California Court of Appeal Dec 31, 2025 No. E085478Unpublished
Filed 12/31/25 In re M.G. CA4/2 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
In re M.G., a Person Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law.
THE PEOPLE, E085478 Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super.Ct.No. DLIN2300032) v. OPINION M.G.,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Emily A. Benjamini,
Judge. Affirmed.
Jake E. Stanton, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney General,
Charles C. Ragland, Assistant Attorney General, Steven Oetting and Daniel J. Hilton,
Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
1
INTRODUCTION
Appellant M.G. (minor) appeals from a victim restitution order, arguing that it is
not supported by substantial evidence. We affirm.
PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The Riverside County District Attorney’s Office filed three Welfare and
Institutions Code1 section 602 petitions against minor. A petition filed on March 10,
2023, alleged that he committed two assaults with a deadly weapon. (Pen. Code, § 245,
subd. (a), paragraphs 1 & 2.) A petition filed on August 11, 2023, alleged that minor
committed a burglary (Pen. Code, § 459, paragraph 1) and vandalism (Pen. Code, § 594,
subd. (a), paragraph 2) of the Desert Princess Clubhouse. A petition filed on January 2,
2024, alleged that minor obstructed or resisted an officer in the performance of his/her
duties. (Pen. Code, § 69, paragraph 1.)
On February 14, 2024, minor admitted paragraph 1 of the March 10, 2023 petition
and paragraph 1 of the January 2, 2024 petition, with the understanding that he would be
granted deferred entry of judgment (DEJ) and placed on probation for one year, and that,
if successful on probation, the allegations would be dismissed and his record sealed.
Minor stipulated to a factual basis, based on the police reports for each of the admissions.
Upon the prosecutor’s motion, the court dismissed paragraph 2 of the March 10, 2023
petition and the entire August 11, 2023 petition. Minor’s probation included the
1 All further statutory references will be to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless otherwise indicated.
2
condition that he pay restitution to the Desert Princess Golf Club2 (the victim) in an
amount to be determined by the Riverside County Probation Department (the probation
department) for the allegations in the August 11, 2023 petition. The court granted DEJ as
agreed upon and set a hearing for the determination of the amount of restitution owed.
The probation department filed an Application and Order for Juvenile Restitution,
recommending the juvenile court set restitution in the amount of $7,530.97 payable to the
victim, which included $5,673.00 for repairs to the roof hatch, $1,500.97 for re-keying
the clubhouse, $350 for vodka, $3.00 for one bottle of Gatorade, and $4.00 for two snack
cookie bags. The probation officer noted that the former security director for the victim
emailed a police officer “an itemization of their crime-related loss.” The probation
officer also noted that the executive assistant of the Desert Princess Palm Springs
Homeowners Association verified with the general manager that the roof hatch in the
clubhouse was damaged and required replacement. The probation department attached a
copy of the written proposal for the work to be done by the roofing company to replace
the roof hatch. The probation department recommended that liability be joint and several
with minor’s co-participant. The probation department additionally sent minor and his
parents a letter notifying them of the restitution amount being recommended and telling
them they were entitled to a hearing if they disputed the amount, but they would have the
burden of proving the determined loss amounts were inaccurate.
2 We observe that different parts of the record refer to the victim as the Desert Princess Clubhouse, the Desert Princess, and the Desert Princess Golf Club. This opinion will refer to the Desert Princess Golf Club as the victim and the club house as the victim’s property that was damaged.
3
On July 2, 2024, minor requested a contested restitution hearing, which the court
granted.
On January 28, 2025, the court held a contested restitution determination hearing.
At the outset, it noted that the parties had agreed there would be no dispute as to the
amount sought for the re-keying of the victim’s clubhouse, which was $1,522.43. The
court further noted there had been recent changes to the law (§ 730.6, subd. (b)(3)), and it
would accordingly need to assess each minor participant’s percentage of responsibility
for the economic losses, as there were two offenders in this case.
The prosecutor called as a witness J.Y., who was employed by the victim as the
Director of Golf at the time of the incident, and now as the Club Manager. As to the
robbery and vandalism that occurred on February 25, 2023 (the incident), he testified that
there was damage to the roof hatch as a result of the incident. J.Y. said that “they” (minor
and his cohort) came through the roof hatch and damaged it. J.Y. said he never
personally used the roof hatch or directed anyone to use it prior to the incident, but he
knew it was used by mechanics and the clubhouse maintenance staff to service the air
conditioners. He testified that after the incident, the staff was not able to lock the roof
hatch, “so it had to be replaced and re-setup so that it could be secured at night or secured
all the time.” J.Y. testified that the roof hatch was replaced at an approximate cost of
$5,000.
On cross-examination, J.Y. confirmed that people had broken into the clubhouse
through the roof hatch one time prior to February 25, 2023, but no one was caught. He
stated that “they left personal notes in people’s lockers, so we know it’s the same people.”
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J.Y. added that “there wasn’t damage the first time. The roof wasn’t -- the roof might
have been damaged, but there wasn’t anything taken inside except for one locker, the lock
was cut off and a note left inside the locker.” Defense counsel sought to clarify that the
hatch was entered prior to the date of the incident and that J.Y. did not know the
condition of the hatch before that date. J.Y. said, “I know it was lockable. And
afterwards, we had to go up and wire it shut to keep it locked.” Defense counsel asked
how he knew the roof hatch did not lock if he did not know the condition of the hatch.
J.Y. explained that, even though he did not personally lock or unlock it, he knew “the
staff would have fixed it, had it not been lockable.”
The court addressed J.Y. directly and asked whether the lock on the old roof hatch
was broken, and he replied, “I believe it was broken in the process of the break-in, but I
cannot confirm that.” The court asked whether the new roof hatch that was installed was
“now fully lockable,” and J.Y. confirmed that it was.
The court asked counsel if there was any information from the police reports
regarding minor’s conduct during the incident. The prosecution stated the police officers
reported that they reviewed surveillance video and saw seven minor suspects, and they
recognized minor from prior encounters. They saw him rip the screen from the cafeteria
window, but when the minors realized they could not enter through the window, they
walked along the side of the building until they were out of the camera’s view. One of
the minors moved the camera so they could not be seen until they were actually inside the
clubhouse. The officers recognized minor as the first one inside the cafeteria and saw
him grab some items from a basket. The prosecutor argued that, even though there was
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no surveillance video showing minor as the one who broke through the hatch, minor was
the one who took the most initiative. He went to the cafeteria window first to try and
break in, and when that was not successful, he and the others went to the roof. Thus, the
prosecutor argued that the court should find minor 60 percent liable and the other
participants 40 percent liable.
Minor’s counsel argued that, whether or not minor and his cohorts broke the roof
hatch to enter was questionable since the maintenance head was not there to testify
regarding the condition of the hatch prior to and after the incident. Minor’s counsel also
contended that J.Y.’s testimony was “highly conflicted” and J.Y. had no idea what the
condition of the roof hatch was prior to the incident. Minor’s counsel argued it had not
been proven that the minors caused the damage that necessitated the roof repair.
After the prosecutor and defense counsel discussed J.Y.’s testimony, the court
stated: “I heard his testimony . . . that the hatch was lockable before the incident, and
after the incident it was broken and they replaced it with a lockable mechanism. So
before the incident it was lockable, and it was damaged due to the incident. And
afterwards they had to replace the roof hatch with a locking mechanism. So it was not
damaged the first time.”
Defense counsel reiterated that “none of this is based on [J.Y.’s] personal
knowledge,” and the court replied with: “[T]here has been an invoice3 submitted
3 We note that, although the court repeatedly referred to the documentation as an invoice, it was actually a work proposal.
6
regarding the repair, and I think that that suffices on the preponderance of the evidence
standard regarding the repair of the roof and the condition.”
Defense counsel next disputed the documentation of the roof hatch repair, arguing
that it lacked itemization of material and labor to prove the actual repair cost. She further
questioned the condition of the damaged hatch and suggested that a complete hatch
replacement might not have been necessary if the lock alone could have been replaced.
The court reminded defense counsel that, once the invoice was submitted, the burden
shifted to minor to present contrary evidence. The court then asked defense counsel’s
opinion about the apportionment of liability, and she argued there were seven individuals
involved and four were named, so perhaps 40 percent for minor and 20 percent for each
of the others. The prosecutor clarified that although there were seven suspects, only two
were formally charged. The court then stated that, under the recently enacted law, it had
to apportion restitution and each minor had to be held severally liable, rather than jointly
and severally. The court stated it believed the minors had damaged the roof hatch and
noted the invoice submitted by the victim was for $5673. The court conceded that the
invoice was not “terribly specific” but noted it described the type of work the contractors
were doing and the scope of the work. The court found the invoice sufficient, under the
preponderance of the evidence standard. Over defense counsel’s objection, the court
ordered minor severally liable for 50 percent of the re-keying cost ($761.22) and 50
percent of the roof hatch repair ($2836.50) for a total of $3,597.72 in restitution. The
court ordered no victim restitution for the vodka, Gatorade, or cookies.
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On February 13, 2025, the court found that minor successfully completed his DEJ,
dismissed the petitions, converted the restitution order to a civil judgment, and ordered
his juvenile records sealed.
DISCUSSION
The Juvenile Court Properly Awarded Restitution for the Damage to the Roof Hatch
Minor argues the restitution order must be reversed because it is not supported by
substantial evidence. Specifically, he contends the evidence did not show his actual
conduct caused the damage to the roof hatch. Minor also argues the evidence was legally
insufficient to prove the amount for the roof hatch repairs. We conclude the court
properly ordered minor to pay restitution for the damaged roof hatch.
A. Relevant Law
“Section 730.6 governs restitution in cases where a minor is adjudicated a ward of
the court pursuant to section 602. In pertinent part, that statute provides: ‘(a)(1) It is the
intent of the Legislature that a victim of conduct for which a minor is found to be a
person described in Section 602 who incurs any economic loss as a result of the minor’s
conduct shall receive restitution directly from that minor. [¶] (2) [T]he court shall order
the minor to pay, in addition to any other penalty provided or imposed under the
law, . . . the following: [¶] . . . [¶] (B) Restitution to the victim or victims, if any, in
accordance with subdivision (h ).’ In relevant part, section 730.6, subdivision (h)
provides: ‘A restitution order pursuant to subparagraph (B) of paragraph (2) of
subdivision (a), to the extent possible, shall identify . . . the amount of each victim’s loss
to which it pertains, and shall be of a dollar amount sufficient to fully reimburse the
8
victim or victims for all determined economic losses incurred as the result of the minor’s
conduct for which the minor was found to be a person described in Section 602, including
all of the following: [¶] (1) Full or partial payment of the value of stolen or damaged
property. The value of stolen or damaged property shall be the replacement cost of like
property, or the actual cost of repairing the property when repair is possible.’” (In re
Johnny M. (2002) 100 Cal.App.4th 1128, 1131-1132 (Johnny M.).)
“[W]e observe that section 730.6 parallels Penal Code section 1202.4, which
governs adult restitution.” (Johnny M., supra, 100 Cal.App.4th at p. 1132, fn omitted.)
We also note that “[a] minor granted deferred entry of judgment ‘may . . . be required to
pay restitution to the victim or victims pursuant to the provisions of’ the Welfare and
Institutions Code.” (In re J.G. (2019) 6 Cal.5th 867, 873; § 794.) Further, “[a] victim’s
restitution right is to be broadly and liberally construed.” (People v. Mearns (2002) 97
Cal.App.4th 493, 500.)
“A restitution order is reviewed for abuse of discretion and will not be reversed
unless it is arbitrary or capricious. [Citation.] No abuse of discretion will be found
where there is a rational and factual basis for the amount of restitution ordered. ‘“[T]he
standard of proof at a restitution hearing is by a preponderance of the evidence, not proof
beyond a reasonable doubt.’” [Citation.] Section 1202.4 does not, by its terms, require
any particular kind of proof. However, the trial court is entitled to consider the probation
report, and, as prima facie evidence of loss, may accept a property owner’s statement
made in the probation report about the value of stolen or damaged property. [Citation.]
Once the victim makes a prima facie showing of economic losses incurred as a result of
9
the defendant’s criminal acts, the burden shifts to the defendant to disprove the amount of
losses claimed by the victim. [Citation.] The defendant has the burden of rebutting the
victim’s statement of losses, and to do so, may submit evidence to prove the amount
claimed exceeds the repair or replacement cost of damaged or stolen property.” (People
v. Gemelli (2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 1539, 1542-1543 (Gemelli); see People v. Superior
Court (Lauren M.) (2011) 196 Cal.App.4th 1221, 1226.)
Although a restitution order may be challenged on the ground that no substantial
evidence supports the order, “[i]n reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, the ‘“power
of the appellate court begins and ends with a determination as to whether there is any
substantial evidence, contradicted or uncontradicted,” to support the trial court’s
findings.’ [Citation.] . . . If the circumstances reasonably justify the [trial court’s]
findings,’ the judgment may not be overturned when the circumstances might also
reasonably support a contrary finding. [Citation.] We do not reweigh or reinterpret the
evidence; rather, we determine whether there is sufficient evidence to support the
inference drawn by the trier of fact.” (People v. Baker (2005) 126 Cal.App.4th 463, 468-
469 (Baker).)
B. There Was Substantial Evidence to Support the Court’s Finding That Minor’s Conduct
Caused Damage to the Roof Hatch
Minor contends the court abused its discretion in awarding restitution for the roof
hatch because there was insufficient evidence to show his conduct caused the damage to
it. He specifically contends J.Y.’s testimony lacked credibility since J.Y. did not have
personal knowledge of the condition of the roof hatch prior to the incident, and he
10
assumed it was damaged on the day of the incident “because he inferred that the staff
would have fixed the roof if it had not been lockable.” Minor further asserts there was no
surveillance footage of him entering through the roof hatch or damaging it, and there was
no evidence he had tools during the break-in.
Here, J.Y. testified that minor and his companion came through the roof hatch and
damaged it. Although J.Y. had never personally “tested the condition” of the roof hatch,
he testified that he knew it was “lockable” before the incident, but after the incident, the
staff was not able to lock it and had “to go up and wire it shut to keep it locked.” He
further said that the roof hatch then “had to be replaced and re-setup so that it could be
secured at night, or secured all the time.” When asked how he knew the roof hatch could
be locked before the incident, J.Y. said he knew “the staff would have fixed it, had it not
been lockable.” In light of this evidence, it was reasonable for the court to infer that the
maintenance staff checked the roof hatch before the incident, that the roof hatch was able
to be locked before the incident, that minor broke into the clubhouse through the roof
hatch, and after that, the roof hatch did not lock anymore and had to be replaced. Minor
argues that the prosecution failed to prove his conduct caused the damage to the roof
hatch since the evidence was insufficient to establish it was damaged on the day of the
incident, rather than during the prior break-in; however, we observe there was no
evidence that the roof hatch was damaged prior to the incident.
As to minor’s assertion that there was no surveillance footage of him entering
through the roof hatch or damaging it and no evidence he had tools, we note that the
victim restitution statute “does not, by its terms, require any particular kind of proof.”
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(Gemelli, supra, 161 Cal.App.4th at p. 1543; see § 730.6.; People v. Lehman (2016) 247
Cal.App.4th 795, 803 [“[t]he prosecution was not required to present victim testimony or
affidavits or expert declarations in connection with the restitution hearing”].) We note
that on his probation form, minor specifically agreed to pay restitution to the clubhouse in
an amount to be determined by the probation department. Further, at no point during the
restitution hearing did minor present any evidence that he did not break into the
clubhouse or enter through the roof hatch to rebut the victim’s statement of damages.
“[T]he standard of proof at a restitution hearing is by a preponderance of the evidence,
not proof beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Baker, supra, 126 Cal.App.4th at p. 469.)
Under the preponderance of the evidence standard, we conclude the circumstances
reasonably justified the court’s finding that the roof hatch was damaged as a result of
minor’s conduct. (Baker, supra, 126 Cal.App.4th at p. 469 [“‘If the circumstances
reasonably justify the [trial court’s] findings,’” the judgment may not be overturned when
the circumstances might also reasonably support a contrary finding.”].)
C. The Court Did Not Abuse its Discretion in Ordering Minor to Pay for the Roof Hatch
Minor argues that the evidence was legally insufficient to prove the amount of the
roof hatch repairs. He specifically points out that no evidence was presented to “describe
the issues with the existing roof hatch, the damage it incurred as a result of the break-in
and why it was not lockable” or to prove that it had to be replaced rather than just being
fixed. Thus, minor contends the court abused its discretion in finding the evidence
sufficient to prove the amount in victim restitution to be paid for the roof hatch. We see
no abuse of discretion.
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The court may accept as prima facie evidence of loss a property owner’s statement
made in the probation report about the value of damaged property. (Gemelli, supra, 151
Cal.App.4th at p. 1543.) Furthermore, “the probation report gives notice to the defendant
of the recommended amount of restitution, and the hearing offers him the opportunity to
rebut the amount before the court determines the amount.” (People v. Foster (1993) 14
Cal.App.4th 939, 946, superseded by statute on other grounds as stated in People v.
Birkett (1999) 21 Cal.4th 226, 238-245.) “Once the victim makes a prima facie showing
of economic losses incurred as a result of the defendant’s criminal acts, the burden shifts
to the defendant to disprove the amount of losses claimed by the victim. [Citation.] The
defendant has the burden of rebutting the victim’s statement of losses, and to do so, may
submit evidence to prove the amount claimed exceeds the repair or replacement cost of
damaged or stolen property.” (Gemelli, supra, 151 Cal.App.4th at p. 1543.)
The trial court’s restitution order here was based on the probation officer’s
application of victim restitution and report of crime-related losses incurred by the victim
(the probation officer’s report), which included a copy of the work proposal by the
roofing company to replace the roof hatch. The proposal stated the scope of the work,
which included removing and disposing of the existing roof hatch, installing a new roof
hatch, and “[prim[ing] [the] roof deck with 450 black primer.” It also described the
application of polyurethane foam and coating in detail, as well as the general terms and
conditions to be followed. The total cost for the work was $5,673. This evidence was
sufficient to support the victim’s restitution claim. (See Gemelli, supra, 161 Cal.App.4th
13
at p. 1543.) We note that the court apportioned minor 50 percent liability and only
ordered him to pay $2836.50 for the roof hatch.
Further, the probation department expressly advised minor that, if he disputed the
recommended amount of restitution, he had the burden of proving the amount was
inaccurate. (See Gemelli, supra, 161 Cal.App.4th at p. 1543.) At the contested
restitution hearing, the court reiterated that the burden had shifted to minor to disprove
the amount of loss claimed by the victim. Minor’s counsel responded that she attempted
to obtain documentation to dispute it, but she did not actually offer any evidence.
Instead, counsel merely argued that it was “not a matter of whether the minor needs to
pay, it’s a matter of what he needs to pay and not to allow upgrades or excess work that
doesn’t need to be done.” Minor’s counsel acknowledged that she received notice of the
cost of the repair but just complained that she did not receive any information on “why
that amount is necessary.” Thus, minor failed to rebut the victim’s statement of loss by
submitting evidence to prove the amount claimed exceeded the repair or replacement cost
of the damaged property. (Ibid.; see Gemelli, supra, 161 Cal.App.4th at p. 1545 [“If
defendant believed supporting documentation or additional information was necessary to
effectively rebut the amount claimed, it was up to her to obtain it. Having failed to do so,
she did not meet her burden of proof.”].)
In sum, the probation officer’s report and the attached documentation were
sufficient to establish a prima facie showing of the victim’s loss. The probation
department adequately advised minor of the replacement cost of the roof hatch, and he
did not effectively rebut the amount claimed. We therefore conclude the court did not
14
abuse its discretion in ordering minor to pay $2,836.50 to the victim for the roof hatch.
(People v. Phu (2009) 179 Cal.App.4th 280, 284 [“When there is a factual and rational
basis for the amount of restitution ordered, no abuse of discretion will be found.”])
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
FIELDS J.
We concur:
RAMIREZ P. J. McKINSTER J.
15
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that the juvenile court did not abuse its discretion in ordering the minor to pay restitution for roof hatch repairs, as the victim established a prima facie case of loss and the minor failed to meet his burden to rebut it.
Issues
Whether substantial evidence supports the finding that the minor's conduct caused damage to the roof hatch.
Whether the evidence was sufficient to support the amount of restitution ordered for the roof hatch repair.
Disposition. Affirmed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“Once the victim makes a prima facie showing of economic losses incurred as a result of the defendant’s criminal acts, the burden shifts to the defendant to disprove the amount of losses claimed by the victim.”