California Court of Appeal Jul 25, 2013 No. D058034Unpublished
Filed 7/25/13 In re Omar M. CA4/1 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
In re OMAR M., a Person Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law. D058034 THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super. Ct. No. J225961)
v.
OMAR M.,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Carlos O.
Armour, Judge. Affirmed.
Elisabeth A. Bowman, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Gary W. Schons, Assistant Attorney General, Barry Carlton and Scott C. Taylor,
Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Respondent filed a two-count petition against Omar M. pursuant to Welfare and
Institutions Code, section 602. Following the denial of Omar's motion to suppress
evidence (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 701.1), he entered a negotiated admission to one of the
counts, carrying a concealed dirk or dagger (Pen. Code, former § 12020, subd. (a)(4)), a
misdemeanor (Pen. Code, § 17, subd. (b)(4)). The court dismissed the remaining count,
sustained the petition, adjudged Omar a ward, placed him on probation and detained him
in his brother's home. Omar appeals, contending he was unlawfully detained and the
court erred in denying his suppression motion. (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 800, subd. (a).)
We agree.
BACKGROUND
Viewing the evidence in a light favorable to the juvenile court's ruling (In re Cody
S. (2004) 121 Cal.App.4th 86, 90), the following occurred:
At about 8:00 p.m. on April 23, 2010, as it was just getting dark, uniformed San
Diego County Deputy Sheriff Todd Baker was driving his patrol car eastbound near West
Mission Road in San Marcos. He saw four young men walking westbound, in front of
him and on the same side of the road. Baker was familiar with only one of the
individuals, Javier H., who associated with Varrio San Marcos gang members and had
previously told Baker that he was affiliated with that gang. The remaining members of
the group were 16-year-old Omar, Jose M. and Pedro A. The four youths were wearing
baggy clothing, and Jose was wearing a Chargers shirt, an item of clothing worn by
Varrio San Marcos gang members. A gang injunction forbade members of that gang
from wearing Chargers clothing and associating with other gang members. Baker had no
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information that any of the four had been involved in a crime, were Varrio San Marcos
gang members or were covered by the gang injunction, but he thought they "could be"
members of that gang and associating with each other in violation of the injunction.
None of the four were threatening in any way.
Baker quickly pulled over to the side of the road, right next to the young men, and
parked in front of them. He got out of his patrol car and, being "just curious," asked them
where they were going (or where they had been). The youths immediately stopped and
all said they were going home.
Baker then asked, "Hey, can I talk to you?" The young men said, "Yes." Since
there were four of them, Baker asked if they would sit on the curb. Baker talked to the
youths for one or two minutes, while they sat on the curb and while he waited for cover
units to arrive. Baker testified that during that time, he "was probably talking to Javier"
and he "usually [asked] people if they're on parole or probation, things of that nature."
Baker did not touch any of the individuals. None of them indicated they wanted to leave.
They were all cooperative. Throughout the encounter, Baker spoke in a normal tone of
voice.
For his own safety, Baker believed he needed to pat down the four because, from
his training and experience, he knew gang members carried weapons and he thought there
might be weapons under their baggy clothing. An additional factor was Javier's previous
statement of affiliation with the Varrio San Marcos gang. Omar's presence with Javier
led Baker to believe that Omar might be armed.
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Before starting a pat down, Baker stood with "half [his] body . . . behind and to the
side" of the subject and placed one hand on the subject, whose hands were behind his
back. At that point, Baker always asked, "Is there anything illegal on you? Anything
going to stick me or poke me?"
When two more deputies and a police officer arrived, Baker asked Javier to step
off the curb so Baker could pat him down for weapons. The pat down revealed no
weapons, and Baker asked Javier to resume his seat on the curb. Baker patted down Jose
and Pedro according to the same procedure. The record does not disclose whether Baker
found any weapons on their persons.
Omar stood up. Baker stood by him as described above and asked him if he had
anything illegal, anything that would stick or poke Baker or any weapons. Omar said he
had a knife in his right front pocket. Baker patted that pocket and "felt an approximately
five-inch hard object, which could have been the knife." Baker reached in Omar's pocket
and removed the object which was, in fact, a knife.
Neither Baker nor the other officers ever told the four they were not free to leave.
DISCUSSION
In reviewing the denial of a suppression motion, " 'we defer to the superior court's
express and implied factual findings if they are supported by substantial evidence, [but]
we exercise our independent judgment in determining the legality of a search on the facts
so found. [Citations.]' [Citation.]" (People v. Lomax (2010) 49 Cal.4th 530, 563.)
"[C]onsensual encounters . . . result in no restraint of liberty whatsoever . . . ." (In
re Manuel G. (1997) 16 Cal.4th 805, 821.) "[L]aw enforcement officers do not violate
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the Fourth Amendment by merely approaching an individual on the street or in another
public place, by asking him if he is willing to answer some questions, [and] by putting
questions to him if the person is willing to listen . . . ." (Florida v. Royer (1983) 460 U.S.
491, 497.) " '[A] person has been "seized" within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment
only if, in view of all the circumstances surrounding the incident, a reasonable person
would have believed that he was not free to leave.' " (California v. Hodari D. (1991) 499
U.S. 621, 627-628, quoting United States v. Mendenhall (1980) 446 U.S. 544, 554.) "As
long as a reasonable person would feel free to disregard the police and go about his or her
business, the encounter is consensual and no reasonable suspicion is required on the part
of the officer." (In re Manuel G., at p. 821.)
Before the cover units arrived, the encounter between Baker and Omar was
consensual. Baker's remarks were questions, not commands. He did not raise his voice.
He did not touch Omar. Baker did not tell Omar he was not free to leave. There is no
evidence Baker displayed a weapon or blocked Omar's way. Omar voluntarily answered
Baker's questions. There is no evidence Omar acted involuntarily in sitting on the curb.
Once the cover units arrived and the pat downs began, a reasonable person would
not have felt free to leave. (Florida v. Bostick (1991) 501 U.S. 429, 439.) Omar was
detained, and the detention was justified. " 'A detention is reasonable under the Fourth
Amendment when the detaining officer can point to specific articulable facts that,
considered in light of the totality of the circumstances, provide some objective
manifestation that the person detained may be involved in criminal activity.' [Citation.]"
(People v. Hester (2004) 119 Cal.App.4th 376, 386.) Although the mere possibility of
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gang membership does not justify a detention (id. at p. 392), here there was more. Jose
was wearing the Chargers apparel favored by the Varrio San Marcos gang. Baker
reasonably believed Javier was affiliated with that gang. An injunction prohibited
members from wearing Chargers clothing and associating with other gang members.
Baker knew gang members carried weapons. Omar and his companions were wearing
baggy clothing that could have concealed weapons. These facts entitled Baker to ensure
his safety by patting down the four youths. In preparation for the pat down, Baker acted
reasonably in asking Omar if he had any weapons. When Omar said yes, Baker was
justified in removing the knife from Omar's pocket.
The court properly denied the suppression motion.
DISPOSITION
The order denying the suppression motion is affirmed.
O'ROURKE, J.
I CONCUR:
IRION, J.
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MCINTYRE, J.
I dissent.
The majority concludes Omar was not detained until cover units arrived at
the scene because "[t]here is no evidence Omar acted involuntarily in sitting on the
curb." However, the test is not if there was evidence of whether Omar acted
involuntarily, but rather whether a reasonable person would have felt free to leave
under the circumstances. (Florida v. Royer (1983) 460 U.S. 491, 497.) Under that
test, I conclude Omar was detained as soon as Officer Baker asked him and the
others to sit on the curb. Officer Baker, who was in uniform, had quickly pulled
over his patrol car, right next to the young men, and parked in front of them. While
Omar consented to talk to the officer, he did not consent to sit on the curb to await
the arrival of backup units. No reasonable person in this circumstance would have
felt free to get up and leave the area or otherwise terminate the encounter. Omar's
detention continued when other officers arrived and Officer Baker patted down all
four young men. Omar did not consent to the pat down, which included Officer
Baker placing his hand on Omar, whose hands were behind his back.
" 'A detention is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment when the detaining
officer can point to specific articulable facts that, considered in light of the totality
of the circumstances, provide some objective manifestation that the person detained
may be involved in criminal activity.' [Citation.]" (People v. Hester (2004) 119
Cal.App.4th 376, 386.) Here, the detention was not reasonable. The majority
concludes there were more facts here, i.e., that one of the other young men was
associated with a gang, another wore Charger colors associated with that gang and
all four young men were wearing baggy clothing. In my view, it is a stretch for the
majority to use these facts to justify the detention because none of the facts,
individually or collectively, suggest that the young men were involved in a crime
that had occurred or was occurring. I submit the facts in this case were insufficient
to meet the standard of " 'specific articulable facts that, considered in light of the
totality of the circumstances, provide some objective manifestation that the person
detained may be involved in criminal activity.' [Citation.]" (Ibid.) Thus, the search
was the result of an improper detention. I would reverse and direct the trial court to
grant the suppression motion.
MCINTYRE, Acting P. J.
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AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that the initial encounter between the officer and the juvenile was consensual, and the subsequent detention and pat-down search were supported by reasonable suspicion of criminal activity and officer safety concerns.
Issues
Whether the initial encounter between the officer and the juvenile constituted an unlawful detention.
Whether the officer had reasonable suspicion to detain and pat down the juvenile for weapons.
Disposition. Affirmed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“These facts entitled Baker to ensure his safety by patting down the four youths. In preparation for the pat down, Baker acted reasonably in asking Omar if he had any weapons.”