The Minor appeals, contending for the first time on appeal there is insufficient
evidence on count 3 that his speech created a clear and present danger of immediate
violence, and thus the true finding on the count of disturbing another person with noise
must be reversed for violation of his First Amendment rights. As to count 3, we find no
such constitutional violation and the evidence supports the true findings. No arguments
are made on appeal to challenge the true findings on counts 1 and 2, so we do not address
those counts here. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the juvenile court.
STATEMENT OF FACTS
At the jurisdictional hearing, 14-year-old Jeffrey M. (Jeffrey) testified that around
3:47 pm on September 19, 2011, he was sitting outside his high school when class was
over, doing his homework, with his phone lying on his lap. As he was sitting, the Minor
ran up, grabbed Jeffrey's phone off his lap, said "thanks for the phone," and ran down the
1 Statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise specified. 2
road. As the Minor ran down the road, Jeffrey chased after him and yelled, "that guy
stole my phone."
Ana Lara also testified at the jurisdictional hearing. She stated she was driving by
at the time, saw the Minor running, and heard someone yell "that boy just stole my
phone." Lara did a U-turn and stopped her car in the Minor's path. She got out,
confronted the Minor on the street by a swimming pool, and told him to give the phone
back. The Minor claimed he did not have the phone and said he threw it near a
construction site. During the conversation, the Minor became very angry and used
profanity, calling Lara a "bitch" several times. Lara grabbed the Minor's wrist to detain
him, but he jerked his hand away. He told her, "get back, you better get back. Step
back." Lara heard the Minor call someone on his own cell phone and say, "you better get
this lady, because I'm about to." The Minor then swung at Lara with his hand in a fist
and Lara backed away, as she was afraid.
Denise Freeman, a witness to the confrontation between the Minor and Lara, also
testified at the hearing. Both Jeffrey and Freeman said the Minor's behavior appeared to
be very aggressive towards Lara, and his voice had an offensive and loud tone. Freeman
heard the Minor direct profanity at Lara. Freeman testified Lara appeared upset and
fearful and that Lara backed away from the Minor when he moved toward her.
During the confrontation, Jeffrey called the police to report the Minor's taking of
his cell phone. Officer Gary Marshall testified at the hearing that when he arrived, the
Minor appeared upset and was flailing his arms up and down. Marshall said that the
3
Minor was using the " 'f' word" and the " 'n' word" quite a bit in an excited and agitated
tone. The Minor was then taken to the police station.
Following a dispositional hearing, the Minor was placed on probation. He now
appeals.
DISCUSSION
I
THE MINOR'S FIRST AMENDMENT CLAIM HAS BEEN FORFEITED
On appeal, the Minor claims insufficient evidence supports the true finding on the
count of disturbing another person by loud and unreasonable noise. He argues the
purpose of his speech was to communicate and the speech is protected by the First
Amendment. The Minor relies on In re Sheena K. (2007) 40 Cal.4th 875, for the
proposition the claim is a pure question of law, easily addressed without reference to
particulars in the sentencing record, and may be raised for the first time on appeal. We
disagree.
As the United States Supreme Court recognized in United States v. Olano (1993)
507 U.S. 725, 731, " '[n]o procedural principle is more familiar . . . than that a
constitutional right,' or a right of any other sort, 'may be forfeited in criminal as well as
civil cases by the failure to make timely assertion of the right before a tribunal having
jurisdiction to determine it.' " (See In re S.B. (2004) 32 Cal.4th 1287, 1293.) "The
purpose of this rule is to encourage parties to bring errors to the attention of the trial
court, so that they may be corrected." (Ibid.)
4
The present appeal, rather than involving a pure question of law, requires a fact-
based analysis to determine whether the speech was predominantly communicative, or
whether it presented a clear and present danger of imminent violence and was a guise for
disruption. (See In re Brown (1973) 9 Cal.3d 612, 621.) There is no reason apparent in
this record to excuse the Minor's failure to raise this constitutional claim at his
jurisdictional hearing. The Minor was represented by counsel at the hearing. If he felt
the evidence was insufficient to find his speech created a clear and present danger of
immediate violence rather than being merely communicative, he could have objected to
the admission of that evidence and the experienced juvenile court judge could have
addressed the issue. This type of objection must be raised at trial if it is to be cognizable
on appeal, and we would be justified in treating the challenge as waived. We exercise
our discretion, however, to address its merits.
II
THE JUVENILE COURT PROPERLY FOUND THERE WAS SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE THE MINOR'S SPEECH CREATED A CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER OF IMMEDIATE VIOLENCE
A. Applicable Legal Principles
Where an appeal arguably implicates First Amendment interests, "a reviewing
court should make an independent examination of the record . . . to ensure that a speaker's
free speech rights have not been infringed by a trier of fact's determination." (In re
George T. (2004) 33 Cal.4th 620, 632.) This principle has general application and is not
limited to a specific type of charge, such as criminal threats. (Id. at pp. 633-634.)
5
Even though the Minor essentially forfeited his claim by failing to raise it in the
juvenile court, this First Amendment claim may nevertheless be addressed on its merits.
The Minor mainly contends his speech was communicative and thus, his conviction
under section 415, subdivision (2) violates his First Amendment rights. Section 415,
subdivision (2) makes it a crime for any person to "maliciously and willfully disturb[]
another person by loud and unreasonable noise." Loud "noise," under the statute,
encompasses communications made in a loud manner (1) where there is a clear and
present danger of imminent violence and (2) where the purported communication is used
as a guise to disrupt lawful endeavors. (In re Brown, supra, 9 Cal.3d at p. 621.)
The First Amendment provides that "Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the
freedom of speech." The Supreme Court has recognized, "the protections afforded by the
First Amendment, however, are not absolute, and . . . the government may regulate
certain categories of expression consistent with the Constitution." (Virginia v. Black
(2003) 538 U.S. 343, 358.) Words may be restricted under the First Amendment where
they are " ' "of such slight social value as a step to truth that any benefit that may be
derived from them is clearly outweighed by the social interest in order and morality." ' "
(Id. at pp. 358-359, citing R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul (1992) 505 U.S. 377, 382-383.) The
California Supreme Court has likewise recognized there is a fundamental difference
between loud communications, or the use of loud shouting, uttered not to inform or
persuade, but to disrupt lawful endeavors. (In re Brown, supra, 9 Cal.3d at p. 621.) Loud
shouting designed to disrupt rather than communicate may be prohibited generally.
(Ibid.)
6
B. Analysis
Using an independent review of the juvenile court's findings (In re George T.,
supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 632), we conclude the evidence supports the conclusion that
section 415, subdivision (2) was violated. The Minor's speech presented a clear and
present danger of imminent violence and was designed to disrupt a lawful endeavor. The
record establishes Lara was reasonably attempting to stop the Minor from escaping after
he was accused of committing a theft. Lara became frightened by the Minor's shouting
and obscene language, and she backed away from the Minor when he began threatening
her. When Lara tried to apprehend the Minor, he told her to "get back, you better get
back." Additionally, the Minor was seen swinging his fist at Lara as he was yelling
profanities at her and calling her a "bitch." The Minor's call to an unknown individual,
stating that "someone needs to get this lady," provides further evidence from which a
reasonable trier of fact could have inferred his speech presented a clear and present
danger of imminent violence, and the court impliedly made such findings.
On this record, the Minor cannot establish his speech was within the protected
range of the First Amendment. The loud shouting of obscenities and threats was
disruptive, rather than communicative in nature. If the Minor had intended only to
communicate his desire to be left alone, he could have done so in a different tone of voice
more appropriate to the scene on a street by a swimming pool in the afternoon. The only
evidence of the Minor calling for help or feeling threatened was his statement to an
unknown individual on his own cell phone that someone needed to "get this lady."
Lara's, Jeffrey's, and Freeman's testimony established the Minor's tone was loud, angry,
7
aggressive, and disruptive. The facts established by the evidence demonstrate that the
Minor intended to and did create a disturbance by making loud noises, shouting
obscenities, and making threats, and that the purported communication was used as a
guise to that end. No basis for reversal of the count 3 portion of the judgment has been
shown.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
HUFFMAN, J.
WE CONCUR:
BENKE, Acting P. J.
HALLER, J.
8
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that the juvenile's conviction for disturbing another person by loud and unreasonable noise did not violate the First Amendment because the evidence showed his speech was not communicative but rather a guise for disruption and presented a clear and present danger of imminent violence.
Issues
Whether the juvenile's First Amendment claim was forfeited by failure to raise it in the trial court.
Whether the evidence was sufficient to support a finding that the juvenile's speech constituted a violation of Penal Code section 415, subdivision (2).
Disposition. affirmed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“The Minor's speech presented a clear and present danger of imminent violence and was designed to disrupt a lawful endeavor.”
“The loud shouting of obscenities and threats was disruptive, rather than communicative in nature.”
“The facts established by the evidence demonstrate that the Minor intended to and did create a disturbance by making loud noises, shouting obscenities, and making threats, and that the purported communication was used as a guise to that end.”