how they proved the
necessary intent beyond a reasonable doubt. Indeed, both in their opening brief and their
trial court position paper, the People stated, “Tyus believed this was a debt collection.”
That the People characterize Tyus’s belief this way undermines their argument that they
proved Tyus’s intent to kill beyond a reasonable doubt. Further, in their opening brief,
the People describe the later crime that Tyus committed with Roach as one where “Tyus
again specifically intended to aid and abet Roach in a robbery” (italics added). That also
suggests that the natural conclusion from the evidence is that Tyus did not intend to kill.
The People allude to circumstantial facts that they believe show Tyus’s guilt on a
theory of directly aiding and abetting a murder. They note that Tyus had previously stood
lookout for a burglary by Roach, that Tyus accompanied Roach to what he claimed was a
debt collection, that Tyus was the only one to exit the car with Roach, and that upon the
shooting Tyus did “nothing in response” and fled the scene. From this, they assert that
“[i]t is reasonable to infer that Tyus was again serving as a lookout or as a show of force
to allow Roach to kill.”
These facts can establish that Tyus intended to serve as a lookout. The question is
what he was keeping watch for. If anything, Tyus’s prior role as a lookout for a burglary
supports his testimony that he intended to participate in a taking of property, not a taking
of life. The other circumstances are as consistent with Tyus’s testimony that he intended
to aid in collecting money as that he intended to aid in a murder. Given the paucity of
13
facts showing intent to kill, the evidence falls far short of compelling the conclusion that
the People carried their burden.
The People next argue that because Tyus pled guilty to voluntary manslaughter,
the People “did prove the case that Tyus was a direct aider and abettor to the murder of
Diaz by his own judicial admissions.” This argument rests on the bare fact of the guilty
plea, not on any facts Tyus admitted at the time.
If a defendant is charged generically with murder, a guilty plea to murder alone
does not establish that the defendant was convicted on a theory that survives Senate Bill
No. 1437. (People v. Eynon (2021) 68 Cal.App.5th 967, 978.) Accordingly, where an
accomplice pleads to voluntary manslaughter, that also does not alone establish he is
guilty of murder under a still-viable theory. (People v. Estrada (2024) 101 Cal.App.5th
328, 338; People v. Gaillard (2024) 99 Cal.App.5th 1206, 1212-1213.) For one thing, a
defendant could be admitting he is guilty of manslaughter under a natural and probable
consequences theory, rather than a theory that requires intent to kill. (People v. Gaillard,
at p. 1212.) For another, the person could be admitting he is guilty of manslaughter
without the malice required for first-degree murder. (Ibid.)
There is a broader reason, squarely applicable here, why a manslaughter plea does
not by itself establish guilt on a viable murder theory under section 1172.6. The
Legislature added manslaughter to the crimes covered by section 1172.6 in 2021, even
though only the laws of murder were changed by Senate Bill No. 1437. It did so because
a defendant charged with murder may enter a manslaughter plea based on a risk
14
calculation. That is, “a petitioner may have pled guilty or no contest to voluntary
manslaughter in order to forego the risk of being convicted of murder or attempted
murder under one of these subsequently abrogated theories of liability.” (Assem. Com.
on Public Safety, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 775 (2021–2022 Reg. Sess.) as amended July
6, 2021, p. 7.) This is what Tyus asserted in his petition. If a manslaughter plea alone
provided the proof the People needed, any defendant who pleaded guilty to manslaughter
would be disqualified from section 1172.6 relief. Indeed, there would be no need for any
evidentiary hearings for such defendants, as the plea would be part of the record of
conviction considered at the prima facie stage.
The record suggests Tyus pled guilty based on a risk calculation, not an admission
of all the elements of the crime. When he pled guilty in 2010, he did not check the box
on the form declaration that said that he was pleading guilty for the sole reason that he
was guilty. Rather, he checked an alternative box stating that he was pleading guilty due
to the possibility of being convicted on more serious charges or receiving a longer
sentence. At the plea hearing, the prosecutor questioned Tyus to establish a factual basis
for the plea, but the prosecutor did not elicit a statement that Tyus had intent to kill. The
court also did not make an express finding that there was a factual basis for voluntary
manslaughter but simply established that counsel joined in the plea and the admissions.
(See People v. Palmer (2013) 58 Cal.4th 110, 118 [court may accept “a stipulation from
counsel that a factual basis for the plea exists”]; People v. Holmes (2004) 32 Cal.4th 432,
441 [court merely has to ensure there is a “prima facie factual basis for the charges” and
15
does not “have to be convinced of [the] defendant’s guilt”].) At Roach’s preliminary
hearing, Tyus testified he believed he was participating in obtaining money rather than
killing. Our record thereby shows that Tyus was a defendant in the very situation for
which manslaughter was covered by section 1172.6: a defendant who pled not because
he was admitting guilt but to forgo the risk of being convicted of murder, where his
professed intent (to get money from a person) could have subjected him to felony-murder
liability.
Finally, despite Tyus’s early guilty plea, the People state that this case “was
proven” on a direct aiding and abetting theory, and suggest that the jury instructions from
Roach’s trial are relevant because he was not tried on a felony-murder theory. They
likewise argued to the trial court that “[t]he facts are exactly the same. And Mr. Roach
wasn’t prosecuted under a felony murder theory.” The trial court rejected that argument:
“How the People pursued a conviction against Mr. Kevin Roach is not properly an
answer to the question of whether they can prove this case beyond a reasonable doubt
against Mr. Tyus.” The trial court was correct. (People v. McCoy (2001) 25 Cal.4th 1111,
1118 [accomplice’s “mental state is her own; she is liable for her mens rea, not the other
person’s”].)
More generally, what the People intended when charging the case and proceeding
against the principal (Roach) does not constrain what theories Tyus feared when pleading
guilty, knowing what his trial defense would be. (See People v. Das (2023) 96
Cal.App.5th 954, 962 [prosecution’s main theory of the case does not establish why the
16
defendant believed the jury would have convicted him].) In the operative complaint here,
the People charged murder generically against three defendants: Roach, Tyus, and the
driver. Tyus pled guilty just 13 days later. It may well be that in charging the case, the
prosecution did not have a felony-murder theory in mind. Indeed, it may not have been
until Tyus’s testimony at Roach’s preliminary hearing that the prosecution was even
aware of Tyus’s position that he intended to take money (rather than to kill) when he
joined Roach as an apparent lookout.
What the People believe when they charge a murder case does not limit what
theories they can raise later. When, as here, a defendant is charged with murder under
section 187, the prosecution can proceed at trial on any murder theory, including felony
murder. (People v. Contreras (2013) 58 Cal.4th 123, 147; People v. Hughes (2002) 27
Cal.4th 287, 368-370.) Well before Tyus’s conviction, our Supreme Court held that
“where the People intend to rely on a felony-murder theory, the underlying felony need
not be pleaded in the information.” (People v. Thomas (1987) 43 Cal.3d 818, 829, fn. 5;
People v. Witt (1915) 170 Cal. 104, 107-109). If murder is charged generically, the
prosecution can decide to pursue a felony-murder theory at a later point. (People v.
Murtishaw (1981) 29 Cal.3d 733, 750-751 & fn.11 [holding that the defendant had
adequate notice of “belated injection of the felony murder theory” into jury instructions
even where murder was charged “in the short form” and underlying felonies were not
charged]; People v. Davis (1995) 10 Cal.4th 463, 512-513 [prosecution informed
defendant of felony-murder theory before opening statements]; People v. Gallego (1990)
17
52 Cal.3d 115, 189 [murder charged generically and felony-murder instruction was
submitted pretrial].) Several cases before Tyus’s plea rejected defense contentions that
the defendant lacked notice of a felony-murder jury instruction where murder was
charged generically. (See People v. Johnson (1991) 233 Cal.App.3d 425, 456 [midtrial
request for felony-murder instruction]; People v. Scott (1991) 229 Cal.App.3d 707, 712-
718 [instruction alluded to at voir dire and during first witness]; People v. Crawford
(1990) 224 Cal.App.3d 1, 7-9 [instruction alluded to during pretrial discussion].) A
felony-murder theory can arise when the defense provides “unexpected testimony that
opened the door” to it. (People v. Loza (2012) 207 Cal.App.4th 332, 361-364.)
This explains why Tyus can properly assert that he pled guilty because he
“believed [he] could have been convicted of 1st or 2nd degree murder at trial pursuant to
the felony murder rule or the natural and probable consequences doctrine” even if the
theory had not surfaced in the charging document. His assertion, as an accomplice who
was not the actual killer, is what triggered the prosecution’s burden of proof under section
1172.6. (See People v. Strong, supra, 13 Cal.5th at p. 712 [§ 1172.6 prima facie case
“does not require a showing that a claim to relief under Senate Bill No. 1437 arises from
no other cause—only that the 2019 changes supply a basis for the claim and so are a
cause”].) The evidence does not compel a conclusion that the trial court erred in finding
that the prosecution did not meet its burden.
B. The Trial Court Erred in Failing to Redesignate Tyus’s Manslaughter Offense
as Attempted Robbery
18
1. The Error
Because the People failed to prove that Tyus was guilty of murder under current
law, the trial court had to provide relief. It followed a directive from section 1172.6,
subdivision (d)(3), that mandates the petitioner be resentenced on the remaining charges.
Because there were none, the trial court dismissed the case. In doing so, it overlooked an
additional requirement in subdivision (e) that states that if there are no remaining charges,
the conviction must be redesignated as the underlying felony or target crime.
This error resulted from reading subdivision (d) as the sole statement of the
remedy. The court referred to only subdivision (d) both times it addressed the applicable
law. At the evidentiary hearing, the trial court began its analysis by reading the statutory
requirements for a section 1172.6 evidentiary hearing. It concluded that reading with the
last sentence of its subdivision (d)(3): “If the prosecution fails to sustain its burden of
proof, the prior conviction and any allegation and enhancement attached to the
conviction[,] shall be vacated and the petitioner shall be resentenced on the remaining
charges.” By itself, this language appears mandatory and offers only the option of
resentencing Tyus on charges remaining.
Once more, following its finding that the People had not met their burden of proof,
the trial court returned to the “remaining charges” requirement. It said: “Again, pursuant
to Penal Code Section 1172.6(d)(3) . . . the People have not met their burden to prove
beyond a reasonable doubt that Mr. Tyus is guilty under California law, as amended by
the changes to Section 188 or 189, made effective January 1st, 2019. Therefore, the prior
19
conviction . . . shall be vacated. I will find him not guilty. Mr. Tyus shall be resentenced
on any remaining charges, to which I believe there are none.” The court then said that
Mr. Tyus was to be released and the case was dismissed. The court thus dismissed the
case solely because no charges remained.
This was error. Neither party brought subdivision (e) to the court’s attention. That
subdivision provides a requirement in addition to resentencing on any remaining charges.
The relevant part of subdivision (e) states: “The petitioner’s conviction shall be
redesignated as the target offense or underlying felony for resentencing purposes if the
petitioner is entitled to relief pursuant to this section, murder or attempted murder was
charged generically, and the target offense was not charged.” (§ 1172.6, subd. (e).)
Due to subdivision (e), the trial court cannot simply follow subdivision (d)(3) and
declare that there are no remaining charges. It must redesignate Tyus’s murder
conviction. (See People v. Arellano, supra, 16 Cal.5th at p. 469 [where target offense or
underlying felony is uncharged, conviction shall be redesignated as target offense or
underlying felony].)
Due to this error, we remand for redesignation of Tyus’s manslaughter conviction
as an underlying felony. The People have not sought this relief, because, as will be
discussed in the following section, they seek the broader remedy of reversal of the grant
of Tyus’s petition. Although a remand may have little practical effect, we conclude it is
required to ensure compliance with section 1172.6. The parties agree that, on remand,
rather than being resentenced, Tyus would need to be transferred to juvenile court. (See
20
People v. Keel (2022) 84 Cal.App.5th 546, 551.) Furthermore, Tyus’s sentence in this
case was run concurrently with a separate criminal sentence for his later conviction,
which, as far as we know, remains extant. Tyus did not ask for dismissal, arguing in trial
court only for transfer to juvenile court, even when he argued, as an alternative to section
1172.6, that the trial court should exercise its general authority to resentence him under
section 1172.1. Charges may be dismissed under section 1385, subdivision (a), but that
provision has not been raised here. Under subdivisions (d)(3) and (e) of section 1172.6,
the court was required to resentence Tyus—either on remaining charges or on a
redesignated offense. Under section 1172.6, dismissal was not an option.
On remand, the trial court should redesignate Tyus’s manslaughter conviction as
attempted robbery. To defend himself at trial, Tyus might have needed to testify—as he
did at Roach’s preliminary hearing—that he intended to help Roach “collect some money,
so-called.” Such testimony would serve as a defense to directly aiding a murder, but it
would open the door to the possibility he is guilty of attempted robbery, a predicate for
felony murder when a death occurs during the crime. (See § 189.) His reference to the
collection as “so-called” may show that even he recognized joining armed gang members
obtaining money at night was something other than a legitimate debt collection.
“An attempted robbery consists of two elements: (1) the specific intent to rob; and
(2) a direct, unequivocal, but ineffectual, overt act towards the commission of the
defense could show he understood the so-called “collection” of money with Roach to be a
21
robbery, that is, the taking of personal property from the person of another by force or
fear. (§ 211.) Tyus arguably took an act (although ineffectual) toward a robbery because
California law has a “slight acts” standard for acts necessary to constitute an attempt.
(People v. Superior Court (Decker) (2007) 41 Cal.4th 1, 8; People v. Dillon (1983) 34
Cal.3d 441, 456.) To establish a prima facie case on his petition, Tyus did not need to
assert that he is guilty of attempted robbery based on the evidence admitted at his
evidentiary hearing. He needed to assert that he (with his counsel) believed, when he
pled guilty less than two weeks after charges were filed, that he could face felony-murder
liability if he offered his defense. Once the People failed to establish Tyus guilty of
murder at the evidentiary hearing, on the record here, Tyus’s manslaughter conviction
should have been redesignated as attempted robbery under section 1172.6, subdivision
(e).
2. The Trial Court’s Post-Dismissal Comments Provide No Ground for
Reversal
The People argue for reversal based on a statement from the trial court when, after
it said it was dismissing the case, the prosecutor made a “brief record.” Responding to
the prosecutor’s question, the trial court stated that it did not believe there was an
underlying felony or target offense. The People argue this statement makes Tyus
“statutorily ineligible” for section 1172.6 relief, presumably because they read it to show
that no abrogated murder theory applied when Tyus pled guilty.
22
The People place too much weight on the trial court’s comment. The trial court
followed its comment by stating that it did not believe Tyus “should have pled in the first
place.” This may mean that the trial court believed that Tyus was not guilty of an
underlying felony based on the evidence at the evidentiary hearing. This is a different
point than what Tyus asserted in his petition. There, he asserted that he decided to enter a
guilty plea, accepting an early and favorable plea offer, because he wished to avoid being
convicted on a felony-murder theory at trial under prior law. The trial court’s next
comment confirms that it believed matters were different at the time of the plea: “But
changes in the law, the law was different back then. The changes in the law, this case
would not even have been filed against Mr. Tyus with the facts as presented with what I
have.” That is, the trial court said that Senate Bill No. 1437’s changes do affect the
analysis of this case. The only way that statutory changes could bear on the case is if an
abrogated murder theory could have applied to the facts under prior law. The trial court
in fact articulated that Tyus could not now be convicted of murder “because of” Senate
Bill No. 1437’s changes. (§ 1172.6, subd. (a)(3).)
The People’s argument has some appeal because Tyus never asserted precisely
what underlying felony served as his “predicate for relief in the first place.” (People v.
Arellano, supra, 16 Cal.5th at p. 475.) But this is in part because the People conceded
that Tyus’s petition asserted a prima facie case for relief. Tyus asserted that he pled guilty
to manslaughter because of the risk that he “could have been convicted of 1st or 2nd
degree murder at trial pursuant to the felony-murder rule or natural and probable
23
consequences doctrine.” When the court finds a prima facie case it takes Tyus’s
“‘“‘allegations as true.’”’” (Patton, supra, 17 Cal.5th at p. 563.) Once the court finds a
prima facie case, the court “must issue an order to show cause” and hold the evidentiary
hearing “at which the People will bear the burden of defending a conviction under the
amended law.” (Id. at p. 556.) The petitioner no longer has anything to prove. The
People must prove Tyus’s guilt; Tyus need not prove his allegations. In this way, the
section 1172.6 process differs from that in a habeas corpus proceeding with which it is
sometimes compared, as in a habeas proceeding the petitioner bears the burden of proof
throughout the process. (Id. at p. 565, fn. 7.)
Here, the People essentially argue that they had no burden to prove Tyus’s guilt
because the record “foreclosed the conclusion” that there was a now-abrogated murder
theory motivating his guilty plea. (Patton, supra, 17 Cal.5th at p. 569.) That is an
argument about the prima facie case. It is not an argument that they proved him guilty of
murder under current law, which is the People’s burden at a section 1172.6 evidentiary
hearing. (§ 1172.6, subd. (d)(3).) The argument means that they contend the petition
should never have proceeded to an evidentiary hearing. When that is the People’s
position, they should oppose a prima facie finding and insist that Tyus “have the burden
of coming forward with nonconclusory allegations to alert the prosecution and the court
to what issues an evidentiary hearing would entail.” (Patton, supra, at p. 567.) Here, the
People agreed there was a prima facie case. After losing at the evidentiary hearing, they
24
attempted to prevail not by showing they met their evidentiary burden, but by arguing the 4 hearing should not have occurred. This is not a basis for reversal.
In the petition before us, Tyus asserted that he pled guilty to manslaughter with the
belief that he faced a felony-murder theory, and it has been undisputed that Roach, rather
than Tyus, was the shooter. The People agreed with the court’s finding that Tyus pled a
prima facie case in his petition. We lack a basis to determine the uncontested finding of a
prima facie case was in error. That finding placed the burden on the People at the
evidentiary hearing, and, as explained in section A above, the evidence did not compel a
finding in their favor. We therefore may not disturb the trial court’s ruling.
4 We do not here suggest that once the People have agreed a petition establishes a prima facie case that they can never retract that position. If the People wish to retract their concession, however, it would be best done as a clear position before the evidentiary hearing occurs. Here, the People never attempted to retract their concession that Tyus pled a prima facie case. Instead, after losing the evidentiary hearing, they attempted to imply that they satisfied their burden of proving Tyus guilty of murder under current law because of the lack of proof of an underlying felony. 25
III. DISPOSITION
We affirm the trial court’s ruling insofar as it granted Tyus’s petition. We remand
for the trial court to redesignate Tyus’s conviction as attempted robbery in accordance
with section 1172.6, subdivision (e), or to take other action consistent with this opinion.
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
RAPHAEL J.
We concur:
McKINSTER Acting P. J. LEE J.
26
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that the trial court correctly determined the People failed to prove the defendant was guilty of murder under current law, but erred by dismissing the case instead of redesignating the manslaughter conviction as an underlying felony.
Issues
Did the trial court err in finding the People failed to prove the defendant guilty of murder beyond a reasonable doubt at a section 1172.6 evidentiary hearing?
Was the trial court required to redesignate the defendant's manslaughter conviction as an underlying felony rather than dismissing the case?
Disposition. Affirmed with directions; remanded for redesignation.
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“We conclude that the trial court did not err because the People lacked sufficient proof that Tyus intended to kill, rather than merely participate in what he understood to be a debt collection.”
“Instead, the court was obligated to redesignate Tyus’s manslaughter conviction as an underlying felony, such as attempted robbery.”
“We remand this case for redesignation of Tyus’s manslaughter conviction.”