Eason v. Superior Court CA4/2 (2025) · DecisionDepot
Eason v. Superior Court CA4/2
California Court of Appeal Dec 10, 2025 No. E085792Unpublished
Filed 12/10/25 Eason v. Superior Court CA4/2 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
ALAEANTE AKILA EASON,
Petitioner, E085972
v. (Super.Ct.No. FSB23003716)
THE SUPERIOR COURT OF SAN OPINION BERNARDINO COUNTY,
Respondent;
THE PEOPLE,
Real Party in Interest.
ORIGINAL PROCEEDINGS; petition for writ of mandate. Ronald M.
Christianson, Judge. (Retired Judge of the San Bernardino Super. Ct. assigned by the
Chief Justice pursuant to art. VI, § 6 of the Cal. Const.) Petition denied.
Thomas W. Sone, Public Defender, Justin Ewaniszyk, and Timonthy R. Douglass,
Deputy Public Defenders for Petitioner.
No appearance for Respondent.
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Jason Anderson, District Attorney and Heather Dwyer, Deputy District Attorney
for Real Party in Interest.
Petitioner Alaeante Akila Eason seeks writ relief from the denial of his motion to
suppress evidence discovered during a warrantless search of his car during a traffic stop.
He argues the search was conducted without probable cause, that his detention during the
stop constituted an arrest without probable cause, and that the stop was unconstitutionally
prolonged. We reject each of these arguments and deny the petition.
FACTS
At Eason’s preliminary hearing, San Bernardino police officer Robert Hines
testified that at about 5 p.m. on May 27, 2023, he and his partner were on patrol in an
area “known for” prostitution and human trafficking, weapons, and narcotics. Hines saw
a car with dark, tinted windows roll through a stop sign. The car did not immediately
stop when the officers first turned on their patrol vehicle’s lights, but continued for “a
few moments.” During those few moments, it slowed down, made a turn at the next
intersection, and drove slowly about half a block before stopping. As the car continued,
it made “several quick, jerky movements,” which Hines interpreted “as being something
similar to somebody holding on to the steering wheel while trying to maintain control of
the vehicle while also reaching back into the car.” While initiating the stop, Hines
determined the car was registered to an Oceanside address. Hines testified that, in his
training and experience, this was significant because “pimps do travel with their
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prostitutes or victims” to San Bernardino from other parts of California and from other
states.
Although the rear window of the car was tinted, Hines said it was still possible to
see “outlines of people’s bodies and to see how those bodies were positioned.” As he
approached the passenger side of the car (and as his partner approached the driver side)
he saw the driver reach back into the rear passenger’s side of the car with his right arm
for “maybe a second or two.” Hines interpreted that motion as the driver “trying to hide
or separate themselves from something illegal and place it into a different portion of the
car.” On cross-examination, Hines agreed that the driver’s motions were not visible on
his body camera video, but said the quality of the video “is quite poor” in comparison to
“real life” observations and that the body camera’s angle on the scene was different from
his eye level.
When the officers reached the car, they found two occupants; Eason driving, and a
female in her early 20s in the front passenger’s seat. Eason seemed “really nervous,
because he was speaking very quickly, and he was also looking for documents that [the
officers] had not asked for at that time.” Hines and his partner both asked Eason to roll
the windows of the car down, but he initially failed to roll down the rear windows, and
then only rolled down the driver side rear window; he did not roll down the rear
passenger side window. The passenger did not respond to Hines’s questions, including
when he asked her name.
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Hines’s partner had the driver exit the car, handcuffed him, and had him sit on the
curb. Meanwhile, Hines noticed by looking through the open front passenger window
that it looked like the bench portion of the rear seat “was slightly lifted up just barely” on
the passenger’s side, “slightly higher than . . . on the rear driver’s side.” Hines then had
the passenger exit the vehicle, placed her in handcuffs, and seated her in his patrol unit.
As Eason sat on the curb, he continued to act in an agitated manner, protesting (with
profane interjections) that it was just a “traffic stop,” encouraging the officers to “run” his
name, give him a ticket, and let him go. In Hines’s experience, drivers who are
“extremely persistent” in trying to “rush the encounter” are “usually conducting criminal
activities.”
Hines searched the passenger compartment of the car. He did not find anything in
a bag that was on the rear seat. Under the bench of the rear seat on the passenger side,
where the seat had been slightly ajar, he found a loaded “Glock-17 firearm with an
extended magazine.”
In January 2024, the People charged Eason with being a felon in possession of a 1 firearm (Pen. Code , § 29800, subd. (a)(1), count 1) and carrying an unregistered loaded
firearm in a vehicle on a public street (§ 25850, subds. (a), (c)(6), count 2), as well as
recidivism-based enhancements.
At his preliminary hearing, Eason moved to suppress evidence, arguing among
other things that Hines had no probable cause to search the car. The magistrate denied
1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
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the motion. The magistrate explained its view, based on the totality of the
circumstances—specifically, Eason “not immediately yielding to the red lights,” and also
Hines’s “observations of the movement inside the vehicle and then observations of the
rear seat”—that there was probable cause to believe “there was either a weapon or
contraband under the rear seat and; therefore, probable cause to search that area of the
vehicle.” It noted Hines’s testimony about human trafficking in the area of the stop, but
because there was “no evidence that there was an investigation of human trafficking,”
that testimony did not “play a role in the Court’s findings.”
Defendant’s counsel argued that none of the movements that the officer testified to
could be seen through the windows of the car in the video from the body camera. The
court, however, indicated that it had looked at the video and it could “make out” the front
seat and post of the vehicle through the tint, and the officer’s eye “may well see better
than a camera significantly lower.” So the court credited the officer’s testimony that he
saw a silhouette of the driver reaching back to the back seat.
Eason renewed his suppression motion (§§ 995, 1538.5, subd. (i)), but the court
denied the renewed motion.
Eason petitioned this court for writ relief and requested a stay. We granted
Eason’s stay request and, after inviting and receiving an informal response from the
People, we issued an order to show cause.
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DISCUSSION
A. Search of Eason’s Car
Eason argues Hines lacked probable cause to search his car, so the fruits of that
search should be suppressed. We disagree.
“A criminal defendant may test the unreasonableness of a search or seizure by
making a motion to suppress at the preliminary hearing . . . .” (People v. Superior Court
(Cooper) (2003) 114 Cal.App.4th 713, 717.) “If the magistrate denies the motion, the
defendant may either renew the motion before the trial court or file a motion to dismiss
under Penal Code section 995 raising the suppression issue.” (People v. Turner (2017)
13 Cal.App.5th 397, 404.) Both motions are reviewable by writ. (§§ 999a & 1538.5,
subd. (i).)
Where, as here, section 995 and section 1538.5 motions are both denied, we
review the magistrate’s findings of fact for substantial evidence. (People v. Shafrir
(2010) 183 Cal.App.4th 1238, 1244-1245 (Shafrir).) We do not consider conflicts in the
evidence or weigh the strength of the evidence. (People v. Navarro (2021) 12 Cal.5th
285, 302; see People v. Ennis (2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 721, 729 (Ennis), quoting People
v. Huston (1943) 21 Cal.2d 690, 693 [“Conflicts and even testimony which is subject to
justifiable suspicion do not justify the reversal of a judgment, for it is the exclusive
province of the [finder of fact] to determine the credibility of a witness and the truth or
falsity of the facts upon which a determination depends”].) The testimony of a single
witness may constitute substantial evidence so long as it is not physically impossible or
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inherently improbable. (E.g., People v. Elliott (2012) 53 Cal.4th 535, 585.) Thus, in
examining the magistrate’s factual findings, our “only question is: Does it seem possible
that what the witness claimed to have happened actually happened?” (Ennis, at p. 729.)
Then, “[i]n determining whether, on the facts so found, the seizure was reasonable
under the Fourth Amendment, we exercise our independent judgment.” (In re Jeremiah
S. (2019) 41 Cal.App.5th 299, 306.)
“When the police have probable cause to believe an automobile contains
contraband or evidence they may search the automobile and the containers within it
without a warrant.” (People v. Superior Court (Nasmeh) (2007) 151 Cal.App.4th 85,
100.) “‘[P]robable cause is a fluid concept—turning on the assessment of probabilities in
particular factual contexts—not readily, or even usefully, reduced to a neat set of legal
rules.’” (People v. Moore (2021) 64 Cal.App.5th 291, 297 (Moore), quoting Illinois v.
Gates (1983) 462 U.S. 213, 232.) “Probable cause is a more demanding standard than
mere reasonable suspicion.” (People v. Johnson (2020) 50 Cal.App.5th 620, 625
(Johnson); see People v. Flores (2024) 15 Cal.5th 1032, 1041 [reasonable suspicion
requires “‘“considerably less than proof of wrongdoing by a preponderance of the
evidence, and obviously less than is necessary for probable cause”’”) Probable cause
exists “‘where the known facts and circumstances are sufficient to warrant a [person] of
reasonable prudence in the belief that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found.’”
(Moore, at p. 297.) “[W]e consider the totality of the circumstances, and analyze these
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facts as would a reasonable police officer, in assessing the officer’s probable cause, rather
than looking to singular facts in a vacuum.” (Id. at p. 298.)
The People argue our examination of the record should be limited to the
preliminary hearing transcript, and we “should not view” Hines’s body camera video or a
transcript of that video that were lodged as exhibits. The argument is unsupported by
citation to authority, and it is meritless. We are bound by the magistrate’s factual
findings only to the extent those findings are supported by substantial evidence. (Shafrir,
supra, 183 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1244-1245.) How the People imagine we might determine
whether the magistrate’s factual findings are supported by substantial evidence without
viewing all the evidence is a mystery we will not attempt to solve.
Eason makes the opposite argument, asking us to disregard Hines’s preliminary
hearing testimony about seeing Eason reach into the rear seat of the car, which he views
as negated by the video evidence from Hines’s body camera. Eason’s idea is that because
Eason’s movements, as described by Hines, are not visible in Hines’s body camera video,
and neither officer is heard in the video alerting the other that Eason seemed to be
reaching into the rear seat, Hines’s testimony must be “merely a post-hoc rationalization
for a non-probable cause search.”
This reasoning only shows, however, that Hines’s testimony was “‘subject to
justifiable suspicion.’” (Ennis, supra, 190 Cal.App.4th at p. 729.) That is not enough for
us to disturb the magistrate’s credibility determinations or factual findings. As a
reviewing court on this record, we have no basis to conclude it is impossible that Hines
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could see what the driver was doing, even though his body camera could not, because of
some combination of the capabilities of the camera and the slightly different angle of
eyes and lens. The magistrate, present for the officer’s testimony, relied on this point to
determine that it was possible that Hines could see what the body camera does not depict.
There are also plausible reasons why Hines did not verbally warn his partner of what he
saw as they approached the car. Perhaps the officers communicated non-verbally.
Perhaps they had already, before the camera turned on, discussed that it seemed the driver
was reaching around the car based on how he was driving, so no additional discussion
was necessary. Perhaps Hines simply failed to follow what Eason assumes, without a
basis in evidence, to be standard police operating procedure. Because we do not find
Hines’s testimony physically impossible or inherently improbable, we must defer to the
magistrate’s decision to credit that testimony.
Based on Hines’s testimony, as well as the footage from his body camera, the
factors potentially tending to support a probable cause finding are (1) Eason was pulled
over in a high crime area; (2) Eason did not immediately pull over when the officers
initiated the traffic stop, but continued for “a few moments”; (3) the “several quick, jerky
movements” Eason’s car made before he pulled over; (4) Eason’s furtive movements as
the officers approached the car, reaching toward the rear passenger side of the car; (5)
Eason’s nervous demeanor once the officers contacted him; (6) Eason’s failure to follow
instructions to roll all the windows down, instead leaving the rear passenger window up;
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and (7) the rear passenger bench seat was visibly out of place, with the rear passenger 2 side slightly elevated.
“California courts have traditionally been skeptical of the high-crime factor in
determining probable cause.” (Moore, supra, 64 Cal.App.5th at p. 301.) Nevertheless,
“while certainly not enough on its own, ‘[t]he reputation of an area for criminal activity is
an articulable fact upon which a police officer may legitimately rely.’” (Ibid.) Here,
however, the trial court discounted Hines’s testimony that Eason was pulled over in a
high crime area, and decided it would not “play a role” in its analysis. We agree that
Hines’s testimony that the area was “known for” prostitution and human trafficking, as
well as weapons and narcotics crimes, weighs minimally, if at all, in support of a finding
of probable cause.
The “quick, jerky movements” by Eason’s car before he pulled over, which Hines
interpreted to indicate the driver was reaching around the car, are properly analyzed
under case law regarding furtive movements, as is Hines’s direct observation of Eason
2 The People propose Eason’s passenger, “a woman in her twenties [who] would not disclose her identity,” as another factor in favor of a finding of probable cause. The People do not, however, articulate any reason her presence would tend to weigh in favor of a finding of probable cause for the search, and we see none. Although the officers’ statements during the stop may show they suspected the passenger might be involved in prostitution, no evidence supporting a reasonable belief she was concealing contraband was introduced at Eason’s preliminary hearing. We also do not find it significant that Eason’s car had a “non-local registration.” We do not doubt that, as Hines testified, “pimps do travel with their prostitutes or victims” to San Bernardino from other parts of California and from other states. But so do many law-abiding citizens—far too many for non-local vehicle registration to have any meaningful weight in the probable cause analysis.
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reaching into the back seat of the car. Mere furtive movements by the occupant of a
vehicle being pulled over for a traffic violation are insufficient to establish probable
cause. (E.g., People v. Superior Court (Kiefer) (1970) 3 Cal.3d 807, 823 (Kiefer) [mere
furtive movement of occupant in vehicle being chased by officer for traffic violation
insufficient to establish probable cause].) Rather, “to constitute probable cause for . . . [a]
search, a ‘furtive gesture’ such as a motorist’s act of bending over inside his car must be
invested with guilty significance either by specific information known to the officer or by
additional suspicious circumstances observed by him.” (Gallik v. Superior Court (1971)
5 Cal.3d 855, 859.) Here, Hines had no specific information independent of his
observations, and his observations of Eason’s movements were not coupled with any
“actual observation of contraband” or an item like a box or package reasonably inferred
to be contraband. (Kiefer, supra, 3 Cal.3d at p. 819.)
It is potentially significant that Hines saw Eason reach into the rear seat of the car.
“[T]he act of simply bending forward or downward in the front seat of an automobile has
. . . many more innocent than culpable interpretations.” (Kiefer, supra, 3 Cal.3d at p.
819, fn. 5.) It is more plausible to infer that someone is hiding contraband when they
make more unusual movements, particularly in connection with other factors. For
example, when a police officer saw a taxi passenger who had just been instructed to exit
the vehicle pull his hand out from behind his seat “at the juncture of the seat and back
cushion,” the officer “had reasonable grounds to believe that he was hiding contraband.”
(Ibid. [discussing People v. Blodgett (1956) 46 Cal.2d 114, 117].) Hines’s view of
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Eason’s motion was limited only to outlines, and he did not specifically see where Eason
was reaching. This observation alone, therefore, cannot by itself establish probable
cause; what Hines saw was wholly consistent with Eason, say, reaching back to retrieve
his driver’s license from the bag on the seat. But it nevertheless may have significance in
combination with other factors.
A driver’s failure to stop promptly when signaled to do so by a police officer may
weigh in favor of a finding of probable cause to search the car, depending on the
circumstances. Where the driver “continues to drive for a substantial distance and makes
sharp turns or other unusual maneuvers . . . such conduct can fairly be deemed evasive
action, implying consciousness of guilt.” (Kiefer, supra, 3 Cal.3d at p. 825.) On the
other hand, “[i]t is a motorist’s duty to use due care at all times, and when requested to
pull over by a police officer he should do so at the first safe opportunity.” (Ibid.) Hines’s
testimony suggests, without quite establishing, that Eason did not pull over at the first 3 safe opportunity. He did, however, slow down, he made no sharp turns or other unusual
maneuvers that could fairly be deemed evasive action, and he only continued driving for
“a few moments” before pulling over. In our view, Eason’s failure to pull over
immediately weighs in favor of a finding of probable cause, but is not alone sufficient to
imply consciousness of guilt.
3 Hines was not asked specifically whether Eason could have safely pulled over before he did, nor can we make any determination about that from his body camera video.
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Eason’s “[n]ervous, evasive behavior” during the stop is “undoubtedly a
potentially significant factor to be considered in determining whether probable cause . . .
exists.” (Moore, supra, 64 Cal.App.5th at p. 302.) In this category, we include Eason’s
rapid speech and fumbling with paperwork he had not yet been asked to provide. We
also include his failure to follow instructions to roll down all the windows of the car,
which could be an accidental omission that he did not have time to correct before he was
asked to step out of the car or an intentional evasion intended to inhibit the officers’ view
of the rear passenger seat. We also include his attempts to rush the traffic stop,
repeatedly insisting Hines run his name, write him a ticket, and let him go. To be sure,
“[n]ervousness by itself . . . does not establish probable cause.” (Ibid.) “[E]ven in
conjunction with ‘furtive movements,’” a driver’s nervousness does not “distinguish
those who are guilty from ‘any other harried citizen.’” (Kiefer, supra, 3 Cal.3d at p. 826,
fn. 12.) Nevertheless, Eason’s demeanor and behavior was a significant factor favoring a
finding of probable cause.
The bench part of the rear seat of the car being slightly elevated and out of place is
not, on its own, a basis for probable cause. In our view, the space under the seat is
analogous for purposes of this analysis to a trunk or other enclosed compartment in a
vehicle. A difference is that it is not routinely used as a storage compartment, but
nevertheless any search of that space is predicated on the premise that it is being used as
such. “[C]ourts generally find warrantless searches of trunks and other enclosed
compartments in a vehicle justified in three categories of circumstances: (1) officers have
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probable cause to believe contraband or evidence of a crime will be found specifically in
the trunk or other enclosed compartment; (2) a search of the passenger compartment
reveals contraband or other evidence generating further probable cause to search the
trunk or other enclosed compartment; or (3) probable cause exists as to the entire car (i.e.,
that the contraband or evidence of a crime will be found somewhere in the car).” (People
v. Leal (2023) 93 Cal.App.5th 1143, 1151-1152 (Leal).) Only the first of these categories
is potentially relevant here.
“Facts that create probable cause to believe contraband or evidence of a crime will
be found specifically in the trunk or enclosed compartment often involve situations where
officers see the defendant access the area and either place evidence in the area or remove
evidence from the area.” (Leal, supra, 93 Cal.App.5th at p. 1152.) Here, Hines did not
specifically see Eason reach under the rear seat of his car and place something there; he
saw only the outline of a reach toward that general area of the passenger compartment.
In our view, it was reasonable for Hines to put two and two together and suspect that
Eason had concealed something under the rear seat, causing the seat to be slightly
elevated on that side. But that is not the same thing as probable cause. (See Johnson,
supra, 50 Cal.App.5th at p. 625.)
Although we find it a close question, we conclude the totality of the “‘historical
facts’” (Moore, supra, 64 Cal.App.5th at p. 298) known to Hines before the search,
together with reasonable inferences from those facts, amount to probable cause for the
search. No one factor alone established probable cause. Nevertheless, the combination
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of factors—Eason’s failure to immediately pull over; his furtive movements within the
car, both inferred from the way he was driving and his reach to the rear passenger-side
area as the officers approached the car after he pulled over; the rear seat bench being
slightly elevated in the area where Eason had reached; and Eason’s nervous and evasive
behavior—in our view were sufficient for a reasonable police officer to believe
contraband or evidence of a crime was concealed underneath the rear seat of the car. As
such, Hines had probable cause for the warrantless search that revealed a firearm hidden
there.
B. Detention or arrest
Eason does not dispute that it was lawful for Hines and his partner to pull him over
on a traffic stop, and then to order him out of his car during that stop. (See Pennsylvania
v. Mimms (1977) 434 U.S. 106, 111, fn. 6 [during a proper traffic stop, “police officers
may order the driver to get out of the vehicle without violating the Fourth Amendment’s
proscription of unreasonable searches and seizures”].) He argues, however, that
handcuffing him was not reasonably necessary and transformed his detention into an
arrest without probable cause. We are not persuaded.
“Handcuffing substantially increases the intrusiveness of a detention and is not
part of a typical detention.” (People v. Stier (2008) 168 Cal.App.4th 21, 27 (Stier).)
“Nevertheless, because a police officer may take reasonable precautions to ensure safe
completion of the officer’s investigation, handcuffing a suspect during a detention does
not necessarily transform the detention into a de facto arrest.” (Ibid.) “The issue is
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whether the handcuffing was reasonably necessary for the detention.” (Ibid.)
“Generally, handcuffing a suspect during a detention has only been sanctioned in cases
where the police officer has a reasonable basis for believing the suspect poses a present
physical threat or might flee.” (Ibid.)
Hines and his partner had ample basis for believing Eason might pose a present
physical threat or might flee. Eason failed to pull over immediately, and in the short time
before he did, he drove in a manner that led Hines to suspect he was reaching around the
passenger compartment of the car, either to retrieve something or to hide something.
Either way, that is some reason to be concerned Eason might have a weapon in the car
that he was trying to either hide from officers or retrieve to use against the officers.
When the officers contacted Eason, he appeared nervous and agitated. (Cf. Stier, supra,
168 Cal.App.4th at p. 28 [officer testified suspect was “‘very cooperative,’ ‘very
easygoing,’ ‘very docile,’ ‘very polite,’ and ‘very mellow’”].) The two officers were not
outnumbered by the two people in Eason’s car, but Eason was “much larger in size and
stature” than both Hines and his partner.
Given these circumstances, we find nothing unreasonable in the officers’ decision
to handcuff Eason during the detention, and doing so did not transform the detention into
an arrest.
C. Prolonged detention
Eason argues his detention was unreasonably prolonged. The argument does not
merit extended discussion. Within minutes after Eason pulled over, Hines had noticed
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the rear seat of the vehicle was slightly elevated and out of place, the last piece of the
puzzle that made up probable cause to search the car, and the entire traffic stop lasted less
than 15 minutes. (See People v. Russell (2000) 81 Cal.App.4th 96, 101-103 [no
unreasonably prolonged detention; arrest was 25 minutes after officer’s first verbal
contact with defendants and had reasonable grounds to investigate].) The officers’ search
of the car commenced about 10 minutes after Eason and his passenger were removed
from the car, and Hines discovered the firearm less than three minutes later. There is
nothing unduly prolonged about this timeline.
DISPOSITION
Eason’s petition for writ of mandate is denied, and our order staying further
proceedings is vacated.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
RAPHAEL J.
We concur:
CODRINGTON Acting P. J.
MENETREZ J.
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AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that the totality of the circumstances, including the driver's failure to stop immediately, furtive movements, nervous behavior, and the visible displacement of the rear seat, provided probable cause for a warrantless search of the vehicle. Furthermore, the court held that handcuffing the petitioner during the traffic stop was a reasonable safety precaution and did not constitute an unlawful arrest.
Issues
Did the officer have probable cause to conduct a warrantless search of the vehicle?
Did the detention of the petitioner constitute an arrest without probable cause due to the use of handcuffs?
Was the traffic stop unconstitutionally prolonged?
Disposition. denied
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“handcuffing a suspect during a detention does not necessarily transform the detention into a de facto arrest.”
“There is nothing unduly prolonged about this timeline.”