California Court of Appeal Aug 20, 2024 No. E082360MUnpublished
Filed 8/20/24 P. v. Tolbert CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E082360
v. (Super.Ct.No. FSB1402703)
ANTHONY ARTELL TOLBERT ORDER MODIFYING OPINION
Defendant and Appellant. [NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT]
On the court’s own motion, the opinion filed in this matter on August 6, 2024, is
modified as follows:
On page No. 3, the second full paragraph, change the citation “November” to
“Nov.”
On page Nos. 4 and 5, the last two paragraphs on page No. 4 continued through
the first full paragraph on page No. 5 are deleted and replaced with the following:
Defendant’s claim, that the reading of the bracketed language is “an explicit
instruction on the natural and probable consequences doctrine,” was
specifically rejected in People v. Estrada (2022) 77 Cal.App.5th 941. The
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Estrada court found that “the bracketed language alone [was not] sufficient
to find that the jury was instructed on a natural and probable consequences
theory” because of the court’s prior holding that “the jury instructions, taken
as a whole, required the jury to find that [the defendant] acted with intent to
kill in order to find him guilty of first degree murder, even under an aider and
abettor theory.” (Id. at p. 947.)
On page No. 5, the second full paragraph, the citation to “(People v. Estrada
(November 28, 2011), B226963) [nonpub. opn.].); CT 163-164, 119, 224.)” is changed to
“(People v. Estrada, supra, 77 Cal.App.5th at pp. 946-948.)”
On page No. 6, at the end of the top paragraph, after “supra” insert “77.”
On page No. 8, in the last sentence, insert “section” before “1172.6”
Except for these modifications, the opinion remains unchanged. The
modifications do not effect a change in the judgment.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
MILLER J.
We concur:
RAMIREZ P. J.
CODRINGTON J.
2
Filed 8/6/24 P. v. Tolbert CA4/2 (unmodified opinion)
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E082360
v. (Super.Ct.No. FSB1402703)
ANTHONY ARTELL TOLBERT, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Steve Malone, Judge.
Affirmed.
Michael C. Sampson, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant.
Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney General,
Charles C. Ragland, Assistant Attorney General, Paige B. Hazard and Steve Oetting,
Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
1
Defendant and appellant, Anthony Artell Tolbert, appeals from the trial court’s
order denying his petition for resentencing pursuant to Penal Code1 section 1172.6. For
the reasons set forth, post, we affirm the court’s order.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A. FACTUAL HISTORY
Defendant was one of four people involved in the shooting and killing of Kevon
Decatur, who was in a vehicle with two other occupants.
B. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On December 29, 2015, a jury found defendant guilty of first degree premeditated,
deliberate, and willful murder of Kevon Decatur (§ 187, subd. (a); count 1), attempted
premeditated, deliberate, and willful murder of E.S. and D.H. (§§ 664, 187, subd. (a);
counts 2 & 3), and street terrorism (§ 186.22, subd. (a); count 4). The jury found true that
as to counts 1, 2, and, 3 defendant committed the crimes for the benefit of, or on behalf of
a criminal street gang (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(C)). The jury also found true that as to
counts 1, 2, and, 3 a principal personally and intentionally discharged a firearm causing
great bodily injury and death (§ 12022.53, subds. (b)-(e)(1)).
1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.
2
The trial court sentenced defendant to 40 years in prison plus 80 years to life as
follows: 25 years to life for the first degree murder conviction in count 1; 25 years to life
for the firearm enhancement in count 1; 15 years to life each for counts 2 and 3, and 20
years each for the firearm enhancement to counts 2 and 3. The court ordered the
sentences and enhancements to run consecutively. The court imposed and stayed prison
terms for count 4 and each of the gang enhancements.
On appeal, this Court reversed the attempted murder convictions in counts 2 and 3.
Additionally, this Court reversed defendant’s sentence and ordered the trial court to
exercise its discretion to strike or impose the firearm enhancements pursuant to section
12022.53, subdivision (h), and to strike the gang enhancements. (People v. Singh et al.
(November 22, 2019, E067985) [nonpub. opn.].)
In 2021 the court resentenced defendant to a total term of 50 years to life for the
murder in count 1 and the firearm enhancement for that count.
In 2022 defendant filed a petition for resentencing under former section 1170.95.
On October 13, 2023, the superior court denied the petition, concluding that
defendant had failed to establish a prima facie case.
Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal on October 16, 2023.
DISCUSSION
Defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying defendant’s petition because
the jurors were instructed with the bracketed language in CALCRIM No. 400, which
reads, “Under some specific circumstances, if the evidence establishes aiding and
abetting of one crime, a person may also be found guilty of other crimes that occurred
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during the commission of the first crime.” Defendant claims this constituted “an explicit
instruction on the natural and probable consequences doctrine” and in the alternative, “it
nevertheless constituted an instruction on a form of imputed malice murder.” We
disagree.
Section 1172.6 reads: “A person convicted of felony murder or murder under the
natural and probable consequences doctrine or other theory under which malice is
imputed to a person based solely on that person’s participation in a crime . . . may file a
petition with the court that sentenced the petitioner to have the petitioner’s murder,
attempted murder, or manslaughter conviction vacated and to be resentenced.” (§ 1172.6,
subd. (a).) A section 1172.6 denial “ ‘at the first stage of prima facie review . . . is
appropriate only if the record of conviction demonstrates that “the petitioner is ineligible
for relief as a matter of law.” [Citations.] This is a purely legal conclusion, which we
review de novo.’ ” (People v. Evrin (2021) 72 Cal.App.5th 90, 101.)
Defendant’s claim, that the reading of the bracketed language is “an explicit
instruction on the natural and probable consequences doctrine,” was specifically rejected
in People v. Estrada (2022) 77 Cal.App.5th 941 (Estrada).
In an earlier appeal by the Estrada defendant, he claimed the trial court erred by
instructing the jury with CALCRIM No. 400. (People v. Estrada (November 28, 2011),
B226963) 2011 WL 5995909 [nonpub. opn.].) Citing People v. Samaniego (2009) 172
Cal.App.4th 1148, the court found the error harmless because “the trial court gave other
instructions that required the jury to determine whether [the defendant] had the mental
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state necessary to find him guilty of first degree murder.” (Estrada, at [10]) Those other
instructions included CALCRIM Nos. 401, 520, and 521. (Id. at [10]-[11])
The defendant then appealed from an order denying his petition for resentencing
under section 1170.95. (Estrada, supra, Cal.App.5th a p. 943.) The Estrada court found
that “the bracketed language alone [was not] sufficient to find that the jury was instructed
on a natural and probable consequences theory” because of the court’s prior holding that
“the jury instructions, taken as a whole, required the jury to find that [the defendant]
acted with intent to kill in order to find him guilty of first degree murder, even under an
aider and abettor theory.” (Id. at p. 947.)
The fact that the jury was instructed with the bracketed language should not be
viewed in isolation; the jury instructions must be taken as a whole. In Estrada, just as in
this case, the jury was not only instructed with CALCRIM No. 400, but also CALCRIM
Nos. 401, 520 and 521. (People v. Estrada (November 28, 2011), B226963) [nonpub.
opn.].); CT 163-164, 119, 224.) CALCRIM No. 401 explains to the jury that to find a
defendant guilty of a crime as an aider and abettor, the People have to prove that the
defendant “knew the perpetrator intended to commit the crime” and that “[b]efore or
during the commission of the crime, the defendant intended to aid and abet the
perpetrator in committing the crime.” The instruction also informs the jury that
“[s]omeone aids and abets a crime if he or she knows of the perpetrator’s unlawful
purpose and he or she specifically intends to, and does in fact, aid, facilitate, promote,
encourage, or instigate the perpetrator’s commission of that crime.” CALCRIM No. 520
explains to the jury that to prove the defendant guilty of murder the People must prove
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that the defendant committed an act that caused the death of another person and acted
with malice aforethought. CALCRIM No. 521 states that the defendant is guilty of first
degree murder, “if the People have proved that he acted willfully, deliberately, and with
premeditation.” We agree with the Second District that these instructions, when given in
addition to CALCRIM No. 400, “ensured that the jury would only find [defendant] guilty
of first degree murder, even as an aider and abettor, if it concluded he acted willfully and
with intent to kill.” (Estrada, supra, Cal.App.5th a p. 945.)
Our colleagues in the Second District further explained their reasoning in light of
People v. Johnson (2016) 62 Cal.4th 600 (Johnson), stating, “Our Supreme Court’s
analysis regarding a prior version of CALCRIM No. 400 and its interplay with
CALCRIM No. 401 is determinative here. In . . . Johnson, . . . , the jury was instructed
on an old version of CALCRIM No. 400 providing that: ‘ “A person may be guilty of a
crime in two ways. One, he may have directly committed the crime. I will call that
person the perpetrator. Two, he may have aided and abetted the perpetrator, who directly
committed the crime. A person is equally guilty of the crime whether he committed it
personally or aided and abetted the perpetrator who committed it.” ’ [Citation.] The
court held that where CALCRIM No. 401 is also provided, ‘there was no reasonable
likelihood the jurors would have understood the “equally guilty” language in former
CALCRIM No. 400 to allow them to base defendant’s liability for first degree murder
from the mental state of the actual shooter, rather than on defendant’s own mental state in
aiding and abetting the killing.’ [Citation.] Here, where the ‘equally guilty’ language
was no longer present in the version of CALCRIM No. 400 provided to the jury, there is
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even less of a possibility that the jury could have imputed [defendant’s] liability for first
degree murder from the mental state of the actual shooter. Applying Johnson,
[defendant] is ineligible for resentencing as a matter of law because the jury was
instructed on CALCRIM No. 401.” (Estrada, supra, 77 Cal.App.5th at pp. 947-948.)
Defendant’s attempt to undercut Estrada, supra, is unpersuasive. He reads
Estrada as standing for the proposition that “an intent to kill finding categorically
precludes relief under Penal Code section 1172.6” and argues that People v. Curiel (2023)
15 Cal.5th 974 overrides this proposition. Estrada, however, does not merely stand for
the proposition that “an intent to kill finding categorically precludes relief.” When read
in full, it is clear that Estrada’s focus on the intent to kill finding is simply a focus on the
fact that malice was not imputed to the defendant, thereby making him ineligible for
1172.6 relief. This is a correct statement of law. Furthermore, though Curiel does hold
that a finding of intent to kill does not categorically preclude 1172.6 relief, in direct
contrast to this appeal, the Curiel jury was instructed as to the natural and probable
consequences doctrine, and therefore, defendant’s reliance on Curiel is unwarranted.
Defendant’s second argument, that the jurors were instructed on a form of imputed
malice aiding and abetting, would render him ineligible for section 1172.6 resentencing
even if true. This was thoroughly explained in People v. Berry-Vierwinden (2023) 97
Cal.App.5th 921, 947-948: “As we noted in Flores[2], the Supreme Court’s 2001 decision
in McCoy made ‘clear . . . that “when guilt does not depend on the natural and probable
2 People v. Flores (2023) 96 Cal.App.5th 1164.
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consequences doctrine, . . . the aider and abettor must know and share the murderous
intent of the actual perpetrator.” ’ [Citations.] After the Supreme Court’s 2001 decision
in McCoy, it was unmistakable that a direct aider and abettor’s ‘mental state is her own;
she is liable for her mens rea, not the other person’s.’ [Citation.] [¶] By arguing that the
jury instructions allowed the jury to convict him as a direct aider and abettor of murder
on an imputed malice theory, [defendant] is necessarily asserting that they were
erroneous under the law in effect at the time of his 2010 trial and subsequent direct
appeal. Under Burns[3] and Flores, however, a section 1172.6 petitioner cannot establish
a prima facie case for relief by asserting that the jury instructions permitted conviction on
a theory of imputed malice that was already prohibited even before the enactment of
Senate Bill no. 1437. This amounts to ‘a routine claim of instructional error’ that ‘could
have been raised on appeal from the judgment of conviction.’ [Citation.] ‘Section 1172.6
does not create a right to a second appeal, and [the defendant] cannot use it to resurrect a
claim that should have been raised in his [direct] appeal.’ ”
Defendant’s record of conviction demonstrates that he was not convicted of felony
murder, murder under the natural and probable consequences doctrine, or any other
theory under which malice was imputed solely by his participation in a crime. As such,
defendant is ineligible for 1172.6 relief as a matter of law.
3 People v. Burns (2023) 95 Cal.App.5th 862.
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DISPOSITION
The order denying defendant’s petition is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
MILLER J.
We concur:
RAMIREZ P. J.
CODRINGTON J.
9
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Holding. The court held that the defendant was ineligible for resentencing under Penal Code section 1172.6 because his jury instructions, when viewed as a whole, required a finding of intent to kill and did not permit conviction based on imputed malice or the natural and probable consequences doctrine.
Issues
Whether the inclusion of bracketed language in CALCRIM No. 400 constitutes an instruction on the natural and probable consequences doctrine.
Whether the defendant established a prima facie case for relief under Penal Code section 1172.6.
Whether a claim of instructional error regarding imputed malice can be raised in a section 1172.6 petition if it could have been raised on direct appeal.
Disposition. Affirmed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“the bracketed language alone [was not] sufficient to find that the jury was instructed on a natural and probable consequences theory”
“the jury instructions, taken as a whole, required the jury to find that [the defendant] acted with intent to kill in order to find him guilty of first degree murder, even under an aider and abettor theory.”
“defendant is ineligible for 1172.6 relief as a matter of law.”