We also conclude that the petition does not relate back to an earlier filed petition that had
been dismissed without prejudice. Accordingly, the probate court properly sustained a
demurrer to a petition contesting a trust without leave to amend as untimely filed.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Henry and Kathleen Bridgeman created the Bridgeman Trust (the Trust), naming
themselves as co-trustees. The Trust named their son, Edward, as a beneficiary. After
Kathleen died, Henry became the sole trustor and trustee. Henry amended the Trust four
times, twice in 1995 and once in 2002 (the third amendment) and March 2005 (the fourth
amendment).
In 2004, Henry was diagnosed with dementia and possible Alzheimer's disease. In
February or March of 2005, Donna Allen began taking care of Henry. In March 2005,
Henry signed an amendment to the Trust, naming Allen as the sole beneficiary and
successor trustee. Henry also appointed Allen as his attorney in fact on a durable power
of attorney and advanced health care directive.
2
In 2009, Edward filed his first petition against Allen to determine the validity of
the fourth amendment to the Trust. He generally alleged that the fourth amendment
should be invalidated as Henry was mentally incompetent and Allen procured the
amendment through undue influence. In 2010, the probate court sustained Allen's
demurrer to the petition without leave to amend, finding he did not have standing to
petition the court regarding the internal affairs of the Trust while the Trust remained
revocable. The court noted that its ruling did not prevent Edward from filing a future
petition when the Trust became irrevocable. The probate court entered a judgment of
dismissal, noting that the dismissal was "without prejudice."
Allen was later removed as trustee and respondent Beverly Brito was appointed as
the successor trustee of the Trust in Henry's conservatorship proceeding. In July 2011,
Henry passed away. (All year references are to 2011, unless otherwise specified.)
On November 17, Edward's counsel personally submitted a renewed petition for
filing with the probate court. The probate clerk refused to file the petition because it had
exhibits attached directly to it, rather than through a separate notice of lodgment. On
November 21, counsel resubmitted the petition with a notice of lodgment, and both
submissions were file stamped that day.
Thereafter, Edward sought nunc pro tunc relief to change the filing date of the
motion to avoid a problem with the statute of limitations. Brito then demurred to the
petition as untimely under section 16061.8. The probate court denied Edward's motion
for nunc pro tunc relief and sustained the demurrer without leave to amend, finding the
petition was untimely. Edward timely appealed from the order. In the interest of judicial
3
economy, we deem the order to incorporate a judgment of dismissal. (Smith v. Hopland
Band of Pomo Indians (2002) 95 Cal.App.4th 1, 2, fn. 1.)
DISCUSSION
I. Standing to Appeal and Standing to Demur
As a threshold matter, Brito asserts Edward lacks standing to appeal because he is
not a beneficiary under the third and fourth amendments to the Trust. Brito reasons that
because Edward cannot inherit from the Trust, he is not legally aggrieved and thus lacks
standing to pursue this appeal. We reject this contention.
Every action must be prosecuted in the name of the real party in interest. (Code
Civ. Proc., § 367.) Standing may be challenged at any time, even, in the first instance, on
appeal. (Troyk v. Farmers Group, Inc. (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 1305, 1345.) "Standing
to appeal is jurisdictional [citation] and the issue of whether a party has standing is a
question of law [citation]." (People v. Hernandez (2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 715, 719–
720.)
The third and fourth amendments to the Trust are not part of the record on appeal;
however, we will assume for the purposes of analysis that Edward is not a named
beneficiary. In matters governed by the Probate Code, "interested person[s]" are entitled
to appear or object in writing at or before a hearing. (§ 1043, subd. (a).) The Probate
Code defines an "interested person" as an "heir, devisee, child, spouse, creditor,
beneficiary, and any other person having a property right in or claim against a trust estate
or the estate of a decedent which may be affected by the proceeding." (§ 48, subd.
(a)(1).) As the child of the decedent, Edward has standing to appeal.
4
Edward challenges Brito's standing to demur, arguing that he only sought relief
against the prior trustee, Allen, and none of the claims or relief requested in the prayer are
against Brito, the successor trustee. We disagree.
As the successor trustee, Brito had a duty to administer the trust in accordance
with the trust instrument. (§ 16000.) Included in this duty is the requirement that the
trustee has a duty to defend against any action that would diminish the funds to be
distributed to the decedent's intended beneficiaries. (Estate of Goulet (1995) 10 Cal.4th
1074, 1081–1082.) Accordingly, as the successor trustee, Brito is an aggrieved party
with standing to defend the Trust by filing a demurrer.
II. Timeliness of the Petition
A. The Petition Was Untimely Filed
A trustee must serve a notification to the beneficiaries and heirs when a revocable
trust becomes irrevocable after the settlor of the trust dies. (§ 16061.7, subd. (a)(1).) The
notification must be served by mail to the last known address, pursuant to section 1215,
or by personal delivery. (§ 16061.7, subd. (e).) The following warning, set out in a
separate paragraph in not less than 10-point boldface type, must be contained in the
notice: " 'You may not bring an action to contest the trust more than 120 days from the
date this notification by the trustee is served upon you . . . .' " (§ 16061.7, subd. (h).)
Section 16061.8 sets forth the applicable statute of limitations for petitions that
contest a trust. This statute provides the following: "No person upon whom the
notification by the trustee is served pursuant to this chapter . . . may bring an action to
5
contest the trust more than 120 days from the date the notification by the trustee is served
upon [you] . . . ."
In a sworn declaration filed in conjunction with the motion for nunc pro tunc
relief, Edward's counsel admitted that Brito served the section 16061.7 notification by
mail on July 11 and provided a copy of the notification to the court.1 Edward impliedly
concedes that he had 120 days to file his petition, or until November 8. Edward
presented his petition for filing on November 17; however, the probate clerk rejected it
and the petition was actually filed on November 21, 133 days after service of the
notification. Edward contends that Civil Procedure section 1013 applies to extend the
time to file his petition.
As relevant here, Code of Civil Procedure section 1013, subdivision (a), provides
that service by mail "is complete at the time of the deposit, but any period of notice and
any right or duty to do any act or make any response within any period or on a date
1 Edward asserts the probate court improperly sustained the demurrer because the date Brito served the section 16061.7 notification is not alleged in his petition and the document constitutes extrinsic evidence. This argument ignores that in ruling on a demurrer, a court may look at declarations filed on behalf of a plaintiff to the extent they are inconsistent with the allegations of the pleading before the court. (Del E. Webb Corp. v. Structural Materials Co. (1981) 123 Cal.App.3d 593, 604–605.) Additionally, judicial notice of matters upon demurrer will be dispositive in those instances where there is not or cannot be a factual dispute concerning that which is sought to be judicially noticed. (Cruz v. County of Los Angeles (1985) 173 Cal.App.3d 1131, 1134.) Here, Brito sought judicial notice of the court file containing the section 16061.7 notification and the declaration of Edward's counsel shows there is no factual issue concerning the notification. Judicial notice of the section 16061.7 notification is proper as Edward made no showing that the notification was not authentic (nor could he in light of his counsel's declaration) or otherwise argued it was reasonably subject to dispute. The only issue presented is the legal effect of the section 16061.7 notification on the timeliness of Edward's petition. 6
certain after service of the document, which time period or date is prescribed by statute or
rule of court, shall be extended . . . 10 calendar days if either the place of mailing or the
place of address is outside the State of California but within the United States, . . . but the
extension shall not apply to extend the time for filing notice of intention to move for new
trial, notice of intention to move to vacate judgment pursuant to Section 663a, or notice
of appeal. This extension applies in the absence of a specific exception provided for by
this section or other statute or rule of court." (Italics added.)
Because Edward lives outside of California, he argues that Code of Civil
Procedure section 1013 applies to extend his time to file the petition by 10 days or until
November 18, the day after he initially presented the petition for filing. Edward contends
the probate court erred in not granting his motion for nunc pro tunc relief to set the filing
date on November 17.
As we shall explain, we need not address whether the probate court erred in
denying Edward's motion for nunc pro tunc relief because Code of Civil Procedure
section 1013 does not apply to extend his time to file the petition for an additional 10
days beyond November 8. Thus, even if the probate court had granted his motion, the
petition would still be untimely.
Here, section 16061.8 must be read with the procedural statutes within the Probate
Code pertaining to notice (§ 1200 et seq.). Section 16061.8 provides that any action to
contest a trust cannot be brought "more than 120 days from the date the notification by
the trustee is served upon [you] . . . ." Section 16061.8, however, does not specify the
manner of service. Where, as here, notice is required to be served and no manner of
7
service is specified, section 1217 provides that service can be by mail or personal
delivery. Section 1215 authorizes notice by mail and specifies when mailing is complete
for purposes of calculating applicable deadlines. Specifically, subdivision (e) of section
1215 provides that "[w]hen the notice or other paper is deposited in the mail, mailing is
complete and the period of notice is not extended." Read together, the plain language of
these statutes provide that an action to contest the trust must be filed within 120 days
from the date the notification by the trustee is served (§ 16061.8), service may be by mail
(§ 1215, subd. (a)), and mailing is complete and may not be extended when the notice is
"deposited in the mail." (§ 1215, subd. (e).) At oral argument, Edward asserted that
section 1215 did not apply based on the Law Revision Commission Comment for section
1215, stating that "[t]his section does not apply where service is made out-of-state in the
manner provided by Section 415.40 of the Code of Civil Procedure." (Cal. Law Revision
Com. com., 52A West's Ann. Prob. Code (2002 ed.) foll. § 1215, p. 24.) This reliance is
misplaced as Code of Civil Procedure section 415.40 pertains to service of summons.
In contrast, Code of Civil Procedure section 1013 is a general statute that applies
only in the absence of an exception expressly created by statute or rules. (Citicorp North
America, Inc. v. Superior Court (1989) 213 Cal.App.3d 563, 567.) Here, a statutory
exception exists. Namely, subdivision (e) of section 1215 provides that mailing is
complete and may not be extended when the notice is "deposited in the mail."
Significantly, procedural matters in probate cases are governed by the Code of Civil
Procedure unless the Probate Code provides its own applicable rules. (§ 1000.) The
Probate Code provides that service is complete when the notice is "deposited in the mail."
8
(§ 1215, subd. (e).) Because the Probate Code has provided its own rule, Code of Civil
Procedure section 1013 does not apply.
The situation here is analogous to one addressed by the court in Cole v. Los
Angeles Unified School Dist. (1986) 177 Cal.App.3d 1 (Cole). The issue in Cole was
whether Code of Civil Procedure section 1013 applied to Government Code section
945.6, thereby extending the time for filing of a complaint five days past the six-month
limit after the deposit in the mail of the notice of rejection. (Cole, at p. 3.) Government
Code section 945.6 states, "[A]ny suit brought against a public entity on a cause of action
for which a claim is required to be presented . . . must be commenced . . . not later than
six months after the date such notice is personally delivered or deposited in the mail."
(Gov. Code, § 945.6, subd. (a).) The Cole court concluded that Code of Civil Procedure
section 1013 did not apply to extend the time period for filing suit because it was
inconsistent with the plain meaning of Government Code section 945.6 that the six-
month limitation period begins to run on the date the notice of rejection is deposited in
the mail. (Cole, at p. 4.)
Finally, Edward's reliance on Drvol v. Bant (1960) 183 Cal.App.2d 351 (Drvol) is
misplaced. In Drvol, a probate matter, the court held that Code of Civil Procedure
sections 12, 12a and a prior version of 1013 applied to extend a deadline that fell on a
Sunday to the following Monday. (Drvol, at pp. 357–358.) When Drvol was decided,
section 1215 had not yet been enacted and a prior version of Code of Civil Procedure
section 1013 provided an additional day to do an act after service. (Drvol, at p. 357;
West's Ann. Prob. Code, § 1215 [enacted 1990].) Additionally, the Probate Code does
9
not have its own procedural rule governing the situation where a deadline falls on a
holiday.
B. The Relation Back Doctrine Does Not Apply
The relation back doctrine allows an amendment filed after the statute of
limitations has run to be deemed filed as of the date of the original complaint " 'provided
recovery is sought in both pleadings on the same general set of facts.' " (Kim v. Regents
of University of California (2000) 80 Cal.App.4th 160, 168.) "In order for the relation-
back doctrine to apply, 'the amended complaint must (1) rest on the same general set of
facts, (2) involve the same injury, and (3) refer to the same instrumentality, as the original
one.' " (Quiroz v. Seventh Ave. Center (2006) 140 Cal.App.4th 1256, 1278.)
Edward points out that he filed his first petition in 2009 and that he filed the
instant petition under the same case number, seeking the same relief against the same
party, respondent Allen. He asserts that even if the probate clerk properly rejected the
instant petition, it should nonetheless be deemed timely under the relation back doctrine.
Brito disagrees, noting that Edward cited no authority for a new petition relating back to
the filing of a dismissed petition. As we shall explain, there was nothing for the instant
petition to "relate back" to as the first petition was no longer pending.
After sustaining a demurrer, the probate court entered a judgment of dismissal on
the first petition, stating the dismissal was without prejudice. Whether the first petition
was still pending turns on whether the dismissal without prejudice of the first petition
constituted a final appealable judgment. First, if the judgment of dismissal had not
recited it was without prejudice, it would have been immediately appealable. (Kong v.
10
City of Hawaiian Gardens Redevelopment Agency (2002) 108 Cal.App.4th 1028, 1032,
fn. 1 [propriety of ruling sustaining a demurrer without leave to amend is subject to
review on appeal from the appealable order of dismissal].) We conclude that the
inclusion of the words "without prejudice" did not change the appealability of the
judgment.
In deciding this issue, we are guided by Topa Ins. Co. v. Fireman's Fund Ins.
Companies (1995) 39 Cal.App.4th 1331 (Topa). There, the trial court entered an order
barring further claims against Fireman's Fund until costs and expenses described in a
settlement agreement should exceed $1.5 million—the amount covered by Fireman's
Fund's excess policy—and dismissed the complaint without prejudice. The appellate
court held that the dismissal without prejudice consisted of a final adjudication under the
peculiar facts of the case: "We take the trial court's determination that the involuntary
dismissal should be without prejudice to mean no more than that if, at some
indeterminate future time, [the insured] should incur defined remedial costs and expenses
in excess of $1.5 million and submit a further claim to Fireman's Fund, [plaintiff] would
then be at liberty to file a new action against Fireman's Fund based on those new facts.
We are satisfied that the order represents a final judicial determination of [plaintiff's]
rights against Fireman's Fund in this action and therefore is appealable in accordance
with the general rule." (Id. at p. 1336; see also Abatti v. Imperial Irrigation Dist. (2012)
205 Cal.App.4th 650, 665–667 [claims that have been involuntarily dismissed, whether
with or without prejudice, are not pending for purposes of the one final judgment rule].)
11
Here, as in Topa, the probate court's recitation that the dismissal was without
prejudice simply meant that at some indeterminate future time when the Trust became
irrevocable, then Edward would be able to file a new action against the trustee based on
those new facts. Moreover, allowing the relation back doctrine to apply under these facts
would defeat the purpose of section 16061.8, which is to impose a clear deadline to file
any action contesting a trust. If the relation back doctrine applied here, then any
individual that filed an action contesting a trust while the trust was revocable would have
an indefinite time period to file a similar action once the trust became irrevocable.
In summary, the probate court properly dismissed the petition because it was
untimely filed.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. Objector and Respondent is entitled to her costs on
appeal.
MCINTYRE, J.
WE CONCUR:
HALLER, Acting P. J.
MCDONALD, J.
12
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that Code of Civil Procedure section 1013 does not extend the 120-day statute of limitations for contesting a trust under Probate Code section 16061.8, and that a new petition does not relate back to a previously dismissed petition.
Issues
Does Code of Civil Procedure section 1013 apply to extend the 120-day period to contest a trust under Probate Code section 16061.8?
Does a petition contesting a trust relate back to an earlier petition that was dismissed without prejudice?
Does a successor trustee have standing to demur to a petition contesting a trust?
Disposition. Affirmed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“We conclude that Code of Civil Procedure section 1013 does not apply.”
“We also conclude that the petition does not relate back to an earlier filed petition that had been dismissed without prejudice.”
“Because the Probate Code has provided its own rule, Code of Civil Procedure section 1013 does not apply.”