when his daughter was 15 years old, defendant moved back in and started groping her
again. In 2002, when she was 18 years old, defendant left the family to live with another
woman. At that point, his daughter finally disclosed the full scope of the molestation.
In 2003, defendant was charged with nine counts of a nonforcible lewd act on a
child under 14 (Pen. Code, § 288, subd. (a)) and 13 counts of a lewd act on a child under
16 (Pen. Code, § 288, subd. (c)(1)). He fled the country. In 2010, he was located and
extradited. In 2011, his trial on these charges resulted in a hung jury.
The prosecution then filed an amended information charging defendant with six
counts of a nonforcible lewd act on a child under 14 and six counts of a lewd act on a
child under 16. In defendant’s second trial, the jury found him guilty as charged. He was
sentenced to a total of 16 years in prison, plus the usual fines and fees.
Defendant now contends (among other things) that, with respect to the six counts
of a lewd act on a child under 14, the statute of limitations had run. In the published
portion of this opinion, we will hold that, as a matter of law, the statute of limitations had
2
not run, because the evidence showed that the molestations continued to occur at least
once a week throughout 1995, and because the limitations period, initially six years, was
extended to 10 years before the six-year period had expired. In the nonpublished portion,
we find no other prejudicial error. Hence, we will affirm.
I
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
A. Sexual Touchings: 1993-1996.
Defendant and his wife had two children—Jane Doe1 and Jane’s younger brother.
Jane was born in January 1984.
Starting when Jane was eight or nine and in fourth or fifth grade,2 defendant began
touching her sexually. Typically, when Jane was lying down, in bed or on a couch,
defendant would approach her and start massaging her back. He would touch her breasts
or her buttocks. Then he would rub her vaginal area, under her clothing. This happened
at least once a week. Jane wanted to tell her mother, but she was too embarrassed, and
she thought she would get in trouble.
1 Pursuant to stipulation, the trial court ordered that the victim be referred to by this fictitious name. (See Pen. Code, § 293.5.) 2 If Jane was indeed eight, that would mean that the touching could have started as early as January 1992. However, fourth graders are normally nine or ten; this would be consistent with Jane’s statement to the police that she was nine when the touching started. For Jane to have been both (1) eight or nine and (2) in the fourth or fifth grade, the touching would have had to have started in September 1993 or later.
3
In January 1996, when Jane was 12 and in sixth grade, she was upset about
something (by the time of trial, she no longer remembered what), so she told her mother
that defendant had touched her breast; she did not disclose any of the other sexual
touching. Her mother immediately confronted defendant and “kicked him out.”
The family started going to counseling. The counselor reported the breast touching
to the police. As a result, in August 1996, defendant pleaded guilty to one count of child
molestation in violation of Penal Code section 647.6, a misdemeanor, allegedly
committed in December 1995.
B. Renewed Sexual Touchings, Mirrors, and Holes in the Wall: 1999-2002.
In early 1999, Jane’s mother let defendant move back in. About six months later,
defendant started touching Jane sexually again. Typically, when Jane was in bed, asleep,
defendant would rub her back, then touch her breasts and buttocks and rub her vagina on
the outside of her clothes. At first, Jane felt frozen and could not move. Then she would
pretend she was just waking up, and he would stop. This happened about once or twice a
week, though some weeks, it did not happen at all. Jane did not tell anybody about it
because she was afraid of breaking up the family again.
When Jane was about 16, she had a lock put on her bedroom door. After that, the
touchings “pretty much stopped.” “[A] couple [of] times,” however, when Jane was
getting dressed for school, she saw a small mirror slide under the door. It was a
mechanic’s mirror on a pole, such as defendant used in his work. This stopped after she
stuffed a towel under the door.
4
One time, Jane looked into an uncovered cable outlet between her room and her
brother’s room and saw defendant looking back at her. She moved her nightstand to
cover the outlet.
Jane started finding holes in the walls of her room. She blocked them with toilet
paper or plaster. Jane told her mother that she thought defendant was watching her
through holes in the wall, but her mother did not believe her.
C. Disclosure: 2002.
In January or February 2002, defendant moved out. The family soon realized that
he was having an affair with his wife’s 23-year-old niece, Patricia.
Patricia promptly became pregnant. Patricia would telephone Jane and other
family members and mock them; she said that Jane and her family would have to leave
their house because it belonged to her now. In response, Jane told Patricia that she was
going to beat her up. Meanwhile, defendant told Jane that he did not want her or her
brother to visit him at work or telephone him.
Jane felt betrayed because “[she] had kept quiet to keep [her] family together” and
now it was “pointless.” Hence, on February 11, 2002, Jane called the police. At this
point, she was 18.
Deputy Timothy Cleary conducted a preliminary interview of Jane. She told him
that in 1996, she had reported that defendant had touched her breast, but actually, there
had been additional incidents of sexual abuse; when she was between 9 and 12, defendant
had touched her breast and vaginal area on a regular basis.
5
Jane also said that defendant was no longer touching her sexually; however, he
would caress her hair and rub her back, supposedly to wake her up. She said she had put
a lock on her door because she was afraid he would start touching her again. She did not
say that defendant had in fact resumed touching her sexually. She mentioned the mirror
under her door but did not mention the holes in the wall.
In April 2002, Officer Matthew Aveling, a trained child sex crime investigator,
conducted a follow-up interview. Jane’s statement to him was essentially consistent with
her testimony at trial.
D. Pretext Meeting.
In May 2002, at Officer Aveling’s suggestion, Jane engaged in a pretext meeting
with defendant.
During the meeting, Jane never explicitly accused defendant of a sexual offense.
For example, she started by saying she wanted to talk “[a]bout everything that’s
happened.” However, she did say, “I’m not talking about the divorce.” She asked him to
say he was sorry.
Defendant said: “You know I’m sorry what I did. I—I’m not really sorry for what
I did, I’m really sorry that I hurt you. I didn’t think you were gonna take it like that.”
Similarly, he said: “I am sorry. Not for what happened, I’m sorry . . . that you got hurt.”
Jane did say: “And you think I never fuckin’ saw you? With a mirror under my
door?” Defendant replied: “Hey. I’m not talking about that.” She accused him of
making holes in the walls, but he denied this.
6
Jane also said: “I was like, asleep in my room, and you would come in and try to
wake me up. And you thought I was asleep. I wasn’t asleep.” Defendant responded:
“Why didn’t you ever answer?” “Why didn’t you answer when I asked you?” “When I
tried to wake you up?”
Defendant also asked: “Why didn’t you go to your mom? . . . [W]hy didn’t you
tell your mom back then?” Jane answered that she was “scared.” Defendant said:
“Scared? . . . [Y]ou didn’t never look like you were scared.”
E. Defendant’s Partial Confession.
On May 30, 2002, Deputy Aveling interviewed defendant. Defendant said that
Jane was threatening to accuse him falsely of rape because she was angry about his
relationship with Patricia.
On June 12, 2002, Michelle Gamboa, a police interviewer, interviewed defendant.
This time, he admitted touching Jane inappropriately on two occasions — one involving a
pool and one involving VapoRub.
That same day, Deputy Aveling Mirandized3 defendant and interviewed him again.
Defendant once again admitted the pool incident and the VapoRub incident.4
In the pool incident, according to defendant, Jane was 15; they were on vacation in
San Felipe, Mexico. While she and defendant were “playing around” in a pool, defendant
3 Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436.
4 Jane did not remember these specific incidents.
7
“felt [her] vagina.” “I took my hand off[,] I went back for breast[,] and then . . . I went
back and touched her again.” “[E]very once in a while I would slide my hand and I
touched it.” When asked if he became aroused, defendant said: “Not an erection
aroused[,] but I did . . . feel warmth.” That night, he and his wife had “good, good sex.”
In the VapoRub incident, defendant said, Jane was sick, so he rubbed Vicks
VapoRub on her back, buttocks, and thighs; he became aroused, so he left the room. He
then took a shower and masturbated while “[t]hinking about this[.]”
Officer Aveling told defendant that, according to Jane, defendant had touched her
breast and vagina while playing. Defendant admitted that this had happened; at first, he
said it happened “three or four” times, but later, he said it happened “ten, twenty times.”
He agreed that it made him “excited,” but he pretended it was “an accident.” He also
agreed that he had committed a crime, that he knew it was wrong, and that he was
remorseful.
When told that he was accused of touching Jane’s breasts and crotch while she was
asleep in bed or on a couch, defendant said: “That’s a lie.” However, he admitted that
once, when she was lying on her stomach in his room, he massaged her back, buttocks,
and legs; he touched her inner thighs, but not her crotch. He also touched her breast. He
got an erection but did not masturbate. He volunteered that Jane had “pretty good
breast[s]”; “they pop out.”
Defendant admitted that he once tried to see Jane naked by sliding a mirror under
her door, but he claimed it did not work. He also admitted making a hole once and trying
8
to look at her through it, but that did not work, either. He admitted that Jane “can
probably think of more inciden[ts] than I can . . . .” At the end of the interview, he was
arrested.
In 2003, sometime after his preliminary hearing, defendant fled to Mexico.
By 2008 or so, Jane was ready to forgive defendant, and they started talking again.
Defendant asked her to help make “the charges go away.” She responded that she
“wasn’t going to lie.”
In 2010, defendant was located in Canada, arrested, and extradited.
F. Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome.
An expert psychologist testified about Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation
Syndrome. In particular, she testified that most children who are sexually abused by a
family member will delay disclosing the abuse for months or years, until some kind of
crisis. When they do disclose, they may do so only partially, “testing the water.”
G. Defense Evidence.
Defendant took the stand. He admitted touching Jane’s breast, resulting in his
1996 guilty plea. However, he claimed that the touching was not sexual. Jane would not
give him the remote control for the television, so he “pinched her boob.” Otherwise, he
denied ever touching Jane inappropriately. He denied trying to look at her with a mirror
or through holes.
9
Defendant claimed that, during the pretext meeting, he thought Jane was asking
him to apologize for his relationship with Patricia. When he asked why she did not tell
her mom, he meant about the mirrors and holes.
Defendant also claimed that he lied to Deputy Aveling because Deputy Aveling
told him if he “g[a]ve him something that he can work with,” he could go home.5 Also,
when Deputy Aveling said something and defendant responded “Right,” defendant was
not necessarily agreeing; he was just acknowledging the statement.
Defendant went to Mexico because he felt he “wasn’t getting a fair trial . . . .” He
claimed that, at the request of his bail bondsman, he turned himself in to the Mexican
police, but he was released because the Riverside authorities declined to extradite him.
Jane’s mother did not remember Jane getting a lock for her bedroom door. Jane’s
brother testified that the door already had a lock before defendant moved back in.
5 Defendant did not explain why he supposedly lied to Gamboa. When asked why he supposedly made up the whole pool incident, when even by his own logic, it would have made more sense simply to admit Jane’s allegations that he touched her while she was sleeping, he said: “For some reason that [i.e., the pool incident] popped up with Ms. Gamboa, and I couldn’t back out and not continue lying to Mr. Aveling.”
10
II
THE STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
A. Additional Factual and Procedural Background.
1. The initial complaint.
The initial complaint was filed in August 2002. It alleged that defendant
committed four violations of Penal Code section 288, subdivision (a)(2). The first two
allegedly occurred between January 12, 1993 and November 30, 1995; the last two
allegedly occurred between February 1, 1996 and January 11, 1997.
2. The initial information.
The initial information was filed in March 2003. It alleged that defendant
committed nine violations of Penal Code section 288, subdivision (a)(2). The first three
allegedly occurred between January and December 1994; the next three allegedly
occurred between January and December 1995; and the last three allegedly occurred
between January and April 1996.
3. The amended information.
The amended information was filed in June 2011. It alleged that defendant
committed six violations of Penal Code section 288, subdivision (a)(2), all between
January 1994 and November 1995. It further alleged that Jane reported these offenses to
a law enforcement agency on February 11, 2002.
11
B. Analysis.
Defendant did not raise the statute of limitations in the trial court. However,
“when the charging document indicates on its face that the action is time-barred, a person
convicted of a charged offense may raise the statute of limitations at any time,” including
on appeal. (People v. Williams (1999) 21 Cal.4th 335, 341.) Thereafter, if the record
establishes that the action is not time-barred, the conviction may stand; if, however, the
appellate court cannot determine from the record whether the action is time-barred, it
should remand for a further hearing. (Id. at pp. 341, 345-346.)
If, on the other hand, the charging document does allege that the action is timely,
any objection to the sufficiency of the evidence to prove timeliness must be raised in the
trial court in the first instance — typically, by requesting a jury instruction on the subject.
“[A] defendant may forfeit factual issues relating to the statute of limitations when . . . the
information alleges facts indicating that the prosecution was timely.” (People v. Simmons
(2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 778, 793; accord, People v. Thomas (2007) 146 Cal.App.4th
1278, 1288.)
Here, we need not decide whether the relevant charging document (regardless of
whether that is the original information or the amended information) adequately alleged
that the action was timely. If it did, then defendant forfeited his present contention by
failing to raise it below. If, on the other hand, it did not, then defendant did not have to
raise his present contention below; however, as long as the evidence at trial established
that the action was, in fact, timely, we may affirm.
12
According to Jane’s testimony, the sexual touching occurred at least once a week
“from when it started, [when she was] around eight or nine, up until when it stopped,
when [she] w[as] around 12[.]” In January 1996, when Jane was 12, she told her mother
that defendant had touched her breast, and her mother kicked defendant out of the house.
Defendant indirectly confirmed that the lewd acts continued into late 1995, by pleading
guilty to the alleged breast touching. This evidence established that defendant committed
at least six violations of Penal Code section 288, subdivision (a) in 1995.
This conclusion — that the crimes may be deemed to have been committed in 1995
— is the key point at which our analysis diverges from defendant’s. We will discuss
defendant’s contrary arguments below. First, however, we explain how this conclusion
necessarily means that the prosecution was timely.
The maximum penalty for a violation of Penal Code section 288, subdivision (a) is
eight years. (Pen. Code, § 288, subd. (a), in effect since at least 1982, see Stats. 1981,
ch. 1064, § 1, p. 4093.) As of 1995, the basic statute of limitations for a crime punishable
by imprisonment for a maximum of eight years or more required that the “prosecution . . .
be commenced within six years after commission of the offense.” (Pen. Code, § 800, in
effect since at least 1985, see Stats. 1984, ch. 1270, § 2, p. 4335; see also Pen. Code,
§ 805, subd. (a), in effect since at least 1985, see Stats. 1984, ch. 1270, § 2, p. 4336.)
A prosecution is commenced, as relevant here, when an information is filed. (Pen.
Code, § 804, in effect since at least 1985, Stats. 1984, ch. 1270, § 2, p. 4336.)
13
Effective January 1, 2001, the Legislature enacted an alternative limitations period
for specified sex crimes, including a lewd act on a child (see Pen. Code, § 290, former
subd. (a)(2)(A), in effect since at least January 1, 2001, Stats. 2000, ch. 649, § 2.5,
pp. 4283-4284, renumbered as Pen. Code, § 290, subd. (c), effective October 13, 2007,
Stats. 2007, ch. 579, § 8, pp. 4811-4812); prosecution could be “commenc[ed] . . . 10
years from the commission of the offense,” but only if the basic six-year period had not
yet expired as of January 1, 2001 (Pen. Code, § 803, former subd. (h)(2), Stats. 2000,
ch. 235, § 1, p. 2342, renumbered as Pen. Code, § 803, former subd. (i)(2), Stats. 2001,
ch. 235, § 1, p. 2126, renumbered as Pen. Code, former § 801.1, Stats. 2004, ch. 368, § 1,
p. 2722).
Here, with respect to violations of Penal Code section 288, subdivision (a),
committed from January 1 through December 31, 1995, the basic six-year limitations
period did not expire until January 1 through December 31, 2001, respectively.
Accordingly, when the new 10-year limitations period came into effect, the basic six-year
period had not yet expired. Moreover, as of March 2003, when the original information
was filed, the 15-year limitations period had not expired. Thus, the original information
was timely.
Finally, the amended information did not charge any new or additional violations
of Penal Code section 288, subdivision (a). The original information had charged a total
of nine: three occurring in 1994, three occurring in 1995 and three occurring in 1996; the
amended information alleged only six, all occurring between 1994 and 1995.
14
Accordingly, the amended information related back to the original information and must
be deemed timely. (Harris v. Superior Court (1988) 201 Cal.App.3d 624, 627-628; see
also Pen. Code, § 803, subd. (b) [“No time during which prosecution of the same person
for the same conduct is pending in a court of this state is a part of a limitation of time
prescribed in this chapter”], in effect since at least 1985, see Stats. 1984, ch. 1270, § 2,
p. 4335.)
Ortega accuses us of trying to have it both ways. If, as we conclude, all six counts
charged in the amended information actually occurred in 1995, then he might accept
arguendo that three counts can relate back to the three 1995 counts alleged in the original
information, but he argues that the other three counts cannot relate back to the three 1994
counts alleged in the original information, because they are not the “same conduct.”
The original information and the amended information, however, both alleged all
dates of commission using the words “on or about.” Lewd acts that allegedly occurred
“on or about” 1994 (according to the original information) can be the same conduct as
lewd acts that allegedly occurred “on or about” 1994-1995 (according to the amended
information). In any event, it has been held that, if the prosecution amends to correct a
date, that will not prevent the amended pleading from relating back to the original: “The
amendment of an information in a criminal case by merely changing the alleged date of
the offense charged, as was done in this case, like any other amended pleading, relates
back to the date of the original filing of the information, and has the effect of tolling the
15
running of the statute of limitations from the date of the filing of the original information.
[Citations.]” (In re Davis (1936) 13 Cal.App.2d 109, 113-114.)
In arguing that three counts of the amended information do not relate back,
defendant relies on People v. Terry (2005) 127 Cal.App.4th 750. Terry, however,
involved an original pleading that alleged (as relevant here) one lewd act count and
amended pleadings that replaced it with six lewd act counts in the same time frame. (Id.
at p. 757.) The court held that the amended pleadings did allege the “same conduct” as
the original pleading and therefore did not relate back. (Id. at pp. 767-768.) Here, the
number of counts did not change; all that changed were their alleged dates. As already
discussed, a mere date change does not prevent an amended pleading from relating back.
Date(s) Event Limitations period All relevant times Basic six-year limitations period 1992 or 1993 Date lewd acts began January 1994- Dates of lewd acts, according to November 1995 amended information and according to jury verdicts finding defendant guilty “as charged” January 1996 Date lewd acts ended January 2001 New alternative 10-year limitations period, effective only if basic limitations period has not yet expired March 2003 Original information filed June 2011 Amended information filed
So far, our analysis is based on the premise that the offenses were committed in
1995. Defendant understandably attacks this premise. He points out that Jane’s
testimony was “generic,” in the sense that she could not specify the date (or any other
16
distinguishing characteristics) of any particular violation. Although the jury was given a
unanimity instruction (CALCRIM No. 3501), defendant claims it is impossible to tell
whether the jurors agreed unanimously that all six counts were committed in 1995; they
may have found that some or all of them were committed in 1994.
This is precisely the type of factual issue that defendant forfeited by not requesting
that the jury be instructed on the statute of limitations. If it had been so instructed, it
could and would have made the assertedly omitted finding. Under Williams, in light of
defendant’s forfeiture, our task is to determine whether the record shows, as a matter of
law, that a prosecution of defendant for six violations of Penal Code section 288,
subdivision (a) allegedly committed between January 1994 and November 1995 is timely.
Because the record shows that defendant violated Penal Code section 288, subdivision (a)
at least 48 times between January 1994 and November 1995, we may conclude that the
prosecution was timely as a matter of law.
In so holding, we are merely following People v. Smith (2002) 98 Cal.App.4th
1182. There, the victim testified that three types of molestations — “buttock fondlings,”
“playful spankings,” and “violent spankings” — occurred “regularly,” “hundreds of
[times] over a seven-year period.” (Id. at p. 1189.) The defendant was charged with 17
violations of Penal Code section 288 or 288.5 — count 1, allegedly committed in 1989 or
1990; count 2, allegedly committed in 1990 or 1991; and counts 3 through 17, each
allegedly committed between 1991 and 1996. (Smith, supra, at pp. 1185-1186.) To be
timely under the basic six-year limitations period, each count had to have been committed
17
on or after October 26, 1992. However, under an alternative statute of limitations, they
would be timely as long as the defendant had committed at least one additional violation
of Penal Code section 288 or 288.5 against the same victim within the basic six-year
limitation period. (Smith, supra, at pp. 1186, 1188, 1191.) The jury was not required to
make any findings regarding the statute of limitations. (See id. at p. 1187.)
The appellate court “conclude[ed] that we can evaluate whether the record
demonstrates that defendant committed at least one violation of section 288 within the
[basic six-year] limitation period without determining which acts the jury relied upon to
convict defendant of violating . . . section 288 . . . .” (People v. Smith, supra, 98
Cal.App.4th at p. 1188.) It explained: “Here, the trial evidence allowed for only two
possible conclusions, namely, that all the section 288 molestations identified by [the
v]ictim had occurred or none had occurred. . . . At trial, defendant presented the same
defense to each described act, namely, that he may have committed it but that he lacked
the requisite sexual intent when he did so. Defendant did not seriously dispute that the
acts occurred over the period identified by [the v]ictim. After reviewing the available
record, we conclude that it contains overwhelming evidence that defendant committed all
of the hundreds of acts described by [the v]ictim with the requisite intent, including the
multitude of described acts which occurred regularly between October[] 26, 1992, and
April 20, 1996.” (Id. at pp. 1189-1190.)
Here, identically, the evidence presented the jury with an all-or-nothing
proposition — between 1992 or 1993 and January 1996, defendant committed lewd acts
18
at least weekly, or not at all. It afforded no basis for a finding that he committed lewd
acts in 1994, but not in 1995. If the jury had been instructed to determine, for purposes of
the statute of limitations, whether defendant committed lewd acts at least six times in
1995, it would have found that he did.
Defendant relies on People v. Angel (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 1141. There, the
victim testified that, when she was between 7 and 16 (i.e., roughly between 1982 and
1991), the defendant molested her “on numerous occasions” and at least once a month.
(Id. at pp. 1143-1144.) The defendant was charged with multiple sex offenses against a
child, including two counts allegedly committed in July 1989. (Id. at pp. 1143, 1145.)
These counts were timely if, and only if, the underlying acts were committed on or after
July 20, 1989. (Id. at p. 1146.) The jury was not instructed on the statute of limitations.
(Id. at p. 1145.)
The appellate court reversed the conviction on these two counts. It stated: “The
People must plead and prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that prosecution
commenced within the statutorily prescribed time period. [Citations.] Here, given [the
victim]’s testimony that appellant committed numerous acts within the time alleged in
counts 17 and 18, the offenses charged therein could have occurred before or after the
limitations period expired. The prosecution never proved the offenses could only have
occurred within the applicable period; moreover, although jurors were instructed that they
had to agree on the act(s) constituting the offense, they were never instructed on the
statute of limitations. Absent such an instruction, the equivocal proof failed to overcome
19
the prosecution’s burden. [Citations.] Since we cannot tell whether the jury convicted
appellant of offenses not shown to have been committed within the period of limitations,
the convictions are fatally defective unless the statute of limitations was tolled.
[Citation.]” (People v. Angel, supra, 70 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1146-1147, fn. omitted.)
Angel is distinguishable, because it appears that there, the victim’s testimony
would not have supported a finding that any molestation occurred specifically between
July 20 and 31, 1989. Somewhat to the contrary, she testified that the defendant was
molesting her at least once a month; thus, it was possible that he molested her only once
in July 1989, sometime earlier than July 20. Here, by contrast, Jane testified that
defendant was molesting her at least weekly; this necessarily means that he did molest her
at least six times in 1995.
In Smith, the court noted that its holding was in tension with Angel, but it added:
“To the extent the Angel decision contradicts our analysis or conclusions, we respectfully
disagree with it.” (People v. Smith, supra, 98 Cal.App.4th at p. 1192.) Smith also noted
that Angel was decided several months before Williams; thus, “the Angel court did not
have the benefit of the analysis and holding of the pertinent Supreme Court case . . . .”
(Smith, supra, at p. 1192.) For all these reasons, we conclude that Smith, rather than
Angel, is controlling here.
Incidentally, the People appear to be somewhat confused about when the offenses
should be deemed to have been committed. They state: “The acts at issue . . . started in
January 1994 and continued until November 1995. The statute of limitations thus
20
commenced to run on the earliest of those dates.” Actually, the amended information
alleged, and the jury found, that the acts took place between January 1994 and November
1995; however, the evidence showed they took place at least weekly between 1992 or
1993 and January 1996. The issue before us is not whether the accusatory pleading
adequately alleged that the prosecution was timely. If it was, we would agree that a crime
allegedly committed just once, sometime between January 1994 and November 1995,
must be deemed to have been committed on the earliest of these dates. However, we are
assuming that the information was defective. Hence, the issue is whether the record as a
whole establishes that the prosecution was timely. Thus, we may look beyond the
allegations of the information.
Given this confusion, the People do not rely on the alternative 10-year limitations
period. Rather, they rely on yet another limitations period — Penal Code section 803,
former subdivision (f) (in effect since at least January 1, 1994 as Pen. Code, § 803, former
subd. (g), Stats. 1993, ch. 390, § 1, p. 2226, renumbered as Pen. Code, § 803, subd. (f) by
Stats. 2005, ch. 479, § 3, p. 2978), which provides that, under certain circumstances, “a
criminal complaint may be filed within one year of the date of a report to a California law
enforcement agency by a person of any age alleging that he or she, while under the age of
18 years, was the victim of a crime described in Section . . . 288 . . . .” In light of our
conclusions, we need not consider the applicability of this limitations period.
21
III
FAILURE TO INSTRUCT THE RECONSTITUTED JURY
TO START ITS DELIBERATIONS ANEW
Defendant contends that, when one juror was replaced with an alternate, the trial
court erred by failing to instruct the jury to restart its deliberations.
A. Additional Factual and Procedural Background.
On June 22, 2011, at 3:25 p.m., the jury began deliberating. It broke for the day at
4:00 p.m.
On June 23, 2011, the jury resumed deliberating at 12:15 p.m. At 1:30 p.m., it sent
out a question and a request for a readback. Thereafter, because one juror had to leave on
a scheduled trip, the trial court excused that juror and replaced him or her with an
alternate. The alternate was contacted and told to report to court the next day at 8:30 a.m.
On June 24, 2011, at 8:30 a.m., the jury retired to resume deliberations. There was
no court reporter; the minute order does not indicate that the trial court gave any further
instructions. At 10:10 a.m., the jury indicated that it had reached a verdict.
B. Analysis.
The state constitutional right to trial by jury “requires each juror to have engaged
in all of the jury’s deliberations.” (People v. Collins (1976) 17 Cal.3d 687, 693; see also
id. at pp. 692-693 & 692, fn. 3.) Hence, if a juror is replaced by an alternate after
deliberations have begun, the trial court must instruct the jury “to set aside and disregard
22
all past deliberations and begin deliberating anew.” (Id. at p. 694.) The standard
instruction for this purpose is CALCRIM No. 3575.
The fact that, at least according to the record, the trial court in this case did not
give such an instruction is startling. It would seem that, when the alternate juror showed
up for duty on June 24, 2011, the court would have said something to him or her. There
was no court reporter, which would explain why the reporter’s transcript does not reflect
such an exchange. Even so, however, if the trial court did instruct the jury further, the
minute order should reflect that; yet it does not. The People have not asked to augment
the record with a settled statement. Thus, defendant has carried his burden of
demonstrating error by an adequate record.
A failure to give CALCRIM No. 3575 violates the state Constitution but not the
federal Constitution. (See Hernandez v. McGrath (E.D.Cal. 2008) 595 F.Supp.2d 1111,
1141, and cases cited.) Thus, the error is harmless if “there [is] no reasonable probability
that a more favorable verdict would have been returned had the jury been properly
instructed following the substitution.” (People v. Collins, supra, 17 Cal.3d at p. 697.)
“[W]e may consider whether the case is a close one and compare the time the jury spent
deliberating before and after the substitution of the alternate juror. [Citations.] In People
v. Odle [(1988)] 45 Cal.3d 386, [the Supreme Court] concluded there was no prejudice
where the case against the defendant was overwhelming and where the jury deliberated
only part of one afternoon prior to substitution of the alternate juror and two and one-half
days thereafter. [Citation.] In People v. Collins, supra, 17 Cal.3d 687, . . . [the Supreme
23
Court] determined the error was not prejudicial where the case against the defendant was
very strong, and the jury had deliberated little more than one hour prior to substitution of
the alternate and had returned a verdict after several additional hours. [Citation.]”
(People v. Proctor (1992) 4 Cal.4th 499, 537.)
This was not a close case. Admittedly, the pretext meeting fell way short of a
smoking gun. Nevertheless, some of defendant’s statements in it were inconsistent with
innocence. For example, when Jane said, “And you think I never fuckin’ saw you? With
a mirror under my door?,” defendant did not ask her what she was talking about; rather,
he said, “Hey. I’m not talking about that.” Likewise, when Jane said, “[Y]ou would
come in and try to wake me up. And you thought I was asleep. I wasn’t asleep,”
defendant seemed to understand what she was talking about and why it was relevant; he
simply asked her why she had not answered him.
In addition, defendant had pleaded guilty to molesting Jane at least once before.
By fleeing to Mexico, he showed consciousness of guilt. Also, as the prosecutor pointed
out in closing argument, if Jane had been lying, to get back at defendant for leaving the
family for Patricia, she would have concocted a more damning story. She could have said
that he raped her; she could have said that she saw him masturbating while touching her;
she could have said that she remembered the pool and VapoRub incidents.
Most important, however, defendant gave Deputy Aveling a partial confession. He
admitted the pool incident, in which he touched Jane’s breast and vagina for sexual
gratification. He also admitted the VapoRub incident, in which he rubbed her buttocks
24
and thighs and got an erection. He admitted masturbating while thinking about this.
Eventually, he admitted that, while pretending to play with Jane, he had touched her
breasts and/or vagina some “ten, twenty times.” During this confession, he referred to
Jane in distinctly nonparental terms. For example, he volunteered that she had “pretty
good breast[s]”; “they pop out.”
While defendant did not admit all of Jane’s allegations, it would be typical of a sex
offender to attempt to minimize his conduct. The admissions that he did make were
simply not things that an innocent father would make up about his daughter.
Moreover, defendant’s explanation for his confession to Deputy Aveling was
illogical and unconvincing. He testified that Deputy Aveling had told him that, if he
confessed to something, he could go home. In other words, as he admitted on cross-
examination, he claimed to believe that, if he confessed, he would be released, but if he
maintained his innocence, he would be arrested. This makes no sense. Moreover, this
claim was belied by the fact that, at the end of the interview, when Deputy Aveling did
arrest him, defendant took it in stride; he did not protest that Deputy Aveling was
breaking some kind of promise. Finally, none of this explained why defendant had
previously confessed to Gamboa.
The timing of the jury’s deliberations also demonstrates harmlessness. The jury
had deliberated for a grand total of an hour and 45 minutes before the alternate was
substituted. Thereafter, it deliberated for another hour and 40 minutes before reaching a
verdict. This indicates that the alternate did participate meaningfully in the deliberations,
25
and that instructing the jurors to ignore their brief previous deliberations would not have
made any difference.
Defendant argues that in Odle and Collins, the deliberations before the alternate
was substituted were much shorter than the deliberations after the alternate was
substituted. While this is certainly a factor to be considered, here there is a countervailing
factor: There is some affirmative indication that the jury did start its deliberations anew.
On June 23, before breaking for the day, the jury had sent out one question and one
request for a readback. It is not clear whether the trial court ever responded to the
question; it wrote an answer on the question itself , but the record does not reflect that it
ever delivered this answer orally to the jury. It is clear, however, that the court reporter
never gave the readback. Thus, it appears that the jury started its deliberations anew,
without waiting for the requested readback.
Defendant also points to the fact that his first trial ended with a hung jury.
However, he has not provided us with a reporter’s transcript of the first trial. At that
point, defendant was charged with 22 counts, and the evidence presented may well have
been quite different. Indeed, in connection with defendant’s motion for new trial, the
prosecution pointed out a number of differences in the evidence that collectively tended
to strengthen its case.
In sum, on this record, defendant cannot show that, even if the jury had been
instructed to begin its deliberations anew, the outcome would have been any more
favorable to him.
26
IV
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION
RICHLI J. We concur:
HOLLENHORST Acting P. J.
McKINSTER J.
27
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that the statute of limitations for the defendant's child molestation convictions had not expired because the evidence established the offenses occurred weekly through 1995, and the applicable limitations period was extended to 10 years before the initial six-year period lapsed.
Issues
Whether the statute of limitations had run on the six counts of lewd acts on a child under 14.
Whether the amended information related back to the original information for statute of limitations purposes.
Disposition. Affirmed.
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“the amended information related back to the original information and must be deemed timely.”