California Court of Appeal Oct 9, 2024 No. E081743Unpublished
Filed 10/9/24 Skiver v. Garcia CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
LAUREN SKIVER,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E081743
v. (Super.Ct.No. CVPS2301607)
ANTHONY GARCIA, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Arthur C. Hester,
Temporary Judge. (Pursuant to Cal. Const., art VI, §21.) Reversed with directions.
Anthony Garcia, in pro. per., for Defendant and Appellant.
Palmer Kazanjian Wohl Hodson, Christopher F. Wohl, Hallie R. Spaulding,
Atkinson, Andelson, Loya, Ruud & Romo, and H. Mae G. Alberto for Plaintiff and
Respondent.
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Plaintiff and respondent Lauren Skiver (Skiver) petitioned for a civil harassment
restraining order protecting her from defendant and appellant Anthony Garcia (Garcia).
(Code Civ. Proc., § 527.6, subd. (a)(1).) Following an evidentiary hearing, the trial
court granted the restraining order through June 7, 2026.1 Garcia raises three issues on
appeal. First, Garcia contends the trial court erred by not permitting him to cross-
examine Skiver’s witnesses. Second, Garcia asserts Skiver should have testified at the
evidentiary hearing. Third, Garcia contends the trial court erred by admitting hearsay.
We reverse with directions.
FACTS
Skiver and Garcia are former employees of SunLine Transit Agency (SunLine).
Garcia posted videos on social media with fake images of violence against current and
former SunLine employees. One video showed SunLine employees, including Skiver,
“being punched in the face by the [‘B]reaking [B]ad[’] character Walter White.” Garcia
also posted a video of a SunLine employee being followed on his/her commute home.
At the start of the evidentiary hearing, the trial court announced that Skiver’s
attorney would present evidence, and after Skiver’s attorney “presented [her] side of the
case,” then Garcia could “address the Court.” As Skiver’s attorney finished his direct
examinations of Skiver’s first, second, and fourth witnesses, each time the trial court
1 The record does not include a reporter’s transcript from the evidentiary hearing. Therefore, on our own motion, we augment the record with the reporter’s transcript of the evidentiary hearing, which was filed in the related case of Skiver v. Raeck, Court of Appeal case No. E081741—Skiver v. Raeck was heard in the trial court at the same time as the instant case. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.155(a)(1)(B).)
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said, “Next witness, please.” The trial court never invited Garcia to cross-examine
Skiver’s witnesses. When Skiver rested, Garcia asked, “Your Honor, are we allowed to
cross-examine?” The trial court responded, “You’ll address the Court.” Garcia
presented argument and documents to the court; he did not call witnesses.
DISCUSSION
A. CROSS-EXAMINATION
Garcia contends the trial court erred by not permitting him to cross-examine
Skiver’s witnesses.
“Courts have long recognized the importance of cross-examination and its crucial
relationship to the ability to defend against accusations, deeming it a due process right
that is fundamental to a fair proceeding. [Citations.] ‘Because it relates to the
fundamental fairness of the proceedings, cross-examination is said to represent an
“absolute right” not merely a privilege.’ [Citations.] Where, as here, a petitioner
seeking a workplace violence restraining order has offered testimony as to threats of
violence, the respondent has a due process right to cross-examine the witness with
respect to those allegations.” (CSV Hospitality Management LLC v. Lucas (2022) 84
Cal.App.5th 117, 125 (CSV).)
“Even though the proceeding for obtaining a civil harassment restraining order is
not intended to be a full trial on the merits, the hearing ‘provides the only forum the
defendant in a harassment proceeding will have to present his or her case.’ [Citation.]
Thus, the defendant’s due process rights are infringed when the defendant’s right to
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present evidence and cross-examine witnesses is unduly limited.” (North Coast Village
Condominium Association v. Phillips (2023) 94 Cal.App.5th 866, 886.)
Garcia asked if he could cross-examine Skiver’s witnesses, and the trial court
denied him any opportunity to cross-examine witnesses. The absolute denial of cross-
examination was an error.2
Skiver contends Garcia forfeited the cross-examination issue due to a lack of
record citations, relevant legal authority, and legal analysis in his appellant’s opening
brief. Garcia cited to the reporter’s transcript index, which lists only the direct
examination of witnesses—no cross-examination is listed. Garcia cited to
Manufactured Home Communities, Inc. v. County of San Luis Obispo (2008) 167
Cal.App.4th 705, 711, which provides, “In ‘almost every setting where important
decisions turn on questions of fact, due process requires an opportunity to confront and
egregious refusal to permit me to cross-examine [Skiver’s witnesses] during the
evidentiary hearing egregiously violated [due process]. By constraining my ability to
challenge [Skiver’s] assertions and scrutinize the veracity of [her witnesses’] testimony,
the court effectively deprived me of a critical mechanism for defending myself against
baseless accusations . . . .” In sum, Garcia provided the basic information needed for an
2 We are not concluding that all proceedings for civil harassment restraining orders must involve oral testimony, rather than declarations. (Schraer v. Berkeley Property Owners’ Assn. (1989) 207 Cal.App.3d 719, 733, fn. 6.) To be clear, we are holding that when a trial court permits one side in a harassment proceeding to present oral testimony, then the trial court may not entirely prevent the opposing party from cross-examining the witness(es) who testified in court. (Ibid.)
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appellate argument. Therefore, we reject Skiver’s assertion that Garcia forfeited the
contention.
“ ‘Not every instance in which a cross-examiner’s question is disallowed will
[the] defendant’s right to a fair hearing be abridged, since the matter may be too
unimportant [citations], or there may be no prejudice [citation], or the question may
involve issues which can be brought up at a more appropriate time [citation]. However,
where the subject of cross-examination concerns the matter at issue there can be no
doubt that the refusal to permit such question[ing] results in a denial of a fair hearing.’ ”
(McCarthy v. Mobile Cranes, Inc. (1962) 199 Cal.App.2d 500, 507.)
When arguing in the trial court, Garcia asserted that Skiver sought the restraining
order as “a form of retaliation” for past workplace disagreements, such as Garcia
advocating for better working conditions. Raeck joined in Garcia’s arguments. If cross-
examination had been permitted, Garcia and/or Raeck could have asked Skiver’s
witnesses if they had motives to lie when testifying, e.g., retaliatory motives. Thus,
cross-examination would have concerned the matter at issue. As a result, the error
requires reversal. (CSV, supra, 84 Cal.App.5th 125 [“Because we cannot know what
[the witnesses] would have said on cross-examination, or the effect such testimony
might have had on the trial court’s decision, [so] the error requires reversal.”].)
Skiver contends the error was harmless because Garcia “was provided ample
opportunity to be heard by the court and present contradictory evidence at the hearing.”
Contrary to Skiver’s position, opportunities to provide direct evidence and argument are
not substitutes for cross-examination. Indeed, “[t]he importance of cross-examination
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cannot be doubted: ‘Cross-examination is the principal means by which the
believability of a witness and the truth of his testimony are tested.’ ” (In re Brenda M.
(2008) 160 Cal.App.4th 772, 777.) For example, “ ‘the cross-examiner has traditionally
been allowed to impeach, i.e., discredit, the witness.’ ” (Ibid.) We have no means of
knowing what relevant information, if any, Garcia would have produced if given the
opportunity to cross-examine witnesses. Therefore, the error is prejudicial.
B. REMAINING ISSUES
Because we are reversing and ordering a new hearing, Garcia’s remaining
contentions have been rendered moot. (Schoshinski v. City of Los Angeles (2017) 9
Cal.App.5th 780, 791 [issue is moot when no further relief can be provided].)
Therefore, we will not address the merits of whether the trial court erred by admitting
hearsay and proceeding without Skiver’s testimony.
DISPOSITION
The order granting the restraining order is reversed. The trial court is directed to
hold a new evidentiary hearing within 30 days of the issuance of the remittitur. (Hall v.
Superior Court (1955) 45 Cal.2d 377, 381 [“ ‘[A]n unqualified reversal remands the
cause for a new trial . . . and places the parties in the trial court in the same position as if
the cause had never been tried, with the exception that the opinion of the court on
appeal must be followed so far as applicable’ ”]; Heinfelt v. Arth (1935) 4 Cal.App.2d
381, 383 [same rule].) The trial court shall notify the parties of the scheduled hearing.
The restraining order shall remain effective until the conclusion of the new hearing or
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30 days after issuance of the remittitur if no hearing takes place.3 If a hearing occurs,
and the trial court again grants the restraining order, it may issue a permanent
restraining order through June 7, 2026, or for a lesser period. (In re Marriage of D.S.
and A.S. (2023) 87 Cal.App.5th 926, 937-938.) If the trial court denies the petition for a
restraining order, or if no hearing takes place, then the trial court shall issue an order
terminating the three-year restraining order. Garcia is awarded his costs on appeal.
(Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a)(1).)
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
MILLER J.
We concur:
RAMIREZ P. J.
FIELDS J.
3 The trial court “partially granted and partially denied” Skiver’s request for a temporary restraining order. We do not order that the temporary restraining order be reinstated pending a new hearing because it is unclear if the temporary restraining order afforded protections similar to the three-year restraining order.
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AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The trial court committed reversible error by denying the respondent the due process right to cross-examine witnesses during an evidentiary hearing for a civil harassment restraining order where the petitioner was permitted to present oral testimony.
Issues
Did the trial court err by denying the defendant the right to cross-examine the plaintiff's witnesses?
Was the denial of cross-examination prejudicial error requiring reversal?
Are the defendant's remaining claims regarding hearsay and the plaintiff's failure to testify moot?
Disposition. reversed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“To be clear, we are holding that when a trial court permits one side in a harassment proceeding to present oral testimony, then the trial court may not entirely prevent the opposing party from cross-examining the witness(es) who testified in court.”
“The order granting the restraining order is reversed.”